tests/testthat/test-bounds.R

In nlmixrdevelopment/nlmixr: Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models in Population PK/PD

nlmixrTest(
  {
    context("Test bounds extraction")

    test_that("as.nlmixrBounds, data.frame to bounds creation works", {
      expect_error(
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(data.frame()),
        regexp = "no parameter information"
      )
      expect_error(
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(data.frame(ntheta = 1)),
        regexp =
          paste(
            "columns missing:",
            paste0("'", setdiff(names(nlmixr:::nlmixrBoundsTemplate), "ntheta"), "'", collapse = ", ")
          )
      )
      ref <- nlmixr:::nlmixrBoundsTemplate
      ref$ntheta <- 1
      ref$lower <- 0
      ref$est <- 1
      ref$upper <- 2
      expect_equal(
        as.data.frame(nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(ntheta = 1, est = 1, lower = 0, upper = 2),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        )),
        ref,
        info = "Missing column addition works"
      )
      {
        zero_bound <- nlmixr:::nlmixrBoundsTemplate[1:2, ]
        zero_bound$ntheta <- 1:2
        zero_bound$lower <- c(-Inf, 0)
        zero_bound$est <- c(-5, 5)
        zero_bound$upper <- c(0, Inf)
        expect_equal(
          as.data.frame(nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(zero_bound)[, c("lower", "upper")]),
          data.frame(
            lower = c(-Inf, sqrt(.Machine$double.eps)),
            upper = c(-sqrt(.Machine$double.eps), Inf)
          ),
          # row.names will not be equal
          check.attributes = FALSE
        )
      }
    })

    test_that("bounds are extracted correctly", {
      ref <-
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14),
            neta1 = c(NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 6, 7, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 10, 11, 11, 12, 12, 12, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA),
            neta2 = c(NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 7, 7, 8, 7, 8, 9, 10, 10, 11, 10, 11, 12, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA),
            name = c("a", "b", "c", "d", NA, NA, NA, NA, "et1", NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, "et2", "(et3,et2)", "et3", "(et4,et2)", "(et4,et3)", "et4", NA, NA, NA, "a5", "a6", "a7"),
            lower = c(1.49011611938477e-08, 1.49011611938477e-08, -Inf, -Inf, 1.49011611938477e-08, 1.49011611938477e-08, -Inf, -Inf, -Inf, -Inf, -Inf, -Inf, -Inf, -Inf, -Inf, -Inf, -Inf, -Inf, -Inf, -Inf, -Inf, -Inf, -Inf, -Inf, -Inf, -Inf, -Inf, -Inf, 9, 11, -Inf, 9, 11),
            est = c(1, 3, 4, 4, 1, 1, 1, 1, 10, 20, 30, 40, 40, 0.1, 20, 40, 0.1, 20, 0.1, 0.1, 30, 40, 0.1, 20, 0.1, 0.1, 30, 8, 10, 12, 8, 10, 12),
            upper = c(2, Inf, Inf, Inf, 2, Inf, Inf, Inf, Inf, Inf, Inf, Inf, Inf, Inf, Inf, Inf, Inf, Inf, Inf, Inf, Inf, Inf, Inf, Inf, Inf, Inf, Inf, Inf, Inf, 13, Inf, Inf, 13),
            fix = c(FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, TRUE, TRUE, TRUE, TRUE, TRUE),
            err = NA_character_,
            label = c("A", NA, NA, NA, "e", NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, "labels", NA, NA, NA),
            condition = c(NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, "ID", "ID", "ID", "ID", "STUD", "STUD", "STUD", "ID", "ID", "ID", "ID", "ID", "ID", "ID", "ID", "ID", "ID", "ID", "ID", NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA),
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        )

      testbounds <- function() {
        a <- c(0, 1, 2) # A
        b <- c(0, 3)
        c <- 4
        d <- c(4)
        c(0, 1, 2) # e
        c(0, 1)
        c(1)
        1
        et1 ~ 10
        ~20
        ~30
        ~ c(40)
        ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, 20
        ) | STUD
        ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, 20,
          0.1, 0.1, 30
        )
        et2 + et3 + et4 ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, 20,
          0.1, 0.1, 30
        )

        ## new test fixed parameters...
        c(8, fixed)
        c(9, 10, fixed)
        c(11, 12, 13, fixed) # labels

        a5 <- c(8, fixed)
        a6 <- c(9, 10, fixed)
        a7 <- c(11, 12, 13, fixed)
      }

