R/importAURN.R
In davidcarslaw/ggopenair: Tools for the Analysis of Air Pollution Data
##' Import data from the UK Automatic Urban and Rural Network (AURN)
##'
##' Function for importing hourly mean UK Automatic Urban and Rural Network
##' (AURN) air quality archive data files for use with the \code{openair}
##' package. Files are imported from a remote server operated by AEA that
##' provides air quality data files as R data objects.
##'
##' The \code{importAURN} function has been written to make it easy to import
##' data from the UK AURN. AEA have provided .RData files (R workspaces) of all
##' individual sites and years for the AURN. These files are updated on a daily
##' basis. This approach requires a link to the Internet to work.
##'
##' There are several advantages over the web portal approach where .csv files
##' are downloaded. First, it is quick to select a range of sites, pollutants
##' and periods (see examples below). Second, storing the data as .RData
##' objects is very efficient as they are about four times smaller than .csv
##' files --- which means the data downloads quickly and saves bandwidth.
##' Third, the function completely avoids any need for data manipulation or
##' setting time formats, time zones etc. Finally, it is easy to import many
##' years of data beyond the current limit of about 64,000 lines. The final
##' point makes it possible to download several long time series in one go. The
##' function also has the advantage that the proper site name is imported and
##' used in \code{openair} functions.
##'
##' The site codes and pollutant names can be upper or lower case. The function
##' will issue a warning when data less than six months old is downloaded,
##' which may not be ratified.
##'
##' The data are imported by stacking sites on top of one another and will have
##' field names \code{site}, \code{code} (the site code) and \code{pollutant}.
##' Sometimes it is useful to have columns of site data. This can be done using
##' the \code{reshape} function --- see examples below.
##'
##' All units are expressed in mass terms for gaseous species (ug/m3
##' for NO, NO2, NOx (as NO2), SO2 and hydrocarbons; and mg/m3 for
##' CO). PM10 concentrations are provided in gravimetric units of
##' ug/m3 or scaled to be comparable with these units. Over the years
##' a variety of instruments have been used to measure particulate
##' matter and the technical issues of measuring PM10 are complex. In
##' recent years the measurements rely on FDMS (Filter Dynamics
##' Measurement System), which is able to measure the volatile
##' component of PM. In cases where the FDMS system is in use there
##' will be a separate volatile component recorded as 'v10' and
##' non-volatile component 'nv10', which is already included in the
##' absolute PM10 measurement. Prior to the use of FDMS the
##' measurements used TEOM (Tapered Element Oscillating. Microbalance)
##' and these concentrations have been multiplied by 1.3 to provide an
##' estimate of the total mass including the volatile fraction.
##'
##' The few BAM (Beta-Attenuation Monitor) instruments that have been
##' incorporated into the network throughout its history have been scaled by
##' 1.3 if they have a heated inlet (to account for loss of volatile particles)
##' and 0.83 if they do not have a heated inlet. The few TEOM instruments in
##' the network after 2008 have been scaled using VCM (Volatile Correction
##' Model) values to account for the loss of volatile particles. The object of
##' all these scaling processes is to provide a reasonable degree of comparison
##' between data sets and with the reference method and to produce a consistent
##' data record over the operational period of the network, however there may
##' be some discontinuity in the time series associated with instrument
##' changes.
##'
##' No corrections have been made to the PM2.5 data. The volatile component of
##' FDMS PM2.5 (where available) is shown in the 'v2.5' column.
##'
##' While the function is being developed, the following site codes should help
##' with selection.
##' \tabular{lllrrlll}{
##' A3 \tab London A3 Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab -0.291853 \tab 51.37348 \tab Kingston upon Thames London Boro \tab 20/03/1997 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' ABD \tab Aberdeen \tab Urban Background \tab -2.094278 \tab 57.15736 \tab Aberdeen City \tab 18/09/1999 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' ABD7 \tab Aberdeen Union Street Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab -2.106472 \tab 57.14455 \tab Aberdeenshire \tab 01/01/2008 \tab NA \cr
##' ACTH \tab Auchencorth Moss \tab Rural Background \tab -3.242900 \tab 55.79216 \tab Midlothian \tab 04/09/2006 \tab NA \cr
##' AH \tab Aston Hill \tab Rural Background \tab -3.034178 \tab 52.50385 \tab Powys - Powys \tab 21/10/2003 \tab NA \cr
##' ARM6 \tab Armagh Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab -6.654528 \tab 54.35352 \tab Armagh City and District Council \tab 01/01/2009 \tab NA \cr
##' BALM \tab Ballymena \tab Urban Background \tab -6.258275 \tab 54.85864 \tab Ballymena Borough Council \tab 01/01/2010 \tab NA \cr
##' BAR2 \tab Barnsley 12 \tab Urban Background \tab -1.485153 \tab 53.55593 \tab Barnsley District \tab 21/03/1994 \tab NA \cr
##' BAR3 \tab Barnsley Gawber \tab Urban Background \tab -1.510436 \tab 53.56292 \tab Barnsley District \tab 08/07/2002 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' BARN \tab Barnsley \tab Urban Background \tab -1.473611 \tab 53.57972 \tab Barnsley District \tab 14/03/1991 \tab 21/03/1994\cr
##' BATH \tab Bath Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab -2.354155 \tab 51.39113 \tab Bath and North East Somerset \tab 18/11/1996 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' BEL \tab Belfast East \tab Urban Background \tab -5.901667 \tab 54.59653 \tab Belfast City Council \tab 06/09/1989 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' BEL2 \tab Belfast Centre \tab Urban Background \tab -5.928833 \tab 54.59965 \tab Belfast City Council \tab 08/03/1992 \tab NA \cr
##' BEL4 \tab Belfast Clara St \tab Suburban Background \tab -5.895460 \tab 54.59126 \tab Belfast City Council \tab 01/06/1998 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' BEX \tab London Bexley \tab Suburban Background \tab 0.184806 \tab 51.46603 \tab London Borough of Bexley \tab 01/05/1994 \tab NA \cr
##' BHAM \tab Birmingham Kerbside \tab Urban traffic \tab -1.906111 \tab 52.32778 \tab Bromsgrove District \tab 13/03/1974 \tab 17/01/1978\cr
##' BIL \tab Billingham \tab Urban Industrial \tab -1.275039 \tab 54.60537 \tab Stockton-on-Tees \tab 01/01/1987 \tab NA \cr
##' BIR \tab Bircotes \tab Urban Background \tab -0.202500 \tab 51.88667 \tab Bassetlaw District \tab 14/09/1989 \tab 11/03/1991\cr
##' BIR1 \tab Birmingham Tyburn \tab Urban Background \tab -1.830583 \tab 52.51172 \tab Birmingham District \tab 23/01/2009 \tab NA \cr
##' BIR2 \tab Birmingham East \tab Urban Background \tab -1.831498 \tab 52.49763 \tab Birmingham District \tab 04/08/1993 \tab 31/12/2000\cr
##' BIRM \tab Birmingham Centre \tab Urban Background \tab -1.908078 \tab 52.47972 \tab Birmingham District \tab 18/03/1992 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' BIRT \tab Birmingham Tyburn Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab -1.830861 \tab 52.51219 \tab Birmingham District \tab 11/02/2009 \tab NA \cr
##' BLAC \tab Blackpool \tab Urban Background \tab -3.029283 \tab 53.79046 \tab Blackpool \tab 08/08/2000 \tab 11/11/2004\cr
##' BLC2 \tab Blackpool Marton \tab Urban Background \tab -3.007175 \tab 53.80489 \tab Blackpool \tab 05/06/2007 \tab 28/01/2009\cr
##' BLCB \tab Blackburn Darwen Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab -2.483815 \tab 53.71550 \tab Blackburn with Darwen \tab 15/06/2009 \tab NA \cr
##' BOLT \tab Bolton \tab Urban Background \tab -2.439583 \tab 53.57232 \tab Bolton District \tab 03/02/1997 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' BORN \tab Bournemouth \tab Urban Background \tab -1.826744 \tab 50.73957 \tab Bournemouth \tab 19/07/2002 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' BOT \tab Bottesford \tab Rural Background \tab -0.814722 \tab 52.93028 \tab Melton District \tab 01/10/1977 \tab NA \cr
##' BRAD \tab Bradford Centre \tab Urban Background \tab -1.748694 \tab 53.79339 \tab Bradford District \tab 28/11/1997 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' BREN \tab London Brent \tab Urban Background \tab -0.276223 \tab 51.58977 \tab London Borough of Brent \tab 10/04/1996 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' BRI \tab London Bridge Place \tab Urban Background \tab -0.141655 \tab 51.49521 \tab City of Westminster \tab 20/08/1990 \tab 30/11/1999\cr
##' BRIS \tab Bristol Centre \tab Urban Background \tab -2.585622 \tab 51.45718 \tab Bristol City Council \tab 04/01/1993 \tab 15/09/2005\cr
##' BRIT \tab Brighton Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab -0.137281 \tab 50.82354 \tab Brighton & Hove \tab 10/02/1998 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' BRN \tab Brentford Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab -0.310121 \tab 51.48945 \tab London Borough of Hounslow \tab 20/06/2003 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' BRS2 \tab Bristol Old Market \tab Urban traffic \tab -2.583519 \tab 51.45603 \tab Bristol City Council \tab 01/07/1996 \tab NA \cr
##' BRS8 \tab Bristol St Paul's \tab Urban Background \tab -2.584482 \tab 51.46284 \tab Bristol City Council \tab 15/06/2006 \tab NA \cr
##' BRT3 \tab Brighton Preston Park \tab Urban Background \tab -0.147572 \tab 50.84084 \tab Brighton & Hove \tab 03/11/2004 \tab NA \cr
