library("Rmmquant") library("BiocStyle") library("S4Vectors") library("SummarizedExperiment") library("knitr") library("rmarkdown") library("TBX20BamSubset") library("TxDb.Mmusculus.UCSC.mm9.knownGene") library("org.Mm.eg.db") library("DESeq2") opts_chunk$set(message = FALSE, error = FALSE, warning = FALSE, cache = FALSE, fig.width = 5, fig.height = 5)
The aim of Rmmquant is to quantify the expression of the genes.
It is similar to
featureCounts [@subread]
and r Biocpkg("Rsubread")
, or
HTSeq-counts [@htseqcount]
and the countOverlaps
of r Biocpkg("GenomicRanges")
.
The main difference with other approaches is that Rmmquant explicitely handles multi-mapping reads, in a way described by [@watson].
Rmmquant is the R port of the C++ mmquant, which has been published previously [@mmquant].
The easiest method to get the expression of the genes stored in a GTF file, using RNA-Seq data stored in a BAM file is:
dir <- system.file("extdata", package="Rmmquant", mustWork = TRUE) gtfFile <- file.path(dir, "test.gtf") bamFile <- file.path(dir, "test.bam") output <- RmmquantRun(gtfFile, bamFile)
In this example, the output is a r Biocpkg("SummarizedExperiment")
.
The matrix of counts can be accessed through:
assays(output)$counts
Rmmquant expects at least two kinds of data:
Many aspects of Rmmquant can be controlled with parameters.
All these notions are detailed hereafter.
The Rmmquant package mainly consists in one function, RmmquantRun
function,
that supports the options described hereafter,
Rmmquant also internally implements an S4 class, RmmquantClass
, that stores
all the inputs and the outputs of the RmmquantRun
function, as well as a
validator (that checks the consistency of the inputs).
The annotation file should be in GTF. GFF might work too. The tool only uses the gene/transcript/exon types.
Alternatively, the structure can be given using r Biocpkg("GenomicRanges")
,
or r Biocpkg("GenomicRangesList")
.
When a r Biocpkg("GenomicRanges")
is provided, the quantification will be
performed on each element of the r Biocpkg("GenomicRanges")
.
When a r Biocpkg("GenomicRangesList")
is provided, the quantification will be
performed on each element too, i.e. on each r Biocpkg("GenomicRanges")
.
Implicitely, each r Biocpkg("GenomicRanges")
of a
r Biocpkg("GenomicRangesList")
is interpreted as a series of exons, and only
the transcript (or the gene) will be quantified.
One or several reads files can be given.
The reads should be given in SAM or BAM format, and preferably be sorted by position, but it is not compulsory. The reads can be single end or paired-end (or a mixture thereof).
You can use the samtools [@samtools] or the
r Biocpkg("Rsamtools")
to sort them. Rmmquant uses the NH
flag
(that provides the number of hits for each read, see the
SAM format specification),
so be sure that your mapping tool sets it adequately
(yes,
TopHat2 [@tophat2]
and
STAR [@star]
do it fine).
You should also check how your mapping tool handles multi-mapping reads
(this can usually be tuned using the appropriate parameters).
The output r Biocpkg("SummarizedExperiment")
contains:
The count table can be accessed through the assays
method of
r Biocpkg("SummarizedExperiment")
.
This methods returns a list, with only one element: counts
.
assays(output)$counts
The columns are the samples (here, only test.bam
),
and the rows the gene counts (here, only gene_A
).
The count table can be used by
r Biocpkg("DESeq2")
[@deseq2], for instance, using the
DESeqDataSetFromMatrix
function.
If the user provided $n$ reads files, the output will contain $n$ columns:
Gene | sample_1 | sample_2 | ... ----------------|----------|----------|---- gene_A | ... | ... | ... gene_B | ... | ... | ... gene_B--gene_C | ... | ... | ...
The row names are the ID of the genes/features.
The column names are the sample names.
If a read maps several genes (say, gene_B
and gene_C
), a new feature is
added to the matrix, gene_B--gene_C
.
The reads that can be mapped to these genes will be counted there
(but not in the gene_B
nor gene_C
lines).
The statistics can be accessed using the colData
method of
r Biocpkg("SummarizedExperiment")
:
colData(output)
This is a DataFrame
(defined in r Biocpkg("S4Vectors")
),
with one column per sample.
The content of each column is:
n.hits
: the number of hitsn.uniquely.mapped.reads
: the number of uniquely mapped readsn.non.uniquely.mapped.hits
: the number of non-uniquely mapped hitsn.ambiguously.mapped.hits
: the number of hits with several corresponding
featuresn.unassigned.hits
: the number of hits with no corresponding
featureHere, a hit is a possible mapping for a read. When a read maps several times, it means that several hits correspond to a read. A read may have zero, one, or several hits, which correspond to unmapped, uniquely mapped, and non-uniquely mapped reads.
If printGeneName
is set to TRUE
, the row names of the count table are the
gene names, instead of the gene IDs.
If two different genes have the same name, the systematic name is added,
like: Mat2a (ENSMUSG00000053907)
.
The gene IDs and gene names should be given in the GTF file after the gene_id
and gene_name
tags respectively.