      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(testbounds), ref)
    })

    test_that("Theta Bounds above 5 don't work", {
      bnd <- function() {
        c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
      }

      bnda <- function() {
        a <- c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
      }
      bndb <- function() {
        a <- c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
      }

      expect_error(nlmixrBounds(bnd), regexp = "Syntax is not supported for thetas: c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)", fixed = TRUE)
      expect_error(nlmixrBounds(bnda), regexp = "Syntax is not supported for thetas: c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)", fixed = TRUE)
      expect_error(nlmixrBounds(bndb), regexp = "Syntax is not supported for thetas: c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)", fixed = TRUE)
    })

    test_that("Theta Bounds above 4 don't work", {
      bnd <- function() {
        c(1, 2, 3, 4)
      }
      bnda <- function() {
        a <- c(1, 2, 3, 4)
      }
      bndb <- function() {
        a <- c(1, 2, 3, 4)
      }
      expect_error(nlmixrBounds(bnd), regexp = "Syntax is not supported for thetas: c(1, 2, 3, 4)", fixed = TRUE)
      expect_error(nlmixrBounds(bnda), regexp = "Syntax is not supported for thetas: c(1, 2, 3, 4)", fixed = TRUE)
      expect_error(nlmixrBounds(bndb), regexp = "Syntax is not supported for thetas: c(1, 2, 3, 4)", fixed = TRUE)
    })

    test_that("Bad Lower trianglar matrices throw errors.", {
      bnd1 <- function() {
        ~ c(1)
      }
      ref1 <-
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = NA_real_,
            neta1 = 1,
            neta2 = 1,
            name = NA_character_,
            lower = -Inf,
            est = 1,
            upper = Inf,
            fix = FALSE,
            err = NA_character_,
            label = NA_character_,
            condition = "ID",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        )

      bnd2 <- function() {
        ~ c(1, 2)
      }

      bnd3 <- function() {
        ~ c(
          1,
          2, 3
        )
      }

      ref3 <-
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = NA_real_,
            neta1 = c(1, 2, 2),
            neta2 = c(1, 1, 2),
            name = NA_character_,
            lower = -Inf,
            est = c(1, 2, 3),
            upper = Inf,
            fix = FALSE,
            err = NA_character_,
            label = NA_character_,
            condition = "ID",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        )

      bnd4 <- function() {
        ~ c(
          1,
          2, 3,
          4
        )
      }

      bnd5 <- function() {
        ~ c(
          1,
          2, 3,
          4, 5
        )
      }

      bnd6 <- function() {
        ~ c(
          1,
          2, 3,
          4, 5, 6
        )
      }

      ref6 <-
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = NA_real_,
            neta1 = c(1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3),
            neta2 = c(1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3),
            name = NA_character_,
            lower = -Inf,
            est = 1:6,
            upper = Inf,
            fix = FALSE,
            err = NA_character_,
            label = NA_character_,
            condition = "ID",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        )

      bnd7 <- function() {
        ~ c(
          1,
          2, 3,
          4, 5, 6,
          7
        )
      }
      bnd8 <- function() {
        ~ c(
          1,
          2, 3,
          4, 5, 6,
          7, 8
        )
      }
      bnd9 <- function() {
        ~ c(
          1,
          2, 3,
          4, 5, 6,
          7, 8, 9
        )
      }
      bnd10 <- function() {
        ~ c(
          1,
          2, 3,
          4, 5, 6,
          7, 8, 9, 10
        )
      }

      ref10 <-
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = NA_real_,
            neta1 = c(1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4),
            neta2 = c(1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 4),
            name = NA_character_,
            lower = -Inf,
            est = 1:10,
            upper = Inf,
            fix = FALSE,
            err = NA_character_,
            label = NA_character_,
            condition = "ID",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        )

      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd1), ref1)
      expect_error(nlmixrBounds(bnd2), regexp = "incorrect lower triangular matrix dimensions: ~c(1, 2)", fixed = TRUE)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd3), ref3)
      expect_error(nlmixrBounds(bnd4), regexp = "incorrect lower triangular matrix dimensions: ~c(1, 2, 3, 4)", fixed = TRUE)
      expect_error(nlmixrBounds(bnd5), regexp = "incorrect lower triangular matrix dimensions: ~c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)", fixed = TRUE)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd6), ref6)
      expect_error(nlmixrBounds(bnd7), regexp = "incorrect lower triangular matrix dimensions: ~c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)", fixed = TRUE)
      expect_error(nlmixrBounds(bnd8), regexp = "incorrect lower triangular matrix dimensions: ~c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8)", fixed = TRUE)
      expect_error(nlmixrBounds(bnd9), regexp = "incorrect lower triangular matrix dimensions: ~c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)", fixed = TRUE)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd10), ref10)
    })

    test_that("Bad Lower trianglar matrices (with labels) throw errors.", {
      bnd1 <- function() {
        eta1 ~ c(1)
      }