##' BURY \tab Bury Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab -2.289611 \tab 53.53911 \tab Bury District \tab 20/01/1997 \tab NA \cr
##' BUSH \tab Bush Estate \tab Rural Background \tab -3.205782 \tab 55.86228 \tab Midlothian \tab 09/10/2003 \tab NA \cr
##' BY1 \tab Bromley Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab 0.020128 \tab 51.40710 \tab London Borough of Bromley \tab 02/05/1997 \tab 06/07/1998\cr
##' BY2 \tab London Bromley \tab Urban traffic \tab 0.075527 \tab 51.42468 \tab London Borough of Bromley \tab 11/08/1998 \tab 20/06/2005\cr
##' CA1 \tab Camden Kerbside \tab Urban traffic \tab -0.175269 \tab 51.54421 \tab London Borough of Camden \tab 19/02/2009 \tab NA \cr
##' CAM \tab Cambridge Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab 0.124456 \tab 52.20237 \tab Cambridge District \tab 26/06/1999 \tab NA \cr
##' CAMB \tab Cambridge \tab Urban traffic \tab 0.041111 \tab 51.99528 \tab North Hertfordshire District \tab 01/11/1974 \tab 01/03/1978\cr
##' CAN \tab London Canvey \tab Urban Industrial \tab 0.571944 \tab 51.53250 \tab Castle Point District \tab 11/10/1977 \tab 25/02/1980\cr
##' CANT \tab Canterbury \tab Urban Background \tab 1.098061 \tab 51.27399 \tab Canterbury District \tab 01/02/2001 \tab NA \cr
##' CAR \tab Cardiff Kerbside \tab Urban traffic \tab -3.177778 \tab 51.48194 \tab Cardiff County Council \tab 28/07/1973 \tab 23/11/1976\cr
##' CARD \tab Cardiff Centre \tab Urban Background \tab -3.176250 \tab 51.48178 \tab Cardiff County Council \tab 05/09/2002 \tab 10/09/2007\cr
##' CARL \tab Carlisle Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab -2.945861 \tab 54.89472 \tab Carlisle City Council \tab 17/03/2009 \tab NA \cr
##' CHAT \tab Chatham Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab 0.548668 \tab 51.37384 \tab Medway \tab 01/07/2010 \tab NA \cr
##' CHIL \tab Chilworth \tab Suburban Background \tab -1.422778 \tab 50.96222 \tab Southampton City Council \tab 18/04/1975 \tab 10/10/1975\cr
##' CHP \tab Chepstow A48 \tab Urban traffic \tab -2.678731 \tab 51.63809 \tab Monmouthshire County \tab 01/01/2008 \tab NA \cr
##' CHS6 \tab Chesterfield \tab Urban Background \tab -1.433611 \tab 53.23058 \tab Chesterfield District \tab 13/03/2008 \tab NA \cr
##' CHS7 \tab Chesterfield Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab -1.456944 \tab 53.23172 \tab Chesterfield District \tab 11/03/2008 \tab NA \cr
##' CLL \tab Central London \tab Urban Background \tab -0.138333 \tab 51.49472 \tab City of Westminster \tab 01/07/1972 \tab 06/08/1990\cr
##' CLL2 \tab London Bloomsbury \tab Urban Background \tab -0.125889 \tab 51.52229 \tab London Borough of Camden \tab 23/01/1992 \tab NA \cr
##' COV2 \tab Coventry Centre \tab Urban Background \tab -1.522133 \tab 52.41345 \tab Coventry City Council \tab 18/02/1997 \tab 31/12/2000\cr
##' COV3 \tab Coventry Memorial Park \tab Urban Background \tab -1.519612 \tab 52.39440 \tab Coventry City Council \tab 16/12/2008 \tab NA \cr
##' CRD \tab London Cromwell Road \tab Urban traffic \tab -0.180564 \tab 51.49492 \tab Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea \tab 22/02/1973 \tab 12/09/1996\cr
##' CRD2 \tab London Cromwell Road 2 \tab Urban traffic \tab -0.178709 \tab 51.49548 \tab Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea \tab 20/05/1998 \tab NA \cr
##' CWMB \tab Cwmbran \tab Urban Background \tab -3.006953 \tab 51.65380 \tab Tor-Faen - Torfaen \tab 12/03/2002 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' DERY \tab Derry \tab Urban Background \tab -7.329115 \tab 55.00122 \tab Derry City Council \tab 29/04/1997 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' DUMB \tab Dumbarton Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab -4.558333 \tab 55.94333 \tab West Dunbartonshire \tab 01/09/2010 \tab NA \cr
##' DUMF \tab Dumfries \tab Urban traffic \tab -3.614233 \tab 55.07003 \tab Dumfries and Galloway \tab 17/07/2001 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' EAGL \tab Stockton-on-Tees Eaglescliffe \tab Urban traffic \tab -1.358547 \tab 54.51667 \tab Stockton-on-Tees \tab 21/01/2009 \tab NA \cr
##' EB \tab Eastbourne \tab Urban Background \tab 0.271611 \tab 50.80578 \tab Eastbourne District \tab 01/11/2010 \tab NA \cr
##' ECCL \tab Salford Eccles \tab Urban Industrial \tab -2.334139 \tab 53.48481 \tab Salford City Council \tab 20/03/1997 \tab NA \cr
##' ED \tab Edinburgh Centre \tab Urban Background \tab -3.195775 \tab 55.95197 \tab City of Edinburgh \tab 04/10/1992 \tab 13/10/2003\cr
##' ED3 \tab Edinburgh St Leonards \tab Urban Background \tab -3.182186 \tab 55.94559 \tab City of Edinburgh \tab 24/11/2003 \tab NA \cr
##' EK \tab East Kilbride \tab Suburban Background \tab -4.173056 \tab 55.75472 \tab South Lanarkshire \tab 08/05/1975 \tab 09/10/1975\cr
##' ESK \tab Eskdalemuir \tab Rural Background \tab -3.206111 \tab 55.31531 \tab Dumfries and Galloway \tab 09/12/2004 \tab NA \cr
##' EX \tab Exeter Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab -3.532465 \tab 50.72508 \tab Exeter District \tab 02/07/1996 \tab NA \cr
##' FEA \tab Featherstone \tab Urban Background \tab -1.352500 \tab 53.68056 \tab Wakefield District \tab 14/09/1989 \tab 13/03/1991\cr
##' FW \tab Fort William \tab Suburban Background \tab -5.101102 \tab 56.82266 \tab West Lothian \tab 22/06/2006 \tab NA \cr
##' GDF \tab Great Dun Fell \tab Rural Background \tab -2.450799 \tab 54.68423 \tab Eden District \tab 09/05/1986 \tab NA \cr
##' GLA \tab Glasgow City Chambers \tab Urban Background \tab -4.245959 \tab 55.86041 \tab City of Glasgow \tab 28/07/1989 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' GLA3 \tab Glasgow Centre \tab Urban Background \tab -4.255161 \tab 55.85773 \tab City of Glasgow \tab 26/07/1996 \tab NA \cr
##' GLA4 \tab Glasgow Kerbside \tab Urban traffic \tab -4.258889 \tab 55.85917 \tab City of Glasgow \tab 01/08/2002 \tab 31/12/2010\cr
##' GLAS \tab Glasgow Hope St \tab Urban traffic \tab -4.257778 \tab 55.85833 \tab City of Glasgow \tab 27/06/1973 \tab 28/10/1982\cr
##' GLAZ \tab Glazebury \tab Rural Background \tab -2.472056 \tab 53.46008 \tab Salford City Council \tab 26/01/2004 \tab NA \cr
##' GRA2 \tab Grangemouth Moray \tab Rural Background \tab -3.710833 \tab 56.01314 \tab Falkirk \tab 01/06/2009 \tab NA \cr
##' GRAN \tab Grangemouth \tab Urban Industrial \tab -3.704399 \tab 56.01032 \tab Falkirk \tab 17/01/2003 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' HAR \tab Harwell \tab Rural Background \tab -1.325283 \tab 51.57108 \tab Vale of White Horse District \tab 14/08/1998 \tab NA \cr
##' HARR \tab London Harrow \tab Suburban Background \tab -0.348889 \tab 51.57333 \tab London Borough of Harrow \tab 24/08/1979 \tab 03/10/1980\cr
##' HG1 \tab Haringey Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab -0.068225 \tab 51.59930 \tab London Borough of Haringey \tab 16/05/1996 \tab NA \cr
##' HG2 \tab London Haringey \tab Urban Background \tab -0.126439 \tab 51.58605 \tab London Borough of Haringey \tab 29/11/2007 \tab NA \cr
##' HIL \tab London Hillingdon \tab Urban Background \tab -0.460861 \tab 51.49633 \tab London Borough of Hillingdon \tab 02/08/1996 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' HK4 \tab London Hackney \tab Urban Background \tab -0.056592 \tab 51.55877 \tab London Borough of Hackney \tab 06/01/1997 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' HM \tab High Muffles \tab Rural Background \tab -0.808550 \tab 54.33494 \tab Ryedale District \tab 20/10/2003 \tab NA \cr
##' HOPE \tab Stanford-le-Hope Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab 0.439556 \tab 51.51817 \tab Thurrock \tab 22/01/2008 \tab NA \cr
##' HORE \tab Horley \tab Suburban Background \tab -0.167741 \tab 51.16586 \tab Reigate and Banstead District \tab 21/11/2007 \tab NA \cr
##' HORS \tab London Westminster \tab Urban Background \tab -0.131931 \tab 51.49467 \tab City of Westminster \tab 17/07/2001 \tab NA \cr
##' HOVE \tab Hove Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab -0.170294 \tab 50.82778 \tab Brighton & Hove \tab 15/10/1997 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' HR3 \tab London Harrow Stanmore \tab Urban Background \tab -0.298777 \tab 51.61733 \tab London Borough of Harrow \tab 16/12/2008 \tab NA \cr
##' HRL \tab London Harlington \tab Urban Industrial \tab -0.441614 \tab 51.48879 \tab London Borough of Hillingdon \tab 01/01/2004 \tab 03/03/2008\cr
##' HS1 \tab Hounslow Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab -0.308975 \tab 51.48965 \tab London Borough of Hounslow \tab 16/09/1997 \tab 16/11/2002\cr
##' HUL2 \tab Hull Freetown \tab Urban Background \tab -0.341222 \tab 53.74878 \tab Kingston-upon-hull City Council \tab 06/11/2002 \tab NA \cr
##' HULL \tab Hull Centre \tab Urban Background \tab -0.338322 \tab 53.74479 \tab Kingston-upon-hull City Council \tab 04/01/1994 \tab 17/01/2002\cr
##' INV2 \tab Inverness \tab Urban traffic \tab -4.241039 \tab 57.48120 \tab Highland \tab 17/07/2001 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' ISL \tab London Islington \tab Urban Background \tab -0.093611 \tab 51.53083 \tab London Borough of Islington \tab 09/07/1976 \tab 11/10/1978\cr
##' KC1 \tab London N. Kensington \tab Urban Background \tab -0.213431 \tab 51.52106 \tab Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea \tab 31/03/2009 \tab NA \cr
##' LB \tab Ladybower \tab Rural Background \tab -1.752006 \tab 53.40337 \tab High Peak District \tab 27/10/1988 \tab NA \cr
##' LDS \tab Leeds Potternewton \tab Urban Background \tab -1.535098 \tab 53.82568 \tab Leeds City Council \tab 01/01/1995 \tab 31/12/2000\cr
##' LEAM \tab Leamington Spa \tab Urban Background \tab -1.533119 \tab 52.28881 \tab Warwick District \tab 26/07/1996 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' LED6 \tab Leeds Headingley Kerbside \tab Urban traffic \tab -1.576361 \tab 53.81997 \tab Leeds City Council \tab 02/04/2009 \tab NA \cr