The column names of the count matrix should be given in the sampleNames
.
If not given, the column names are inferred from the file names of the SAM/BAM
files.
The library types can be specified using the strands
parameter.
This parameter can be:
F
: the reads are single-end, and the forward strand is sequenced,R
: the reads are single-end, and the reverse strand is sequenced,FR
: the reads are paired-end, the forward strand is sequenced first, then
the reverse strand,RF
, FF
, FF
: other similar cases,U
: the reads are single- or pair-ends, and the strand is unknown.The strands
parameters expect one value per SAM/BAM file.
If only one value is given, it is recycled.
The format is usually inferred from the file name, but you can mention it
using the formats
option.
This parameters expect one value per SAM/BAM file. If only one value is given, it is recycled.
The way a read $R$ is mapped to a gene $A$ depends on the overlap=
$n$ value:
if $n$ is | then $R$ is mapped to $A$ iff ---------------------|---------------------------------------------------- a negative value | $R$ is included in $A$ a positive integer | they have at least $n$ nucleotides in common a float value (0, 1) | $n$% of the nucleotides of $R$ are shared with $A$
We will suppose here that the overlap=1
strategy is used
(i.e. a read is attributed to a gene as soon as at least 1 nucleotide overlap).
The example can be extended to other strategies as well.
If a read (say, of size 100), maps unambiguously and overlaps with gene A and B,
it will be counted as 1 for the new "gene" gene_A--gene_B
.
However, suppose that only 1 nucleotide overlaps with gene A, whereas 100
nucleotides overlap with gene B (yes, genes A and B overlap).
You probably would like to attribute the read to gene B.
The options nOverlapDiff
and pcOverlapDiff
control this.
We compute the number of overlapping nucleotides between a read and the
overlapping genes. If a read overlaps "significantly" more with one gene than
with all the other genes, they will attribute the read to the former gene only.
The option nOverlapDiff=
$n$ computes the differences of overlapping
nucleotides.
Let us name $N_A$ and $N_B$ the number of overlapping nucleotides with
genes A and B respectively.
If $N_A \geq N_B + n$, then the read will be attributed to gene A only.
The option pcOverlapDiff=
$m$ compares the ratio of overlapping nucleotides.
If $N_A / N_B \geq m\%$, then the read will be attributed to gene A only.
If both option nOverlapDiff=
$n$ and pcOverlapDiff=
$m$ are used,
then the read will be attributed to gene A only iff both
$N_A \geq N_B + n$ and $N_A / N_B \geq m\%$.
If the maximum number of reads for a gene is less than countThreshold
(a non-negative integer), then the corresponding line is discarded.
Sometimes, there are very few reads that can be mapped unambiguously to a gene A, because it is very similar to gene B.
Gene | sample_1 ---------------|--------- gene_A | $x$ gene_B | $y$ gene_A--gene_B | $z$
In the previous example, suppose that $x \ll z$.
In this case, you can move all the reads from gene_A
to gene_A--gene_B
,
using the mergeThreshold=
$t$, a float in (0, 1). If $x < t \cdot y$,
then the reads are transferred.
The next examples uses data generated in
r Biocpkg("TBX20BamSubset")
,
where the expression of the genes is compared between the wild type and
the TXB20 knock-out mice.
The data have been mapped to the mm9 reference, and restricted to chromosome 19.
bamFiles <- getBamFileList() sampleNames <- names(bamFiles)
You can extract the annotation a BioConductor package, such as
r Biocpkg("TxDb.Mmusculus.UCSC.mm9.knownGene")
.
gr <- genes(TxDb.Mmusculus.UCSC.mm9.knownGene, filter=list(tx_chrom="chr19"))
The default gene IDs are Entrez ID [@entrez].
If you prefer Ensembl IDs [@ensembl],
you can modify the r Biocpkg("GenomicRanges")
accordingly.
Notice that Entrez IDs may have zero, one, or more Ensembl counterparts.
ensemblIds <- sapply(as.list(org.Mm.egENSEMBL[mappedkeys(org.Mm.egENSEMBL)]) [mcols(gr)$gene_id], `[[`, 1) gr <- gr[! is.na(names(ensemblIds)), ] names(gr) <- unlist(ensemblIds)
DESeq2 can be executed right after Rmmquant.
output <- RmmquantRun(genomicRanges=gr, readsFiles=bamFiles, sampleNames=sampleNames, sorts=FALSE) coldata <- data.frame(condition=factor(c(rep("control", 3), rep("KO", 3)), levels=c("control", "KO")), row.names=sampleNames) dds <- DESeqDataSetFromMatrix(countData=assays(output)$counts, colData =coldata, design =~ condition) dds <- DESeq(dds) res <- lfcShrink(dds, coef=2) res$padj <- ifelse(is.na(res$padj), 1, res$padj) res[res$padj < 0.05, ]
While installing the package, if the compiler complains and says
#error This file requires compiler and library support for the ISO C++ 2011 standard. This support is currently experimental, and must be enabled with the -std=c++11 or -std=gnu++11 compiler options.
Add this line
Sys.setenv("PKG_CXXFLAGS"="-std=c++11")
before installing the package.
devtools::session_info()
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