      ref1 <-
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = NA_real_,
            neta1 = 1,
            neta2 = 1,
            name = "eta1",
            lower = -Inf,
            est = 1,
            upper = Inf,
            fix = FALSE,
            err = NA_character_,
            label = NA_character_,
            condition = "ID",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        )

      bnd2 <- function() {
        eta1 ~ c(1, 2)
      }

      bnd3 <- function() {
        eta1 + eta2 ~ c(
          1,
          2, 3
        )
      }

      ref3 <-
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = NA_real_,
            neta1 = c(1, 2, 2),
            neta2 = c(1, 1, 2),
            name = c("eta1", "(eta2,eta1)", "eta2"),
            lower = -Inf,
            est = 1:3,
            upper = Inf,
            fix = FALSE,
            err = NA_character_,
            label = NA_character_,
            condition = "ID",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        )

      bnd4 <- function() {
        eta1 + eta2 ~ c(
          1,
          2, 3,
          4
        )
      }

      bnd5 <- function() {
        eta1 + eta2 ~ c(
          1,
          2, 3,
          4, 5
        )
      }

      bnd6 <- function() {
        eta1 + eta2 + eta3 ~ c(
          1,
          2, 3,
          4, 5, 6
        )
      }

      ref6 <-
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = NA_real_,
            neta1 = c(1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3),
            neta2 = c(1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3),
            name = c("eta1", "(eta2,eta1)", "eta2", "(eta3,eta1)", "(eta3,eta2)", "eta3"),
            lower = -Inf,
            est = 1:6,
            upper = Inf,
            fix = FALSE,
            err = NA_character_,
            label = NA_character_,
            condition = "ID",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        )

      bnd7 <- function() {
        eta1 + eta2 + eta3 ~ c(
          1,
          2, 3,
          4, 5, 6,
          7
        )
      }
      bnd8 <- function() {
        eta1 + eta2 + eta3 ~ c(
          1,
          2, 3,
          4, 5, 6,
          7, 8
        )
      }
      bnd9 <- function() {
        eta1 + eta2 + eta3 ~ c(
          1,
          2, 3,
          4, 5, 6,
          7, 8, 9
        )
      }
      bnd10 <- function() {
        eta1 + eta2 + eta3 + eta4 ~ c(
          1,
          2, 3,
          4, 5, 6,
          7, 8, 9, 10
        )
      }

      ref10 <-
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = NA_real_,
            neta1 = c(1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4),
            neta2 = c(1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 4),
            name = c("eta1", "(eta2,eta1)", "eta2", "(eta3,eta1)", "(eta3,eta2)", "eta3", "(eta4,eta1)", "(eta4,eta2)", "(eta4,eta3)", "eta4"),
            lower = -Inf,
            est = 1:10,
            upper = Inf,
            fix = FALSE,
            err = NA_character_,
            label = NA_character_,
            condition = "ID",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        )

      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd1), ref1)
      expect_error(nlmixrBounds(bnd2), regexp = "incorrect lower triangular matrix dimensions: ~c(1, 2)", fixed = TRUE)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd3), ref3)
      expect_error(nlmixrBounds(bnd4), regexp = "incorrect lower triangular matrix dimensions: ~c(1, 2, 3, 4)", fixed = TRUE)
      expect_error(nlmixrBounds(bnd5), regexp = "incorrect lower triangular matrix dimensions: ~c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)", fixed = TRUE)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd6), ref6)
      expect_error(nlmixrBounds(bnd7), regexp = "incorrect lower triangular matrix dimensions: ~c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)", fixed = TRUE)
      expect_error(nlmixrBounds(bnd8), regexp = "incorrect lower triangular matrix dimensions: ~c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8)", fixed = TRUE)
      expect_error(nlmixrBounds(bnd9), regexp = "incorrect lower triangular matrix dimensions: ~c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)", fixed = TRUE)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd10), ref10)
    })

    test_that("Number of eta variables must match", {
      bnd10.a <- function() {
        eta1 + eta2 + eta3 + eta4 + eta5 ~ c(
          1,
          2, 3,
          4, 5, 6,
          7, 8, 9, 10
        )
      }

      bnd10.b <- function() {
        eta1 + eta2 + eta3 ~ c(
          1,
          2, 3,
          4, 5, 6,
          7, 8, 9, 10
        )
      }
      expect_error(nlmixrBounds(bnd10.a), regexp = "omega assignment left handed side must match lower triangular matrix size", fixed = TRUE)
      expect_error(nlmixrBounds(bnd10.b), regexp = "omega assignment left handed side must match lower triangular matrix size", fixed = TRUE)
    })

    test_that("Comments inside bounds are not supported!", {
      bnd3 <- function() {
        eta1 + eta2 ~ c(
          1, # Comment here.
          2, 3
        )
      }