##' LEED \tab Leeds Centre \tab Urban Background \tab -1.546472 \tab 53.80378 \tab Leeds City Council \tab 04/01/1993 \tab NA \cr
##' LEIC \tab Leicester Centre \tab Urban Background \tab -1.133006 \tab 52.63135 \tab Leicester City Council \tab 04/01/1994 \tab NA \cr
##' LEOM \tab Leominster \tab Suburban Background \tab -2.736665 \tab 52.22174 \tab Herefordshire Council \tab 18/07/2005 \tab NA \cr
##' LERW \tab Lerwick \tab Suburban Background \tab -1.185319 \tab 60.13922 \tab Shetland Islands \tab 25/05/2005 \tab NA \cr
##' LH \tab Lullington Heath \tab Rural Background \tab 0.181250 \tab 50.79370 \tab Wealden District \tab 29/09/1988 \tab NA \cr
##' LINC \tab Lincoln Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab -0.537895 \tab 53.22889 \tab Lincoln City Council \tab 06/05/1997 \tab 22/12/1999\cr
##' LIVR \tab Liverpool Centre \tab Urban Background \tab -2.980249 \tab 53.40845 \tab Liverpool City Council \tab 23/04/1993 \tab 23/09/2002\cr
##' LN \tab Lough Navar \tab Rural Background \tab -7.900328 \tab 54.43951 \tab Fermanagh District Council \tab 02/10/1996 \tab NA \cr
##' LON6 \tab London Eltham \tab Suburban Background \tab 0.070842 \tab 51.45266 \tab London Borough of Greenwich \tab 08/10/1993 \tab 31/12/2000\cr
##' LON7 \tab London Eltham (HC) \tab Urban Background \tab 0.070842 \tab 51.45266 \tab London Borough of Greenwich \tab 17/10/2003 \tab NA \cr
##' LV6 \tab Liverpool Queen's Drive Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab -2.962500 \tab 53.44694 \tab Liverpool City Council \tab 01/01/2008 \tab NA \cr
##' LVP \tab Liverpool Speke \tab Urban Background \tab -2.844333 \tab 53.34633 \tab Liverpool City Council \tab 24/11/1995 \tab 31/12/2000\cr
##' LW1 \tab London Lewisham \tab Urban Background \tab -0.020139 \tab 51.44541 \tab London Borough of Lewisham \tab 16/04/1997 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' MACK \tab Charlton Mackrell \tab Rural Background \tab -2.683450 \tab 51.05625 \tab South Somerset District \tab 03/09/2008 \tab NA \cr
##' MAN \tab Manchester Town Hall \tab Urban Background \tab -2.244800 \tab 53.47850 \tab Manchester City Council \tab 08/08/1991 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' MAN3 \tab Manchester Piccadilly \tab Urban Background \tab -2.237881 \tab 53.48152 \tab Manchester City Council \tab 18/12/1995 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' MAN4 \tab Manchester South \tab Suburban Background \tab -2.243280 \tab 53.36903 \tab Manchester City Council \tab 06/12/1996 \tab NA \cr
##' MH \tab Mace Head \tab Rural Background \tab -9.903917 \tab 53.32644 \tab Unknown \tab 03/04/1987 \tab NA \cr
##' MID \tab Middlesbrough \tab Urban Background \tab -1.220874 \tab 54.56930 \tab Middlesbrough \tab 01/01/1993 \tab 31/12/2000\cr
##' MKTH \tab Market Harborough \tab Rural Background \tab -0.772222 \tab 52.55444 \tab Harborough District \tab 10/12/2003 \tab NA \cr
##' MOLD \tab Mold \tab Suburban Background \tab -3.144889 \tab 53.16231 \tab Flintshire County \tab 02/12/2009 \tab NA \cr
##' MY1 \tab London Marylebone Road \tab Urban traffic \tab -0.154611 \tab 51.52253 \tab City of Westminster \tab 01/04/1998 \tab NA \cr
##' NCA3 \tab Newcastle Cradlewell Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab -1.598611 \tab 54.98639 \tab Newcastle City Council \tab 10/03/2008 \tab NA \cr
##' NEWC \tab Newcastle Centre \tab Urban Background \tab -1.610528 \tab 54.97825 \tab Newcastle City Council \tab 08/03/1992 \tab NA \cr
##' NO10 \tab Norwich Forum Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab 1.291714 \tab 52.62817 \tab Norwich City Council \tab 08/04/2005 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' NO12 \tab Norwich Lakenfields \tab Urban Background \tab 1.301976 \tab 52.61419 \tab Norwich City Council \tab 01/09/2009 \tab NA \cr
##' NOR1 \tab Norwich Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab 1.299064 \tab 52.62200 \tab Norwich City Council \tab 21/06/1997 \tab 14/02/2005\cr
##' NOR2 \tab Norwich Centre \tab Urban Background \tab 1.295019 \tab 52.63203 \tab Norwich City Council \tab 24/07/1997 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' NOTT \tab Nottingham Centre \tab Urban Background \tab -1.146447 \tab 52.95473 \tab Nottingham City Council \tab 02/09/1996 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' NPT3 \tab Newport \tab Urban Background \tab -2.977281 \tab 51.60120 \tab Newport County Borough \tab 01/01/2008 \tab NA \cr
##' NTON \tab Northampton \tab Urban Background \tab -0.885933 \tab 52.27349 \tab Northampton District \tab 12/03/2002 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' OLDB \tab Sandwell Oldbury \tab Urban Background \tab -2.017629 \tab 52.50431 \tab Sandwell District \tab 27/06/1997 \tab 21/09/1998\cr
##' OSY \tab St Osyth \tab Rural Background \tab 1.049031 \tab 51.77798 \tab Tendring District \tab 11/05/2002 \tab 31/12/2009\cr
##' OX \tab Oxford Centre Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab -1.257581 \tab 51.75181 \tab Oxford City Council \tab 15/04/1996 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' OX8 \tab Oxford St Ebbes \tab Urban Background \tab -1.260278 \tab 51.74481 \tab Oxford City Council \tab 18/12/2008 \tab NA \cr
##' PEEB \tab Peebles \tab Urban Background \tab -3.196527 \tab 55.65747 \tab Scottish Borders \tab 06/11/2009 \tab NA \cr
##' PEMB \tab Narberth \tab Rural Background \tab -4.691462 \tab 51.78178 \tab Pembrokshire County \tab 20/01/1997 \tab NA \cr
##' PLYM \tab Plymouth Centre \tab Urban Background \tab -4.142361 \tab 50.37167 \tab Plymouth City Council \tab 29/09/1997 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' PMTH \tab Portsmouth \tab Urban Background \tab -1.068583 \tab 50.82881 \tab Portsmouth City Council \tab 21/03/2002 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' PRES \tab Preston \tab Urban Background \tab -2.680353 \tab 53.76559 \tab Preston District \tab 06/06/2000 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' PT \tab Port Talbot \tab Urban Industrial \tab -3.761690 \tab 51.57980 \tab Neath Port Talbot County Borough \tab 09/01/1997 \tab 24/07/2007\cr
##' PT4 \tab Port Talbot Margam \tab Urban Industrial \tab -3.770822 \tab 51.58395 \tab Neath Port Talbot County Borough \tab 23/04/2008 \tab NA \cr
##' REA1 \tab Reading New Town \tab Urban Background \tab -0.944067 \tab 51.45309 \tab Reading \tab 17/10/2003 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' READ \tab Reading \tab Urban Background \tab -0.955180 \tab 51.45352 \tab Reading \tab 17/07/1997 \tab 06/02/2003\cr
##' REDC \tab Redcar \tab Suburban Background \tab -1.073300 \tab 54.61073 \tab Redcar and Cleveland \tab 25/06/1997 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' ROCH \tab Rochester Stoke \tab Rural Background \tab 0.634889 \tab 51.45617 \tab Medway \tab 26/01/1996 \tab NA \cr
##' ROTH \tab Rotherham Centre \tab Urban Background \tab -1.354444 \tab 53.43186 \tab Rotherham District \tab 20/06/1997 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' RUGE \tab Rugeley \tab Urban Background \tab -1.936111 \tab 52.75306 \tab Cannock Chase District \tab 21/03/1991 \tab 17/09/1992\cr
##' SALT \tab Saltash Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab -4.230300 \tab 50.41310 \tab Caradon District \tab 23/02/2010 \tab 31/08/2010\cr
##' SCN2 \tab Scunthorpe Town \tab Urban Industrial \tab -0.636811 \tab 53.58634 \tab North Lincolnshire \tab 10/01/2008 \tab NA \cr
##' SCUN \tab Scunthorpe \tab Urban Industrial \tab -0.633015 \tab 53.58499 \tab North Lincolnshire \tab 15/12/1997 \tab 18/03/2004\cr
##' SDY \tab Sandy Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab -0.300306 \tab 52.13242 \tab Mid Bedfordshire District \tab 28/07/2008 \tab NA \cr
##' SEND \tab Southend-on-Sea \tab Urban Background \tab 0.678408 \tab 51.54421 \tab Southend-on-Sea \tab 24/07/2000 \tab 30/01/2009\cr
##' SHE \tab Sheffield Tinsley \tab Urban Background \tab -1.396139 \tab 53.41058 \tab Sheffield City Council \tab 08/08/1991 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' SHE2 \tab Sheffield Centre \tab Urban Background \tab -1.473306 \tab 53.37772 \tab Sheffield City Council \tab 19/06/2007 \tab NA \cr
##' SIB \tab Sibton \tab Rural Background \tab 1.463497 \tab 52.29440 \tab Suffolk Coastal District \tab 10/05/1977 \tab 31/03/1989\cr
##' SK1 \tab London Southwark \tab Urban Background \tab -0.096667 \tab 51.49055 \tab London Borough of Southwark \tab 28/02/1997 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' SK2 \tab Southwark Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab -0.062300 \tab 51.48199 \tab London Borough of Southwark \tab 01/04/1997 \tab 09/02/2006\cr
##' SK5 \tab Southwark A2 Old Kent Road \tab Urban traffic \tab -0.059550 \tab 51.48050 \tab London Borough of Southwark \tab 24/10/2010 \tab NA \cr
##' SOM \tab Somerton \tab Rural Background \tab -2.735253 \tab 51.03572 \tab South Somerset District \tab 28/04/2003 \tab 05/03/2008\cr
##' SOUT \tab Southampton Centre \tab Urban Background \tab -1.395778 \tab 50.90814 \tab Southampton City Council \tab 04/01/1994 \tab NA \cr
##' STE \tab Stevenage \tab Suburban Background \tab -0.200833 \tab 51.88694 \tab Stevenage District \tab 01/04/1977 \tab 29/04/1994\cr
##' STEW \tab Stewartby \tab Urban Industrial \tab -0.511111 \tab 52.07194 \tab Bedford District \tab 26/11/2007 \tab 31/12/2008\cr
##' STK4 \tab Stockport Shaw Heath \tab Urban Background \tab -2.161111 \tab 53.40306 \tab Stockport District \tab 09/10/2002 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' STOC \tab Stockport \tab Urban Background \tab -2.158200 \tab 53.40994 \tab Stockport District \tab 25/11/1996 \tab 03/10/2002\cr