      expect_error(nlmixrBounds(bnd3), regexp = "error parsing bounds: possible (unsupported) comment/condition inside bounds", fixed = TRUE)
    })

    test_that("Conditional statments are supported correctly.", {
      bnd1 <- function() {
        eta0 ~ 0.3
        eta1 + eta2 ~ c(
          1,
          2, 3
        ) | STUD
        ~ c(
          1,
          2, 3
        )
      }

      ref <-
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = as.numeric(c(NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA)),
            neta1 = c(1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 5),
            neta2 = c(1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5),
            name = c("eta0", "eta1", "(eta2,eta1)", "eta2", NA, NA, NA),
            lower = -Inf,
            est = c(0.3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3),
            upper = Inf,
            fix = FALSE,
            err = NA_character_,
            label = NA_character_,
            condition = c("ID", "STUD", "STUD", "STUD", "ID", "ID", "ID"),
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        )
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd1), ref)
    })

    test_that("Theta fix fixed are reasonable", {
      ref1 <-
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = 1:4,
            neta1 = NA_real_,
            neta2 = NA_real_,
            name = c("a", "b", "c", "d"),
            lower = c(1.49011611938477e-08, 1.49011611938477e-08, -Inf, -Inf),
            est = c(1, 3, 4, 4),
            upper = c(2, Inf, Inf, Inf),
            fix = c(TRUE, TRUE, FALSE, TRUE),
            err = NA_character_,
            label = c("A", NA, NA, NA),
            condition = NA_character_,
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        )

      bnd1 <- function() {
        a <- fix(0, 1, 2) # A
        b <- fix(0, 3)
        c <- 4
        d <- fix(4)
      }

      bnd2 <- function() {
        a <- FIX(0, 1, 2) # A
        b <- FIX(0, 3)
        c <- 4
        d <- FIX(4)
      }

      bnd3 <- function() {
        a <- fixed(0, 1, 2) # A
        b <- fixed(0, 3)
        c <- 4
        d <- fixed(4)
      }

      bnd4 <- function() {
        a <- FIXED(0, 1, 2) # A
        b <- FIXED(0, 3)
        c <- 4
        d <- FIXED(4)
      }

      bnd5 <- function() {
        a <- c(0, fix(1), 2) # A
        b <- c(0, fix(3))
        c <- 4
        d <- fix(4)
      }

      bnd6 <- function() {
        a <- c(0, FIX(1), 2) # A
        b <- c(0, FIX(3))
        c <- 4
        d <- FIX(4)
      }

      bnd7 <- function() {
        a <- c(0, fixed(1), 2) # A
        b <- c(0, fixed(3))
        c <- 4
        d <- fixed(4)
      }

      bnd8 <- function() {
        a <- c(0, FIXED(1), 2) # A
        b <- c(0, FIXED(3))
        c <- 4
        d <- FIXED(4)
      }
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd1), ref1)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd2), ref1)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd3), ref1)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd4), ref1)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd5), ref1)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd6), ref1)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd7), ref1)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd8), ref1)

      ref2 <-
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = 1,
            neta1 = NA_real_,
            neta2 = NA_real_,
            name = "a",
            lower = 1.49011611938477e-08,
            est = 2,
            upper = 3,
            fix = TRUE,
            err = NA_character_,
            label = NA_character_,
            condition = NA_character_,
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        )
      bnd1 <- function() {
        a <- fixed(0, 2, 3)
      }
      bnd2 <- function() {
        a <- c(0, fixed(2), 3)
      }
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd1), ref2)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd2), ref2)
    })

    test_that("Total ETA fixed (unnamed)", {
      ref1 <-
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = NA_real_,
            neta1 = c(1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3),
            neta2 = c(1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3),
            name = NA_character_,
            lower = -Inf,
            est = c(40, 0.1, 20, 0.1, 0.1, 30),
            upper = Inf,
            fix = FALSE,
            err = NA_character_,
            label = NA_character_,
            condition = "ID",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        )

      bnd1 <- function() {
        ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, 20,
          0.1, 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      ref2 <-
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = NA_real_,
            neta1 = c(1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3),
            neta2 = c(1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3),
            name = NA_character_,
            lower = -Inf,
            est = c(40, 0.1, 20, 0.1, 0.1, 30),
            upper = Inf,
            fix = TRUE,
            err = NA_character_,
            label = NA_character_,
            condition = "ID",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        )

      bnd2 <- function() {
        ~ fix(
          40,
          0.1, 20,
          0.1, 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      bnd3 <- function() {
        ~ fixed(
          40,
          0.1, 20,
          0.1, 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      bnd4 <- function() {
        ~ FIX(
          40,
          0.1, 20,
          0.1, 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      bnd5 <- function() {
        ~ FIXED(
          40,
          0.1, 20,
          0.1, 0.1, 30
        )
      }
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd1), ref1)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd2), ref2)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd3), ref2)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd4), ref2)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd5), ref2)
    })

    test_that("Total ETA fixed (unnamed)", {
      ref6 <-
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = NA_real_,
            neta1 = c(1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3),
            neta2 = c(1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3),
            name = NA_character_,
            lower = -Inf,
            est = c(40, 0.1, 20, 0.1, 0.1, 30),
            upper = Inf,
            fix = c(TRUE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE),
            err = NA_character_,
            label = NA_character_,
            condition = "ID",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        )

      bnd6 <- function() {
        ~ c(
          fix(40),
          0.1, 20,
          0.1, 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      ref7 <-
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = NA_real_,
            neta1 = c(1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3),
            neta2 = c(1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3),
            name = NA_character_,
            lower = -Inf,
            est = c(40, 0.1, 20, 0.1, 0.1, 30),
            upper = Inf,
            fix = c(FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE),
            err = NA_character_,
            label = NA_character_,
            condition = "ID",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        )

      bnd7 <- function() {
        ~ c(
          40,
          fix(0.1), 20,
          0.1, 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      ref8 <-
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = NA_real_,
            neta1 = c(1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3),
            neta2 = c(1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3),
            name = NA_character_,
            lower = -Inf,
            est = c(40, 0.1, 20, 0.1, 0.1, 30),
            upper = Inf,
            fix = c(FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE),
            err = NA_character_,
            label = NA_character_,
            condition = "ID",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        )

      bnd8 <- function() {
        ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, fix(20),
          0.1, 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      ref9 <-
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = NA_real_,
            neta1 = c(1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3),
            neta2 = c(1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3),
            name = NA_character_,
            lower = -Inf,
            est = c(40, 0.1, 20, 0.1, 0.1, 30),
            upper = Inf,
            fix = c(FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE),
            err = NA_character_,
            label = NA_character_,
            condition = "ID",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        )

      bnd9 <- function() {
        ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, 20,
          fix(0.1), 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      ref10 <-
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = NA_real_,
            neta1 = c(1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3),
            neta2 = c(1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3),
            name = NA_character_,
            lower = -Inf,
            est = c(40, 0.1, 20, 0.1, 0.1, 30),
            upper = Inf,
            fix = c(FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE),
            err = NA_character_,
            label = NA_character_,
            condition = "ID",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        )

      bnd10 <- function() {
        ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, 20,
          0.1, fix(0.1), 30
        )
      }

      ref11 <-
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = NA_real_,
            neta1 = c(1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3),
            neta2 = c(1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3),
            name = NA_character_,
            lower = -Inf,
            est = c(40, 0.1, 20, 0.1, 0.1, 30),
            upper = Inf,
            fix = c(FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE),
            err = NA_character_,
            label = NA_character_,
            condition = "ID",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        )

      bnd11 <- function() {
        ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, 20,
          0.1, 0.1, fix(30)
        )
      }


      bnd6 <- function() {
        ~ c(
          fix(40),
          0.1, 20,
          0.1, 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      ref7 <-
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = NA_real_,
            neta1 = c(1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3),
            neta2 = c(1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3),
            name = NA_character_,
            lower = -Inf,
            est = c(40, 0.1, 20, 0.1, 0.1, 30),
            upper = Inf,
            fix = c(FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE),
            err = NA_character_,
            label = NA_character_,
            condition = "ID",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        )

      bnd7 <- function() {
        ~ c(
          40,
          fix(0.1), 20,
          0.1, 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      ref8 <-
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = NA_real_,
            neta1 = c(1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3),
            neta2 = c(1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3),
            name = NA_character_,
            lower = -Inf,
            est = c(40, 0.1, 20, 0.1, 0.1, 30),
            upper = Inf,
            fix = c(FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE),
            err = NA_character_,
            label = NA_character_,
            condition = "ID",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        )

      bnd8 <- function() {
        ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, fix(20),
          0.1, 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      ref9 <-
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = NA_real_,
            neta1 = c(1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3),
            neta2 = c(1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3),
            name = NA_character_,
            lower = -Inf,
            est = c(40, 0.1, 20, 0.1, 0.1, 30),
            upper = Inf,
            fix = c(FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE),
            err = NA_character_,
            label = NA_character_,
            condition = "ID",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        )