##' STOK \tab Stoke-on-Trent Centre \tab Urban Background \tab -2.175133 \tab 53.02821 \tab Stoke-on-trent City Council \tab 12/06/2007 \tab NA \cr
##' STOR \tab Storrington Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab -0.450878 \tab 50.91742 \tab Horsham District \tab 01/08/2009 \tab NA \cr
##' SUN2 \tab Sunderland Silksworth \tab Urban Background \tab -1.406878 \tab 54.88361 \tab Sunderland District \tab 09/12/2004 \tab NA \cr
##' SUND \tab Sunderland \tab Urban Background \tab -1.380081 \tab 54.90611 \tab Sunderland District \tab 06/10/1992 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' SUT1 \tab Sutton Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab -0.182789 \tab 51.36636 \tab London Borough of Sutton \tab 01/04/1996 \tab 02/05/2002\cr
##' SUT3 \tab London Sutton \tab Suburban Background \tab -0.165489 \tab 51.36789 \tab London Borough of Sutton \tab 01/04/1996 \tab 02/05/2002\cr
##' SV \tab Strath Vaich \tab Rural Background \tab -4.776583 \tab 57.73446 \tab Highland \tab 21/10/1990 \tab 14/03/1997\cr
##' SWA1 \tab Swansea Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab -3.947374 \tab 51.63270 \tab City and County of Swansea \tab 20/09/2006 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' SWAN \tab Swansea \tab Urban Background \tab -3.943329 \tab 51.62114 \tab City and County of Swansea \tab 01/12/1994 \tab 07/08/2006\cr
##' TED \tab London Teddington \tab Urban Background \tab -0.339647 \tab 51.42099 \tab London Borough of Richmond Upon Thames \tab 08/08/1996 \tab NA \cr
##' TH2 \tab Tower Hamlets Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab -0.042164 \tab 51.52256 \tab London Borough of Tower Hamlets \tab 01/04/1996 \tab NA \cr
##' THUR \tab Thurrock \tab Urban Background \tab 0.317969 \tab 51.47707 \tab Thurrock \tab 20/03/2009 \tab NA \cr
##' TRAN \tab Wirral Tranmere \tab Urban Background \tab -3.022722 \tab 53.37287 \tab Wirral District \tab 14/05/2000 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' WA2 \tab London Wandsworth \tab Urban Background \tab -0.191164 \tab 51.45696 \tab London Borough of Wandsworth \tab 01/04/1996 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' WAL \tab Walsall Alumwell \tab Urban Background \tab -2.010483 \tab 52.58167 \tab Walsall District \tab 05/03/1987 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' WAL2 \tab Walsall Willenhall \tab Urban Background \tab -2.033144 \tab 52.60821 \tab Walsall District \tab 29/04/1997 \tab 03/02/2010\cr
##' WAR \tab Warrington \tab Urban Background \tab -2.615358 \tab 53.38928 \tab Warrington \tab 21/10/2008 \tab NA \cr
##' WBRO \tab Sandwell West Bromwich \tab Urban Background \tab -1.995556 \tab 52.52062 \tab Sandwell District \tab 04/11/1998 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' WC \tab Wharleycroft \tab Rural Background \tab -2.469167 \tab 54.61655 \tab Eden District \tab 08/05/1985 \tab 28/11/1995\cr
##' WEYB \tab Weybourne \tab Rural Background \tab 1.122017 \tab 52.95049 \tab North Norfolk District \tab 30/05/2001 \tab NA \cr
##' WFEN \tab Wicken Fen \tab Rural Background \tab 0.290917 \tab 52.29850 \tab East Cambridgeshire District \tab 12/11/1997 \tab NA \cr
##' WIG3 \tab Wigan Leigh \tab Urban Background \tab -2.506899 \tab 53.49422 \tab Wigan District \tab 15/05/2002 \tab 28/09/2004\cr
##' WIG5 \tab Wigan Centre \tab Urban Background \tab -2.638139 \tab 53.54914 \tab Wigan District \tab 08/10/2004 \tab NA \cr
##' WL \tab West London \tab Urban Background \tab -0.200361 \tab 51.49380 \tab Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea \tab 14/08/1989 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' WOLV \tab Wolverhampton Centre \tab Urban Background \tab -2.129008 \tab 52.58818 \tab Wolverhampton MBC \tab 13/06/2007 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' WRAY \tab Wray \tab Rural Background \tab -2.583333 \tab 54.10444 \tab Lancaster City Council \tab 01/04/1985 \tab 29/02/1988\cr
##' WREX \tab Wrexham \tab Urban traffic \tab -3.002778 \tab 53.04222 \tab Wrecsam - Wrexham \tab 06/03/2002 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' YARM \tab Stockton-on-Tees Yarm \tab Urban traffic \tab -1.354319 \tab 54.50918 \tab Stockton-on-Tees \tab 13/08/2002 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' YK10 \tab York Bootham \tab Urban Background \tab -1.086514 \tab 53.96751 \tab City of York \tab 10/02/2009 \tab NA \cr
##' YK11 \tab York Fishergate \tab Urban traffic \tab -1.075861 \tab 53.95189 \tab City of York \tab 01/01/2008 \tab NA \cr
##' YW \tab Yarner Wood \tab Rural Background \tab -3.716510 \tab 50.59760 \tab Teignbridge District \tab 15/09/2003 \tab NA
##' }
##' @param site Site code of the AURN site to import e.g. "my1" is Marylebone
##' Road. Several sites can be imported with \code{site = c("my1", "nott")}
##' --- to import Marylebone Road and Nottingham for example.
##' @param year Year or years to import. To import a sequence of years from
##' 1990 to 2000 use \code{year = 1990:2000}. To import several specfic years
##' use \code{year = c(1990, 1995, 2000)} for example.
##' @param pollutant Pollutants to import. If omitted will import all
##' pollutants ffrom a site. To import only NOx and NO2 for example use
##' \code{pollutant = c("nox", "no2")}.
##' @param hc A few sites have hydrocarbon measurements available and setting
##' \code{hc = TRUE} will ensure hydrocarbon data are imported. The default
##' is however not to as most users will not be interested in using
##' hydrocarbon data and the resulting data frames are considerably larger.
##' @param verbose Should the function give messages when downloading files?
##' Default is \code{TRUE}.
##'
##' @export
##' @importFrom utils download.file
##' @return Returns a data frame of hourly mean values with date in POSIXct
##' class and time zone GMT.
##' @author David Carslaw
##' @seealso \code{\link{importKCL}}, \code{\link{importADMS}},
##' \code{\link{importSAQN}}
##' @keywords methods
##' @examples
##'
##'
##' ## import all pollutants from Marylebone Rd from 1990:2009
##' \dontrun{mary <- importAURN(site = "my1", year = 2000:2009)}
##'
##' ## import nox, no2, o3 from Marylebone Road and Nottingham Centre for 2000
##' \dontrun{thedata <- importAURN(site = c("my1", "nott"), year = 2000,
##' pollutant = c("nox", "no2", "o3"))}
##'
##' ## import over 20 years of Mace Head O3 data!
##' \dontrun{o3 <- importAURN(site = "mh", year = 1987:2009)}
##'
##' ## import hydrocarbon (and other) data from Marylebone Road
##' \dontrun{mary <- importAURN(site = "my1", year =1998, hc = TRUE)}
##'
##' ## reshape the data so that each column represents a pollutant/site
##' \dontrun{
##' require(tidyr)
##' thedata <- importAURN(site = c("nott", "kc1"), year = 2008,
##' pollutant = c("o3", "no2"))
##'
##' # gather numeric columns
##' thedata <- gather(thedata, key = key, value = value, no2:o3)
##'
##' # make a single key
##' thedata <- unite(thedata, site_pol, site, code, key)
##'
##' # now spread out
##' the data <- spread(thedata, key = site_pol, value = value)
##'
##'
##' }
##'
##'
importAURN <- function(site = "my1", year = 2009, pollutant = "all", hc = FALSE,
verbose = TRUE) {
# For file name matching, needs to be exact
site <- toupper(site)
# Create file name vector
files <- lapply(site, function(x) paste(x, "_", year, sep = ""))
files <- do.call(c, files)
# Donload and load data
thedata <- plyr::ldply(files, loadData, verbose)
# Return if no data
if (nrow(thedata) == 0) return() ## no data
## suppress warnings for now - unequal factors, harmless
if (is.null(thedata))
stop("No data to import - check site codes and year.", call. = FALSE)
thedata$site <- factor(thedata$site, levels = unique(thedata$site))
## change names
names(thedata) <- tolower(names(thedata))
## change nox as no2
id <- which(names(thedata) %in% "noxasno2")
if (length(id) == 1) names(thedata)[id] <- "nox"
## should hydrocarbons be imported?
if (hc) {
thedata <- thedata
} else {
## no hydrocarbons - therefore select conventional pollutants
theNames <- c("date", "co", "nox", "no2", "no", "o3", "so2", "pm10", "pm2.5",
"v10", "v2.5", "nv10", "nv2.5", "ws", "wd", "code", "site")
thedata <- thedata[, which(names(thedata) %in% theNames)]
}
## if particular pollutants have been selected
if (pollutant != "all")
thedata <- thedata[, c("date", pollutant, "site", "code")]
## warning about recent, possibly unratified data
timeDiff <- difftime(Sys.time(), max(thedata$date), units='days')
if (timeDiff < 180) {
warning("You have selected some data that is less than 6-months old.\n This most recent data is not yet ratified and may be changed\n during the QA/QC process. For complete information about the \nratification status of a data set, please use the online tool at:\n http://www.airquality.co.uk/data_and_statistics.php?action=da_1&go=Go", call. = FALSE)
}
## make sure it is in GMT
attr(thedata$date, "tzone") <- "GMT"
# make sure class is correct for lubridate
class(thedata$date) <- c("POSIXct" , "POSIXt")
thedata
}
# Define downloading and loading function
# No export
loadData <- function(x, verbose) {
tryCatch({
# Download file to temp directory
# need to do this because of https, certificate problems
tmp <- tempfile()
# Build the file name
fileName <- paste("https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/openair/R_data/", x,
".RData", sep = "")
# No warnings needed, function gives message if file is not present
suppressWarnings(
download.file(fileName, method = "libcurl", destfile = tmp,
quiet = !verbose)
)
# Load the rdata object
load(tmp)
# Reasign
dat <- get(x)
return(dat)
}, error = function(ex) {
# Print a message
if (verbose)
message(x, "does not exist - ignoring that one.")
})
}
davidcarslaw/ggopenair documentation built on May 14, 2019, 10:37 p.m.
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##' Import data from the UK Automatic Urban and Rural Network (AURN)
##'
##' Function for importing hourly mean UK Automatic Urban and Rural Network
##' (AURN) air quality archive data files for use with the \code{openair}
##' package. Files are imported from a remote server operated by AEA that
##' provides air quality data files as R data objects.
##'
##' The \code{importAURN} function has been written to make it easy to import
##' data from the UK AURN. AEA have provided .RData files (R workspaces) of all
##' individual sites and years for the AURN. These files are updated on a daily
##' basis. This approach requires a link to the Internet to work.
##'
##' There are several advantages over the web portal approach where .csv files
##' are downloaded. First, it is quick to select a range of sites, pollutants
##' and periods (see examples below). Second, storing the data as .RData
##' objects is very efficient as they are about four times smaller than .csv
##' files --- which means the data downloads quickly and saves bandwidth.
##' Third, the function completely avoids any need for data manipulation or
##' setting time formats, time zones etc. Finally, it is easy to import many
##' years of data beyond the current limit of about 64,000 lines. The final
##' point makes it possible to download several long time series in one go. The
##' function also has the advantage that the proper site name is imported and
##' used in \code{openair} functions.
##'
##' The site codes and pollutant names can be upper or lower case. The function
##' will issue a warning when data less than six months old is downloaded,
##' which may not be ratified.
##'
##' The data are imported by stacking sites on top of one another and will have
##' field names \code{site}, \code{code} (the site code) and \code{pollutant}.
##' Sometimes it is useful to have columns of site data. This can be done using
##' the \code{reshape} function --- see examples below.
##'
##' All units are expressed in mass terms for gaseous species (ug/m3
##' for NO, NO2, NOx (as NO2), SO2 and hydrocarbons; and mg/m3 for
##' CO). PM10 concentrations are provided in gravimetric units of
##' ug/m3 or scaled to be comparable with these units. Over the years
##' a variety of instruments have been used to measure particulate
##' matter and the technical issues of measuring PM10 are complex. In
##' recent years the measurements rely on FDMS (Filter Dynamics
##' Measurement System), which is able to measure the volatile
##' component of PM. In cases where the FDMS system is in use there
##' will be a separate volatile component recorded as 'v10' and
##' non-volatile component 'nv10', which is already included in the
##' absolute PM10 measurement. Prior to the use of FDMS the
##' measurements used TEOM (Tapered Element Oscillating. Microbalance)
##' and these concentrations have been multiplied by 1.3 to provide an
##' estimate of the total mass including the volatile fraction.
##'
##' The few BAM (Beta-Attenuation Monitor) instruments that have been
##' incorporated into the network throughout its history have been scaled by
##' 1.3 if they have a heated inlet (to account for loss of volatile particles)
##' and 0.83 if they do not have a heated inlet. The few TEOM instruments in
##' the network after 2008 have been scaled using VCM (Volatile Correction
##' Model) values to account for the loss of volatile particles. The object of
##' all these scaling processes is to provide a reasonable degree of comparison
##' between data sets and with the reference method and to produce a consistent
##' data record over the operational period of the network, however there may
##' be some discontinuity in the time series associated with instrument
##' changes.
##'
##' No corrections have been made to the PM2.5 data. The volatile component of
##' FDMS PM2.5 (where available) is shown in the 'v2.5' column.
##'
##' While the function is being developed, the following site codes should help
##' with selection.
##' \tabular{lllrrlll}{
##' A3 \tab London A3 Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab -0.291853 \tab 51.37348 \tab Kingston upon Thames London Boro \tab 20/03/1997 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' ABD \tab Aberdeen \tab Urban Background \tab -2.094278 \tab 57.15736 \tab Aberdeen City \tab 18/09/1999 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' ABD7 \tab Aberdeen Union Street Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab -2.106472 \tab 57.14455 \tab Aberdeenshire \tab 01/01/2008 \tab NA \cr
##' ACTH \tab Auchencorth Moss \tab Rural Background \tab -3.242900 \tab 55.79216 \tab Midlothian \tab 04/09/2006 \tab NA \cr
##' AH \tab Aston Hill \tab Rural Background \tab -3.034178 \tab 52.50385 \tab Powys - Powys \tab 21/10/2003 \tab NA \cr
##' ARM6 \tab Armagh Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab -6.654528 \tab 54.35352 \tab Armagh City and District Council \tab 01/01/2009 \tab NA \cr
##' BALM \tab Ballymena \tab Urban Background \tab -6.258275 \tab 54.85864 \tab Ballymena Borough Council \tab 01/01/2010 \tab NA \cr
##' BAR2 \tab Barnsley 12 \tab Urban Background \tab -1.485153 \tab 53.55593 \tab Barnsley District \tab 21/03/1994 \tab NA \cr
##' BAR3 \tab Barnsley Gawber \tab Urban Background \tab -1.510436 \tab 53.56292 \tab Barnsley District \tab 08/07/2002 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' BARN \tab Barnsley \tab Urban Background \tab -1.473611 \tab 53.57972 \tab Barnsley District \tab 14/03/1991 \tab 21/03/1994\cr
##' BATH \tab Bath Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab -2.354155 \tab 51.39113 \tab Bath and North East Somerset \tab 18/11/1996 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' BEL \tab Belfast East \tab Urban Background \tab -5.901667 \tab 54.59653 \tab Belfast City Council \tab 06/09/1989 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' BEL2 \tab Belfast Centre \tab Urban Background \tab -5.928833 \tab 54.59965 \tab Belfast City Council \tab 08/03/1992 \tab NA \cr
##' BEL4 \tab Belfast Clara St \tab Suburban Background \tab -5.895460 \tab 54.59126 \tab Belfast City Council \tab 01/06/1998 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' BEX \tab London Bexley \tab Suburban Background \tab 0.184806 \tab 51.46603 \tab London Borough of Bexley \tab 01/05/1994 \tab NA \cr
##' BHAM \tab Birmingham Kerbside \tab Urban traffic \tab -1.906111 \tab 52.32778 \tab Bromsgrove District \tab 13/03/1974 \tab 17/01/1978\cr
##' BIL \tab Billingham \tab Urban Industrial \tab -1.275039 \tab 54.60537 \tab Stockton-on-Tees \tab 01/01/1987 \tab NA \cr
##' BIR \tab Bircotes \tab Urban Background \tab -0.202500 \tab 51.88667 \tab Bassetlaw District \tab 14/09/1989 \tab 11/03/1991\cr
##' BIR1 \tab Birmingham Tyburn \tab Urban Background \tab -1.830583 \tab 52.51172 \tab Birmingham District \tab 23/01/2009 \tab NA \cr
##' BIR2 \tab Birmingham East \tab Urban Background \tab -1.831498 \tab 52.49763 \tab Birmingham District \tab 04/08/1993 \tab 31/12/2000\cr
##' BIRM \tab Birmingham Centre \tab Urban Background \tab -1.908078 \tab 52.47972 \tab Birmingham District \tab 18/03/1992 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' BIRT \tab Birmingham Tyburn Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab -1.830861 \tab 52.51219 \tab Birmingham District \tab 11/02/2009 \tab NA \cr
##' BLAC \tab Blackpool \tab Urban Background \tab -3.029283 \tab 53.79046 \tab Blackpool \tab 08/08/2000 \tab 11/11/2004\cr
##' BLC2 \tab Blackpool Marton \tab Urban Background \tab -3.007175 \tab 53.80489 \tab Blackpool \tab 05/06/2007 \tab 28/01/2009\cr
##' BLCB \tab Blackburn Darwen Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab -2.483815 \tab 53.71550 \tab Blackburn with Darwen \tab 15/06/2009 \tab NA \cr
##' BOLT \tab Bolton \tab Urban Background \tab -2.439583 \tab 53.57232 \tab Bolton District \tab 03/02/1997 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' BORN \tab Bournemouth \tab Urban Background \tab -1.826744 \tab 50.73957 \tab Bournemouth \tab 19/07/2002 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' BOT \tab Bottesford \tab Rural Background \tab -0.814722 \tab 52.93028 \tab Melton District \tab 01/10/1977 \tab NA \cr
##' BRAD \tab Bradford Centre \tab Urban Background \tab -1.748694 \tab 53.79339 \tab Bradford District \tab 28/11/1997 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' BREN \tab London Brent \tab Urban Background \tab -0.276223 \tab 51.58977 \tab London Borough of Brent \tab 10/04/1996 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' BRI \tab London Bridge Place \tab Urban Background \tab -0.141655 \tab 51.49521 \tab City of Westminster \tab 20/08/1990 \tab 30/11/1999\cr
##' BRIS \tab Bristol Centre \tab Urban Background \tab -2.585622 \tab 51.45718 \tab Bristol City Council \tab 04/01/1993 \tab 15/09/2005\cr
##' BRIT \tab Brighton Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab -0.137281 \tab 50.82354 \tab Brighton & Hove \tab 10/02/1998 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' BRN \tab Brentford Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab -0.310121 \tab 51.48945 \tab London Borough of Hounslow \tab 20/06/2003 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' BRS2 \tab Bristol Old Market \tab Urban traffic \tab -2.583519 \tab 51.45603 \tab Bristol City Council \tab 01/07/1996 \tab NA \cr
##' BRS8 \tab Bristol St Paul's \tab Urban Background \tab -2.584482 \tab 51.46284 \tab Bristol City Council \tab 15/06/2006 \tab NA \cr
##' BRT3 \tab Brighton Preston Park \tab Urban Background \tab -0.147572 \tab 50.84084 \tab Brighton & Hove \tab 03/11/2004 \tab NA \cr