      bnd9 <- function() {
        ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, 20,
          fix(0.1), 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      ref10 <-
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = NA_real_,
            neta1 = c(1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3),
            neta2 = c(1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3),
            name = NA_character_,
            lower = -Inf,
            est = c(40, 0.1, 20, 0.1, 0.1, 30),
            upper = Inf,
            fix = c(FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE),
            err = NA_character_,
            label = NA_character_,
            condition = "ID",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        )

      bnd10 <- function() {
        ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, 20,
          0.1, fix(0.1), 30
        )
      }

      ref11 <-
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = NA_real_,
            neta1 = c(1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3),
            neta2 = c(1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3),
            name = NA_character_,
            lower = -Inf,
            est = c(40, 0.1, 20, 0.1, 0.1, 30),
            upper = Inf,
            fix = c(FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE),
            err = NA_character_,
            label = NA_character_,
            condition = "ID",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        )

      bnd11 <- function() {
        ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, 20,
          0.1, 0.1, fix(30)
        )
      }

      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd6), ref6)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd7), ref7)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd8), ref8)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd9), ref9)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd10), ref10)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd11), ref11)
    })

    test_that("Total ETA fixed (unnamed) #a", {
      ref6 <-
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = NA_real_,
            neta1 = c(1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3),
            neta2 = c(1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3),
            name = NA_character_,
            lower = -Inf,
            est = c(40, 0.1, 20, 0.1, 0.1, 30),
            upper = Inf,
            fix = c(TRUE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE),
            err = NA_character_,
            label = NA_character_,
            condition = "ID",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        )
      ref7 <-
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = NA_real_,
            neta1 = c(1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3),
            neta2 = c(1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3),
            name = NA_character_,
            lower = -Inf,
            est = c(40, 0.1, 20, 0.1, 0.1, 30),
            upper = Inf,
            fix = c(FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE),
            err = NA_character_,
            label = NA_character_,
            condition = "ID",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        )
      ref8 <-
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = NA_real_,
            neta1 = c(1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3),
            neta2 = c(1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3),
            name = NA_character_,
            lower = -Inf,
            est = c(40, 0.1, 20, 0.1, 0.1, 30),
            upper = Inf,
            fix = c(FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE),
            err = NA_character_,
            label = NA_character_,
            condition = "ID",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        )
      ref9 <-
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = NA_real_,
            neta1 = c(1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3),
            neta2 = c(1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3),
            name = NA_character_,
            lower = -Inf,
            est = c(40, 0.1, 20, 0.1, 0.1, 30),
            upper = Inf,
            fix = c(FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE),
            err = NA_character_,
            label = NA_character_,
            condition = "ID",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        )
      ref10 <-
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = NA_real_,
            neta1 = c(1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3),
            neta2 = c(1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3),
            name = NA_character_,
            lower = -Inf,
            est = c(40, 0.1, 20, 0.1, 0.1, 30),
            upper = Inf,
            fix = c(FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE),
            err = NA_character_,
            label = NA_character_,
            condition = "ID",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        )
      ref11 <-
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = NA_real_,
            neta1 = c(1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3),
            neta2 = c(1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3),
            name = NA_character_,
            lower = -Inf,
            est = c(40, 0.1, 20, 0.1, 0.1, 30),
            upper = Inf,
            fix = c(FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE),
            err = NA_character_,
            label = NA_character_,
            condition = "ID",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        )

      bnd6a <- function() {
        ~ c(
          fixed(40),
          0.1, 20,
          0.1, 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      bnd7a <- function() {
        ~ c(
          40,
          fixed(0.1), 20,
          0.1, 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      bnd8a <- function() {
        ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, fixed(20),
          0.1, 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      bnd9a <- function() {
        ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, 20,
          fixed(0.1), 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      bnd10a <- function() {
        ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, 20,
          0.1, fixed(0.1), 30
        )
      }

      bnd11a <- function() {
        ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, 20,
          0.1, 0.1, fixed(30)
        )
      }

      bnd6a <- function() {
        ~ c(
          fixed(40),
          0.1, 20,
          0.1, 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      bnd7a <- function() {
        ~ c(
          40,
          fixed(0.1), 20,
          0.1, 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      bnd8a <- function() {
        ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, fixed(20),
          0.1, 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      bnd9a <- function() {
        ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, 20,
          fixed(0.1), 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      bnd10a <- function() {
        ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, 20,
          0.1, fixed(0.1), 30
        )
      }

      bnd11a <- function() {
        ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, 20,
          0.1, 0.1, fixed(30)
        )
      }
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd6a), ref6)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd7a), ref7)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd8a), ref8)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd9a), ref9)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd10a), ref10)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd11a), ref11)
    })