##' BURY \tab Bury Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab -2.289611 \tab 53.53911 \tab Bury District \tab 20/01/1997 \tab NA \cr
##' BUSH \tab Bush Estate \tab Rural Background \tab -3.205782 \tab 55.86228 \tab Midlothian \tab 09/10/2003 \tab NA \cr
##' BY1 \tab Bromley Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab 0.020128 \tab 51.40710 \tab London Borough of Bromley \tab 02/05/1997 \tab 06/07/1998\cr
##' BY2 \tab London Bromley \tab Urban traffic \tab 0.075527 \tab 51.42468 \tab London Borough of Bromley \tab 11/08/1998 \tab 20/06/2005\cr
##' CA1 \tab Camden Kerbside \tab Urban traffic \tab -0.175269 \tab 51.54421 \tab London Borough of Camden \tab 19/02/2009 \tab NA \cr
##' CAM \tab Cambridge Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab 0.124456 \tab 52.20237 \tab Cambridge District \tab 26/06/1999 \tab NA \cr
##' CAMB \tab Cambridge \tab Urban traffic \tab 0.041111 \tab 51.99528 \tab North Hertfordshire District \tab 01/11/1974 \tab 01/03/1978\cr
##' CAN \tab London Canvey \tab Urban Industrial \tab 0.571944 \tab 51.53250 \tab Castle Point District \tab 11/10/1977 \tab 25/02/1980\cr
##' CANT \tab Canterbury \tab Urban Background \tab 1.098061 \tab 51.27399 \tab Canterbury District \tab 01/02/2001 \tab NA \cr
##' CAR \tab Cardiff Kerbside \tab Urban traffic \tab -3.177778 \tab 51.48194 \tab Cardiff County Council \tab 28/07/1973 \tab 23/11/1976\cr
##' CARD \tab Cardiff Centre \tab Urban Background \tab -3.176250 \tab 51.48178 \tab Cardiff County Council \tab 05/09/2002 \tab 10/09/2007\cr
##' CARL \tab Carlisle Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab -2.945861 \tab 54.89472 \tab Carlisle City Council \tab 17/03/2009 \tab NA \cr
##' CHAT \tab Chatham Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab 0.548668 \tab 51.37384 \tab Medway \tab 01/07/2010 \tab NA \cr
##' CHIL \tab Chilworth \tab Suburban Background \tab -1.422778 \tab 50.96222 \tab Southampton City Council \tab 18/04/1975 \tab 10/10/1975\cr
##' CHP \tab Chepstow A48 \tab Urban traffic \tab -2.678731 \tab 51.63809 \tab Monmouthshire County \tab 01/01/2008 \tab NA \cr
##' CHS6 \tab Chesterfield \tab Urban Background \tab -1.433611 \tab 53.23058 \tab Chesterfield District \tab 13/03/2008 \tab NA \cr
##' CHS7 \tab Chesterfield Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab -1.456944 \tab 53.23172 \tab Chesterfield District \tab 11/03/2008 \tab NA \cr
##' CLL \tab Central London \tab Urban Background \tab -0.138333 \tab 51.49472 \tab City of Westminster \tab 01/07/1972 \tab 06/08/1990\cr
##' CLL2 \tab London Bloomsbury \tab Urban Background \tab -0.125889 \tab 51.52229 \tab London Borough of Camden \tab 23/01/1992 \tab NA \cr
##' COV2 \tab Coventry Centre \tab Urban Background \tab -1.522133 \tab 52.41345 \tab Coventry City Council \tab 18/02/1997 \tab 31/12/2000\cr
##' COV3 \tab Coventry Memorial Park \tab Urban Background \tab -1.519612 \tab 52.39440 \tab Coventry City Council \tab 16/12/2008 \tab NA \cr
##' CRD \tab London Cromwell Road \tab Urban traffic \tab -0.180564 \tab 51.49492 \tab Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea \tab 22/02/1973 \tab 12/09/1996\cr
##' CRD2 \tab London Cromwell Road 2 \tab Urban traffic \tab -0.178709 \tab 51.49548 \tab Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea \tab 20/05/1998 \tab NA \cr
##' CWMB \tab Cwmbran \tab Urban Background \tab -3.006953 \tab 51.65380 \tab Tor-Faen - Torfaen \tab 12/03/2002 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' DERY \tab Derry \tab Urban Background \tab -7.329115 \tab 55.00122 \tab Derry City Council \tab 29/04/1997 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' DUMB \tab Dumbarton Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab -4.558333 \tab 55.94333 \tab West Dunbartonshire \tab 01/09/2010 \tab NA \cr
##' DUMF \tab Dumfries \tab Urban traffic \tab -3.614233 \tab 55.07003 \tab Dumfries and Galloway \tab 17/07/2001 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' EAGL \tab Stockton-on-Tees Eaglescliffe \tab Urban traffic \tab -1.358547 \tab 54.51667 \tab Stockton-on-Tees \tab 21/01/2009 \tab NA \cr
##' EB \tab Eastbourne \tab Urban Background \tab 0.271611 \tab 50.80578 \tab Eastbourne District \tab 01/11/2010 \tab NA \cr
##' ECCL \tab Salford Eccles \tab Urban Industrial \tab -2.334139 \tab 53.48481 \tab Salford City Council \tab 20/03/1997 \tab NA \cr
##' ED \tab Edinburgh Centre \tab Urban Background \tab -3.195775 \tab 55.95197 \tab City of Edinburgh \tab 04/10/1992 \tab 13/10/2003\cr
##' ED3 \tab Edinburgh St Leonards \tab Urban Background \tab -3.182186 \tab 55.94559 \tab City of Edinburgh \tab 24/11/2003 \tab NA \cr
##' EK \tab East Kilbride \tab Suburban Background \tab -4.173056 \tab 55.75472 \tab South Lanarkshire \tab 08/05/1975 \tab 09/10/1975\cr
##' ESK \tab Eskdalemuir \tab Rural Background \tab -3.206111 \tab 55.31531 \tab Dumfries and Galloway \tab 09/12/2004 \tab NA \cr
##' EX \tab Exeter Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab -3.532465 \tab 50.72508 \tab Exeter District \tab 02/07/1996 \tab NA \cr
##' FEA \tab Featherstone \tab Urban Background \tab -1.352500 \tab 53.68056 \tab Wakefield District \tab 14/09/1989 \tab 13/03/1991\cr
##' FW \tab Fort William \tab Suburban Background \tab -5.101102 \tab 56.82266 \tab West Lothian \tab 22/06/2006 \tab NA \cr
##' GDF \tab Great Dun Fell \tab Rural Background \tab -2.450799 \tab 54.68423 \tab Eden District \tab 09/05/1986 \tab NA \cr
##' GLA \tab Glasgow City Chambers \tab Urban Background \tab -4.245959 \tab 55.86041 \tab City of Glasgow \tab 28/07/1989 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' GLA3 \tab Glasgow Centre \tab Urban Background \tab -4.255161 \tab 55.85773 \tab City of Glasgow \tab 26/07/1996 \tab NA \cr
##' GLA4 \tab Glasgow Kerbside \tab Urban traffic \tab -4.258889 \tab 55.85917 \tab City of Glasgow \tab 01/08/2002 \tab 31/12/2010\cr
##' GLAS \tab Glasgow Hope St \tab Urban traffic \tab -4.257778 \tab 55.85833 \tab City of Glasgow \tab 27/06/1973 \tab 28/10/1982\cr
##' GLAZ \tab Glazebury \tab Rural Background \tab -2.472056 \tab 53.46008 \tab Salford City Council \tab 26/01/2004 \tab NA \cr
##' GRA2 \tab Grangemouth Moray \tab Rural Background \tab -3.710833 \tab 56.01314 \tab Falkirk \tab 01/06/2009 \tab NA \cr
##' GRAN \tab Grangemouth \tab Urban Industrial \tab -3.704399 \tab 56.01032 \tab Falkirk \tab 17/01/2003 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' HAR \tab Harwell \tab Rural Background \tab -1.325283 \tab 51.57108 \tab Vale of White Horse District \tab 14/08/1998 \tab NA \cr
##' HARR \tab London Harrow \tab Suburban Background \tab -0.348889 \tab 51.57333 \tab London Borough of Harrow \tab 24/08/1979 \tab 03/10/1980\cr
##' HG1 \tab Haringey Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab -0.068225 \tab 51.59930 \tab London Borough of Haringey \tab 16/05/1996 \tab NA \cr
##' HG2 \tab London Haringey \tab Urban Background \tab -0.126439 \tab 51.58605 \tab London Borough of Haringey \tab 29/11/2007 \tab NA \cr
##' HIL \tab London Hillingdon \tab Urban Background \tab -0.460861 \tab 51.49633 \tab London Borough of Hillingdon \tab 02/08/1996 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' HK4 \tab London Hackney \tab Urban Background \tab -0.056592 \tab 51.55877 \tab London Borough of Hackney \tab 06/01/1997 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' HM \tab High Muffles \tab Rural Background \tab -0.808550 \tab 54.33494 \tab Ryedale District \tab 20/10/2003 \tab NA \cr
##' HOPE \tab Stanford-le-Hope Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab 0.439556 \tab 51.51817 \tab Thurrock \tab 22/01/2008 \tab NA \cr
##' HORE \tab Horley \tab Suburban Background \tab -0.167741 \tab 51.16586 \tab Reigate and Banstead District \tab 21/11/2007 \tab NA \cr
##' HORS \tab London Westminster \tab Urban Background \tab -0.131931 \tab 51.49467 \tab City of Westminster \tab 17/07/2001 \tab NA \cr
##' HOVE \tab Hove Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab -0.170294 \tab 50.82778 \tab Brighton & Hove \tab 15/10/1997 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' HR3 \tab London Harrow Stanmore \tab Urban Background \tab -0.298777 \tab 51.61733 \tab London Borough of Harrow \tab 16/12/2008 \tab NA \cr
##' HRL \tab London Harlington \tab Urban Industrial \tab -0.441614 \tab 51.48879 \tab London Borough of Hillingdon \tab 01/01/2004 \tab 03/03/2008\cr
##' HS1 \tab Hounslow Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab -0.308975 \tab 51.48965 \tab London Borough of Hounslow \tab 16/09/1997 \tab 16/11/2002\cr
##' HUL2 \tab Hull Freetown \tab Urban Background \tab -0.341222 \tab 53.74878 \tab Kingston-upon-hull City Council \tab 06/11/2002 \tab NA \cr
##' HULL \tab Hull Centre \tab Urban Background \tab -0.338322 \tab 53.74479 \tab Kingston-upon-hull City Council \tab 04/01/1994 \tab 17/01/2002\cr
##' INV2 \tab Inverness \tab Urban traffic \tab -4.241039 \tab 57.48120 \tab Highland \tab 17/07/2001 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' ISL \tab London Islington \tab Urban Background \tab -0.093611 \tab 51.53083 \tab London Borough of Islington \tab 09/07/1976 \tab 11/10/1978\cr
##' KC1 \tab London N. Kensington \tab Urban Background \tab -0.213431 \tab 51.52106 \tab Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea \tab 31/03/2009 \tab NA \cr
##' LB \tab Ladybower \tab Rural Background \tab -1.752006 \tab 53.40337 \tab High Peak District \tab 27/10/1988 \tab NA \cr
##' LDS \tab Leeds Potternewton \tab Urban Background \tab -1.535098 \tab 53.82568 \tab Leeds City Council \tab 01/01/1995 \tab 31/12/2000\cr