    test_that("Total ETA fixed (unnamed) #b", {
      ref6 <-
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = NA_real_,
            neta1 = c(1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3),
            neta2 = c(1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3),
            name = NA_character_,
            lower = -Inf,
            est = c(40, 0.1, 20, 0.1, 0.1, 30),
            upper = Inf,
            fix = c(TRUE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE),
            err = NA_character_,
            label = NA_character_,
            condition = "ID",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        )
      ref7 <-
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = NA_real_,
            neta1 = c(1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3),
            neta2 = c(1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3),
            name = NA_character_,
            lower = -Inf,
            est = c(40, 0.1, 20, 0.1, 0.1, 30),
            upper = Inf,
            fix = c(FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE),
            err = NA_character_,
            label = NA_character_,
            condition = "ID",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        )
      ref8 <-
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = NA_real_,
            neta1 = c(1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3),
            neta2 = c(1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3),
            name = NA_character_,
            lower = -Inf,
            est = c(40, 0.1, 20, 0.1, 0.1, 30),
            upper = Inf,
            fix = c(FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE),
            err = NA_character_,
            label = NA_character_,
            condition = "ID",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        )
      ref9 <-
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = NA_real_,
            neta1 = c(1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3),
            neta2 = c(1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3),
            name = NA_character_,
            lower = -Inf,
            est = c(40, 0.1, 20, 0.1, 0.1, 30),
            upper = Inf,
            fix = c(FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE),
            err = NA_character_,
            label = NA_character_,
            condition = "ID",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        )
      ref10 <-
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = NA_real_,
            neta1 = c(1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3),
            neta2 = c(1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3),
            name = NA_character_,
            lower = -Inf,
            est = c(40, 0.1, 20, 0.1, 0.1, 30),
            upper = Inf,
            fix = c(FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE),
            err = NA_character_,
            label = NA_character_,
            condition = "ID",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        )
      ref11 <-
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = NA_real_,
            neta1 = c(1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3),
            neta2 = c(1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3),
            name = NA_character_,
            lower = -Inf,
            est = c(40, 0.1, 20, 0.1, 0.1, 30),
            upper = Inf,
            fix = c(FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE),
            err = NA_character_,
            label = NA_character_,
            condition = "ID",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        )

      bnd6b <- function() {
        ~ c(
          FIX(40),
          0.1, 20,
          0.1, 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      bnd7b <- function() {
        ~ c(
          40,
          FIX(0.1), 20,
          0.1, 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      bnd8b <- function() {
        ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, FIX(20),
          0.1, 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      bnd9b <- function() {
        ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, 20,
          FIX(0.1), 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      bnd10b <- function() {
        ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, 20,
          0.1, FIX(0.1), 30
        )
      }

      bnd11b <- function() {
        ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, 20,
          0.1, 0.1, FIX(30)
        )
      }

      bnd6b <- function() {
        ~ c(
          FIX(40),
          0.1, 20,
          0.1, 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      bnd7b <- function() {
        ~ c(
          40,
          FIX(0.1), 20,
          0.1, 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      bnd8b <- function() {
        ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, FIX(20),
          0.1, 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      bnd9b <- function() {
        ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, 20,
          FIX(0.1), 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      bnd10b <- function() {
        ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, 20,
          0.1, FIX(0.1), 30
        )
      }

      bnd11b <- function() {
        ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, 20,
          0.1, 0.1, FIX(30)
        )
      }
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd6b), ref6)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd7b), ref7)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd8b), ref8)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd9b), ref9)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd10b), ref10)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd11b), ref11)
    })

    test_that("Total ETA fixed (unnamed) #c", {
      ref6 <-
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = NA_real_,
            neta1 = c(1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3),
            neta2 = c(1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3),
            name = NA_character_,
            lower = -Inf,
            est = c(40, 0.1, 20, 0.1, 0.1, 30),
            upper = Inf,
            fix = c(TRUE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE),
            err = NA_character_,
            label = NA_character_,
            condition = "ID",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        )
      ref7 <-
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = NA_real_,
            neta1 = c(1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3),
            neta2 = c(1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3),
            name = NA_character_,
            lower = -Inf,
            est = c(40, 0.1, 20, 0.1, 0.1, 30),
            upper = Inf,
            fix = c(FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE),
            err = NA_character_,
            label = NA_character_,
            condition = "ID",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        )
      ref8 <-
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = NA_real_,
            neta1 = c(1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3),
            neta2 = c(1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3),
            name = NA_character_,
            lower = -Inf,
            est = c(40, 0.1, 20, 0.1, 0.1, 30),
            upper = Inf,
            fix = c(FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE),
            err = NA_character_,
            label = NA_character_,
            condition = "ID",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        )
      ref9 <-
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = NA_real_,
            neta1 = c(1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3),
            neta2 = c(1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3),
            name = NA_character_,
            lower = -Inf,
            est = c(40, 0.1, 20, 0.1, 0.1, 30),
            upper = Inf,
            fix = c(FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE),
            err = NA_character_,
            label = NA_character_,
            condition = "ID",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        )
      ref10 <-
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = NA_real_,
            neta1 = c(1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3),
            neta2 = c(1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3),
            name = NA_character_,
            lower = -Inf,
            est = c(40, 0.1, 20, 0.1, 0.1, 30),
            upper = Inf,
            fix = c(FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE),
            err = NA_character_,
            label = NA_character_,
            condition = "ID",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        )
      ref11 <-
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = NA_real_,
            neta1 = c(1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3),
            neta2 = c(1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3),
            name = NA_character_,
            lower = -Inf,
            est = c(40, 0.1, 20, 0.1, 0.1, 30),
            upper = Inf,
            fix = c(FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE),
            err = NA_character_,
            label = NA_character_,
            condition = "ID",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        )