##' LEAM \tab Leamington Spa \tab Urban Background \tab -1.533119 \tab 52.28881 \tab Warwick District \tab 26/07/1996 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' LED6 \tab Leeds Headingley Kerbside \tab Urban traffic \tab -1.576361 \tab 53.81997 \tab Leeds City Council \tab 02/04/2009 \tab NA \cr
##' LEED \tab Leeds Centre \tab Urban Background \tab -1.546472 \tab 53.80378 \tab Leeds City Council \tab 04/01/1993 \tab NA \cr
##' LEIC \tab Leicester Centre \tab Urban Background \tab -1.133006 \tab 52.63135 \tab Leicester City Council \tab 04/01/1994 \tab NA \cr
##' LEOM \tab Leominster \tab Suburban Background \tab -2.736665 \tab 52.22174 \tab Herefordshire Council \tab 18/07/2005 \tab NA \cr
##' LERW \tab Lerwick \tab Suburban Background \tab -1.185319 \tab 60.13922 \tab Shetland Islands \tab 25/05/2005 \tab NA \cr
##' LH \tab Lullington Heath \tab Rural Background \tab 0.181250 \tab 50.79370 \tab Wealden District \tab 29/09/1988 \tab NA \cr
##' LINC \tab Lincoln Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab -0.537895 \tab 53.22889 \tab Lincoln City Council \tab 06/05/1997 \tab 22/12/1999\cr
##' LIVR \tab Liverpool Centre \tab Urban Background \tab -2.980249 \tab 53.40845 \tab Liverpool City Council \tab 23/04/1993 \tab 23/09/2002\cr
##' LN \tab Lough Navar \tab Rural Background \tab -7.900328 \tab 54.43951 \tab Fermanagh District Council \tab 02/10/1996 \tab NA \cr
##' LON6 \tab London Eltham \tab Suburban Background \tab 0.070842 \tab 51.45266 \tab London Borough of Greenwich \tab 08/10/1993 \tab 31/12/2000\cr
##' LON7 \tab London Eltham (HC) \tab Urban Background \tab 0.070842 \tab 51.45266 \tab London Borough of Greenwich \tab 17/10/2003 \tab NA \cr
##' LV6 \tab Liverpool Queen's Drive Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab -2.962500 \tab 53.44694 \tab Liverpool City Council \tab 01/01/2008 \tab NA \cr
##' LVP \tab Liverpool Speke \tab Urban Background \tab -2.844333 \tab 53.34633 \tab Liverpool City Council \tab 24/11/1995 \tab 31/12/2000\cr
##' LW1 \tab London Lewisham \tab Urban Background \tab -0.020139 \tab 51.44541 \tab London Borough of Lewisham \tab 16/04/1997 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' MACK \tab Charlton Mackrell \tab Rural Background \tab -2.683450 \tab 51.05625 \tab South Somerset District \tab 03/09/2008 \tab NA \cr
##' MAN \tab Manchester Town Hall \tab Urban Background \tab -2.244800 \tab 53.47850 \tab Manchester City Council \tab 08/08/1991 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' MAN3 \tab Manchester Piccadilly \tab Urban Background \tab -2.237881 \tab 53.48152 \tab Manchester City Council \tab 18/12/1995 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' MAN4 \tab Manchester South \tab Suburban Background \tab -2.243280 \tab 53.36903 \tab Manchester City Council \tab 06/12/1996 \tab NA \cr
##' MH \tab Mace Head \tab Rural Background \tab -9.903917 \tab 53.32644 \tab Unknown \tab 03/04/1987 \tab NA \cr
##' MID \tab Middlesbrough \tab Urban Background \tab -1.220874 \tab 54.56930 \tab Middlesbrough \tab 01/01/1993 \tab 31/12/2000\cr
##' MKTH \tab Market Harborough \tab Rural Background \tab -0.772222 \tab 52.55444 \tab Harborough District \tab 10/12/2003 \tab NA \cr
##' MOLD \tab Mold \tab Suburban Background \tab -3.144889 \tab 53.16231 \tab Flintshire County \tab 02/12/2009 \tab NA \cr
##' MY1 \tab London Marylebone Road \tab Urban traffic \tab -0.154611 \tab 51.52253 \tab City of Westminster \tab 01/04/1998 \tab NA \cr
##' NCA3 \tab Newcastle Cradlewell Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab -1.598611 \tab 54.98639 \tab Newcastle City Council \tab 10/03/2008 \tab NA \cr
##' NEWC \tab Newcastle Centre \tab Urban Background \tab -1.610528 \tab 54.97825 \tab Newcastle City Council \tab 08/03/1992 \tab NA \cr
##' NO10 \tab Norwich Forum Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab 1.291714 \tab 52.62817 \tab Norwich City Council \tab 08/04/2005 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' NO12 \tab Norwich Lakenfields \tab Urban Background \tab 1.301976 \tab 52.61419 \tab Norwich City Council \tab 01/09/2009 \tab NA \cr
##' NOR1 \tab Norwich Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab 1.299064 \tab 52.62200 \tab Norwich City Council \tab 21/06/1997 \tab 14/02/2005\cr
##' NOR2 \tab Norwich Centre \tab Urban Background \tab 1.295019 \tab 52.63203 \tab Norwich City Council \tab 24/07/1997 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' NOTT \tab Nottingham Centre \tab Urban Background \tab -1.146447 \tab 52.95473 \tab Nottingham City Council \tab 02/09/1996 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' NPT3 \tab Newport \tab Urban Background \tab -2.977281 \tab 51.60120 \tab Newport County Borough \tab 01/01/2008 \tab NA \cr
##' NTON \tab Northampton \tab Urban Background \tab -0.885933 \tab 52.27349 \tab Northampton District \tab 12/03/2002 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' OLDB \tab Sandwell Oldbury \tab Urban Background \tab -2.017629 \tab 52.50431 \tab Sandwell District \tab 27/06/1997 \tab 21/09/1998\cr
##' OSY \tab St Osyth \tab Rural Background \tab 1.049031 \tab 51.77798 \tab Tendring District \tab 11/05/2002 \tab 31/12/2009\cr
##' OX \tab Oxford Centre Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab -1.257581 \tab 51.75181 \tab Oxford City Council \tab 15/04/1996 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' OX8 \tab Oxford St Ebbes \tab Urban Background \tab -1.260278 \tab 51.74481 \tab Oxford City Council \tab 18/12/2008 \tab NA \cr
##' PEEB \tab Peebles \tab Urban Background \tab -3.196527 \tab 55.65747 \tab Scottish Borders \tab 06/11/2009 \tab NA \cr
##' PEMB \tab Narberth \tab Rural Background \tab -4.691462 \tab 51.78178 \tab Pembrokshire County \tab 20/01/1997 \tab NA \cr
##' PLYM \tab Plymouth Centre \tab Urban Background \tab -4.142361 \tab 50.37167 \tab Plymouth City Council \tab 29/09/1997 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' PMTH \tab Portsmouth \tab Urban Background \tab -1.068583 \tab 50.82881 \tab Portsmouth City Council \tab 21/03/2002 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' PRES \tab Preston \tab Urban Background \tab -2.680353 \tab 53.76559 \tab Preston District \tab 06/06/2000 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' PT \tab Port Talbot \tab Urban Industrial \tab -3.761690 \tab 51.57980 \tab Neath Port Talbot County Borough \tab 09/01/1997 \tab 24/07/2007\cr
##' PT4 \tab Port Talbot Margam \tab Urban Industrial \tab -3.770822 \tab 51.58395 \tab Neath Port Talbot County Borough \tab 23/04/2008 \tab NA \cr
##' REA1 \tab Reading New Town \tab Urban Background \tab -0.944067 \tab 51.45309 \tab Reading \tab 17/10/2003 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' READ \tab Reading \tab Urban Background \tab -0.955180 \tab 51.45352 \tab Reading \tab 17/07/1997 \tab 06/02/2003\cr
##' REDC \tab Redcar \tab Suburban Background \tab -1.073300 \tab 54.61073 \tab Redcar and Cleveland \tab 25/06/1997 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' ROCH \tab Rochester Stoke \tab Rural Background \tab 0.634889 \tab 51.45617 \tab Medway \tab 26/01/1996 \tab NA \cr
##' ROTH \tab Rotherham Centre \tab Urban Background \tab -1.354444 \tab 53.43186 \tab Rotherham District \tab 20/06/1997 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' RUGE \tab Rugeley \tab Urban Background \tab -1.936111 \tab 52.75306 \tab Cannock Chase District \tab 21/03/1991 \tab 17/09/1992\cr
##' SALT \tab Saltash Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab -4.230300 \tab 50.41310 \tab Caradon District \tab 23/02/2010 \tab 31/08/2010\cr
##' SCN2 \tab Scunthorpe Town \tab Urban Industrial \tab -0.636811 \tab 53.58634 \tab North Lincolnshire \tab 10/01/2008 \tab NA \cr
##' SCUN \tab Scunthorpe \tab Urban Industrial \tab -0.633015 \tab 53.58499 \tab North Lincolnshire \tab 15/12/1997 \tab 18/03/2004\cr
##' SDY \tab Sandy Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab -0.300306 \tab 52.13242 \tab Mid Bedfordshire District \tab 28/07/2008 \tab NA \cr
##' SEND \tab Southend-on-Sea \tab Urban Background \tab 0.678408 \tab 51.54421 \tab Southend-on-Sea \tab 24/07/2000 \tab 30/01/2009\cr
##' SHE \tab Sheffield Tinsley \tab Urban Background \tab -1.396139 \tab 53.41058 \tab Sheffield City Council \tab 08/08/1991 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' SHE2 \tab Sheffield Centre \tab Urban Background \tab -1.473306 \tab 53.37772 \tab Sheffield City Council \tab 19/06/2007 \tab NA \cr
##' SIB \tab Sibton \tab Rural Background \tab 1.463497 \tab 52.29440 \tab Suffolk Coastal District \tab 10/05/1977 \tab 31/03/1989\cr
##' SK1 \tab London Southwark \tab Urban Background \tab -0.096667 \tab 51.49055 \tab London Borough of Southwark \tab 28/02/1997 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' SK2 \tab Southwark Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab -0.062300 \tab 51.48199 \tab London Borough of Southwark \tab 01/04/1997 \tab 09/02/2006\cr
##' SK5 \tab Southwark A2 Old Kent Road \tab Urban traffic \tab -0.059550 \tab 51.48050 \tab London Borough of Southwark \tab 24/10/2010 \tab NA \cr
##' SOM \tab Somerton \tab Rural Background \tab -2.735253 \tab 51.03572 \tab South Somerset District \tab 28/04/2003 \tab 05/03/2008\cr
##' SOUT \tab Southampton Centre \tab Urban Background \tab -1.395778 \tab 50.90814 \tab Southampton City Council \tab 04/01/1994 \tab NA \cr
##' STE \tab Stevenage \tab Suburban Background \tab -0.200833 \tab 51.88694 \tab Stevenage District \tab 01/04/1977 \tab 29/04/1994\cr
##' STEW \tab Stewartby \tab Urban Industrial \tab -0.511111 \tab 52.07194 \tab Bedford District \tab 26/11/2007 \tab 31/12/2008\cr
##' STK4 \tab Stockport Shaw Heath \tab Urban Background \tab -2.161111 \tab 53.40306 \tab Stockport District \tab 09/10/2002 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' STOC \tab Stockport \tab Urban Background \tab -2.158200 \tab 53.40994 \tab Stockport District \tab 25/11/1996 \tab 03/10/2002\cr
##' STOK \tab Stoke-on-Trent Centre \tab Urban Background \tab -2.175133 \tab 53.02821 \tab Stoke-on-trent City Council \tab 12/06/2007 \tab NA \cr
##' STOR \tab Storrington Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab -0.450878 \tab 50.91742 \tab Horsham District \tab 01/08/2009 \tab NA \cr
##' SUN2 \tab Sunderland Silksworth \tab Urban Background \tab -1.406878 \tab 54.88361 \tab Sunderland District \tab 09/12/2004 \tab NA \cr
##' SUND \tab Sunderland \tab Urban Background \tab -1.380081 \tab 54.90611 \tab Sunderland District \tab 06/10/1992 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' SUT1 \tab Sutton Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab -0.182789 \tab 51.36636 \tab London Borough of Sutton \tab 01/04/1996 \tab 02/05/2002\cr
##' SUT3 \tab London Sutton \tab Suburban Background \tab -0.165489 \tab 51.36789 \tab London Borough of Sutton \tab 01/04/1996 \tab 02/05/2002\cr
##' SV \tab Strath Vaich \tab Rural Background \tab -4.776583 \tab 57.73446 \tab Highland \tab 21/10/1990 \tab 14/03/1997\cr
##' SWA1 \tab Swansea Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab -3.947374 \tab 51.63270 \tab City and County of Swansea \tab 20/09/2006 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' SWAN \tab Swansea \tab Urban Background \tab -3.943329 \tab 51.62114 \tab City and County of Swansea \tab 01/12/1994 \tab 07/08/2006\cr
##' TED \tab London Teddington \tab Urban Background \tab -0.339647 \tab 51.42099 \tab London Borough of Richmond Upon Thames \tab 08/08/1996 \tab NA \cr
##' TH2 \tab Tower Hamlets Roadside \tab Urban traffic \tab -0.042164 \tab 51.52256 \tab London Borough of Tower Hamlets \tab 01/04/1996 \tab NA \cr
##' THUR \tab Thurrock \tab Urban Background \tab 0.317969 \tab 51.47707 \tab Thurrock \tab 20/03/2009 \tab NA \cr
##' TRAN \tab Wirral Tranmere \tab Urban Background \tab -3.022722 \tab 53.37287 \tab Wirral District \tab 14/05/2000 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' WA2 \tab London Wandsworth \tab Urban Background \tab -0.191164 \tab 51.45696 \tab London Borough of Wandsworth \tab 01/04/1996 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' WAL \tab Walsall Alumwell \tab Urban Background \tab -2.010483 \tab 52.58167 \tab Walsall District \tab 05/03/1987 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' WAL2 \tab Walsall Willenhall \tab Urban Background \tab -2.033144 \tab 52.60821 \tab Walsall District \tab 29/04/1997 \tab 03/02/2010\cr
##' WAR \tab Warrington \tab Urban Background \tab -2.615358 \tab 53.38928 \tab Warrington \tab 21/10/2008 \tab NA \cr
##' WBRO \tab Sandwell West Bromwich \tab Urban Background \tab -1.995556 \tab 52.52062 \tab Sandwell District \tab 04/11/1998 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' WC \tab Wharleycroft \tab Rural Background \tab -2.469167 \tab 54.61655 \tab Eden District \tab 08/05/1985 \tab 28/11/1995\cr
##' WEYB \tab Weybourne \tab Rural Background \tab 1.122017 \tab 52.95049 \tab North Norfolk District \tab 30/05/2001 \tab NA \cr
##' WFEN \tab Wicken Fen \tab Rural Background \tab 0.290917 \tab 52.29850 \tab East Cambridgeshire District \tab 12/11/1997 \tab NA \cr
##' WIG3 \tab Wigan Leigh \tab Urban Background \tab -2.506899 \tab 53.49422 \tab Wigan District \tab 15/05/2002 \tab 28/09/2004\cr
##' WIG5 \tab Wigan Centre \tab Urban Background \tab -2.638139 \tab 53.54914 \tab Wigan District \tab 08/10/2004 \tab NA \cr
##' WL \tab West London \tab Urban Background \tab -0.200361 \tab 51.49380 \tab Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea \tab 14/08/1989 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' WOLV \tab Wolverhampton Centre \tab Urban Background \tab -2.129008 \tab 52.58818 \tab Wolverhampton MBC \tab 13/06/2007 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' WRAY \tab Wray \tab Rural Background \tab -2.583333 \tab 54.10444 \tab Lancaster City Council \tab 01/04/1985 \tab 29/02/1988\cr
##' WREX \tab Wrexham \tab Urban traffic \tab -3.002778 \tab 53.04222 \tab Wrecsam - Wrexham \tab 06/03/2002 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' YARM \tab Stockton-on-Tees Yarm \tab Urban traffic \tab -1.354319 \tab 54.50918 \tab Stockton-on-Tees \tab 13/08/2002 \tab 30/09/2007\cr
##' YK10 \tab York Bootham \tab Urban Background \tab -1.086514 \tab 53.96751 \tab City of York \tab 10/02/2009 \tab NA \cr
##' YK11 \tab York Fishergate \tab Urban traffic \tab -1.075861 \tab 53.95189 \tab City of York \tab 01/01/2008 \tab NA \cr
##' YW \tab Yarner Wood \tab Rural Background \tab -3.716510 \tab 50.59760 \tab Teignbridge District \tab 15/09/2003 \tab NA
##' }
##' @param site Site code of the AURN site to import e.g. "my1" is Marylebone
##' Road. Several sites can be imported with \code{site = c("my1", "nott")}
##' --- to import Marylebone Road and Nottingham for example.
##' @param year Year or years to import. To import a sequence of years from
##' 1990 to 2000 use \code{year = 1990:2000}. To import several specfic years
##' use \code{year = c(1990, 1995, 2000)} for example.
##' @param pollutant Pollutants to import. If omitted will import all
##' pollutants ffrom a site. To import only NOx and NO2 for example use
##' \code{pollutant = c("nox", "no2")}.
##' @param hc A few sites have hydrocarbon measurements available and setting
##' \code{hc = TRUE} will ensure hydrocarbon data are imported. The default
##' is however not to as most users will not be interested in using
##' hydrocarbon data and the resulting data frames are considerably larger.
##' @param verbose Should the function give messages when downloading files?
##' Default is \code{TRUE}.
##'
##' @export
##' @importFrom utils download.file
##' @return Returns a data frame of hourly mean values with date in POSIXct
##' class and time zone GMT.
##' @author David Carslaw
##' @seealso \code{\link{importKCL}}, \code{\link{importADMS}},
##' \code{\link{importSAQN}}
##' @keywords methods
##' @examples
##'
##'
##' ## import all pollutants from Marylebone Rd from 1990:2009
##' \dontrun{mary <- importAURN(site = "my1", year = 2000:2009)}
##'
##' ## import nox, no2, o3 from Marylebone Road and Nottingham Centre for 2000
##' \dontrun{thedata <- importAURN(site = c("my1", "nott"), year = 2000,
##' pollutant = c("nox", "no2", "o3"))}
##'
##' ## import over 20 years of Mace Head O3 data!
##' \dontrun{o3 <- importAURN(site = "mh", year = 1987:2009)}
##'
##' ## import hydrocarbon (and other) data from Marylebone Road
##' \dontrun{mary <- importAURN(site = "my1", year =1998, hc = TRUE)}
##'
##' ## reshape the data so that each column represents a pollutant/site
##' \dontrun{
##' require(tidyr)
##' thedata <- importAURN(site = c("nott", "kc1"), year = 2008,
##' pollutant = c("o3", "no2"))
##'
##' # gather numeric columns
##' thedata <- gather(thedata, key = key, value = value, no2:o3)
##'
##' # make a single key
##' thedata <- unite(thedata, site_pol, site, code, key)
##'
##' # now spread out
##' the data <- spread(thedata, key = site_pol, value = value)
##'
##'
##' }
##'
##'
importAURN <- function(site = "my1", year = 2009, pollutant = "all", hc = FALSE,
verbose = TRUE) {
# For file name matching, needs to be exact
site <- toupper(site)
# Create file name vector
files <- lapply(site, function(x) paste(x, "_", year, sep = ""))
files <- do.call(c, files)
# Donload and load data
thedata <- plyr::ldply(files, loadData, verbose)
# Return if no data
if (nrow(thedata) == 0) return() ## no data
## suppress warnings for now - unequal factors, harmless
if (is.null(thedata))
stop("No data to import - check site codes and year.", call. = FALSE)
thedata$site <- factor(thedata$site, levels = unique(thedata$site))
## change names
names(thedata) <- tolower(names(thedata))
## change nox as no2
id <- which(names(thedata) %in% "noxasno2")
if (length(id) == 1) names(thedata)[id] <- "nox"
## should hydrocarbons be imported?
if (hc) {
thedata <- thedata
} else {
## no hydrocarbons - therefore select conventional pollutants
theNames <- c("date", "co", "nox", "no2", "no", "o3", "so2", "pm10", "pm2.5",
"v10", "v2.5", "nv10", "nv2.5", "ws", "wd", "code", "site")
thedata <- thedata[, which(names(thedata) %in% theNames)]
}
## if particular pollutants have been selected
if (pollutant != "all")
thedata <- thedata[, c("date", pollutant, "site", "code")]
## warning about recent, possibly unratified data
timeDiff <- difftime(Sys.time(), max(thedata$date), units='days')
if (timeDiff < 180) {
warning("You have selected some data that is less than 6-months old.\n This most recent data is not yet ratified and may be changed\n during the QA/QC process. For complete information about the \nratification status of a data set, please use the online tool at:\n http://www.airquality.co.uk/data_and_statistics.php?action=da_1&go=Go", call. = FALSE)
}
## make sure it is in GMT
attr(thedata$date, "tzone") <- "GMT"
# make sure class is correct for lubridate
class(thedata$date) <- c("POSIXct" , "POSIXt")
thedata
}
# Define downloading and loading function
# No export
loadData <- function(x, verbose) {
tryCatch({
# Download file to temp directory
# need to do this because of https, certificate problems
tmp <- tempfile()
# Build the file name
fileName <- paste("https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/openair/R_data/", x,
".RData", sep = "")
# No warnings needed, function gives message if file is not present
suppressWarnings(
download.file(fileName, method = "libcurl", destfile = tmp,
quiet = !verbose)
)
# Load the rdata object
load(tmp)
# Reasign
dat <- get(x)
return(dat)
}, error = function(ex) {
# Print a message
if (verbose)
message(x, "does not exist - ignoring that one.")
})
}
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