      bnd6c <- function() {
        ~ c(
          FIXED(40),
          0.1, 20,
          0.1, 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      bnd7c <- function() {
        ~ c(
          40,
          FIXED(0.1), 20,
          0.1, 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      bnd8c <- function() {
        ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, FIXED(20),
          0.1, 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      bnd9c <- function() {
        ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, 20,
          FIXED(0.1), 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      bnd10c <- function() {
        ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, 20,
          0.1, FIXED(0.1), 30
        )
      }

      bnd11c <- function() {
        ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, 20,
          0.1, 0.1, FIXED(30)
        )
      }

      bnd6c <- function() {
        ~ c(
          FIXED(40),
          0.1, 20,
          0.1, 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      bnd7c <- function() {
        ~ c(
          40,
          FIXED(0.1), 20,
          0.1, 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      bnd8c <- function() {
        ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, FIXED(20),
          0.1, 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      bnd9c <- function() {
        ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, 20,
          FIXED(0.1), 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      bnd10c <- function() {
        ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, 20,
          0.1, FIXED(0.1), 30
        )
      }

      bnd11c <- function() {
        ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, 20,
          0.1, 0.1, FIXED(30)
        )
      }

      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd6c), ref6)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd7c), ref7)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd8c), ref8)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd9c), ref9)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd10c), ref10)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd11c), ref11)
    })

    test_that("Total ETA FIXED (named)", {
      ref12 <-
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = NA_real_,
            neta1 = c(1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3),
            neta2 = c(1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3),
            name = c("eta1", "(eta2,eta1)", "eta2", "(eta3,eta1)", "(eta3,eta2)", "eta3"),
            lower = -Inf,
            est = c(40, 0.1, 20, 0.1, 0.1, 30),
            upper = Inf,
            fix = c(FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE),
            err = NA_character_,
            label = NA_character_,
            condition = "ID",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        )

      bnd12 <- function() {
        eta1 + eta2 + eta3 ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, 20,
          0.1, 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      ref13 <-
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = NA_real_,
            neta1 = c(1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3),
            neta2 = c(1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3),
            name = c("eta1", "(eta2,eta1)", "eta2", "(eta3,eta1)", "(eta3,eta2)", "eta3"),
            lower = -Inf,
            est = c(40, 0.1, 20, 0.1, 0.1, 30),
            upper = Inf,
            fix = c(TRUE, TRUE, TRUE, TRUE, TRUE, TRUE),
            err = NA_character_,
            label = NA_character_,
            condition = "ID",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        )

      bnd13 <- function() {
        eta1 + eta2 + eta3 ~ fix(
          40,
          0.1, 20,
          0.1, 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      bnd14 <- function() {
        eta1 + eta2 + eta3 ~ fixed(
          40,
          0.1, 20,
          0.1, 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      bnd15 <- function() {
        eta1 + eta2 + eta3 ~ FIX(
          40,
          0.1, 20,
          0.1, 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      bnd16 <- function() {
        eta1 + eta2 + eta3 ~ FIXED(
          40,
          0.1, 20,
          0.1, 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      test_that("Total ETA fixed (named)", {
        expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd12), ref12)
        expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd13), ref13)
        expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd14), ref13)
        expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd15), ref13)
        expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd16), ref13)
      })

      ref17 <-
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = NA_real_,
            neta1 = c(1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3),
            neta2 = c(1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3),
            name = c("eta1", "(eta2,eta1)", "eta2", "(eta3,eta1)", "(eta3,eta2)", "eta3"),
            lower = -Inf,
            est = c(40, 0.1, 20, 0.1, 0.1, 30),
            upper = Inf,
            fix = c(TRUE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE),
            err = NA_character_,
            label = NA_character_,
            condition = "ID",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        )

      bnd17 <- function() {
        eta1 + eta2 + eta3 ~ c(
          fix(40),
          0.1, 20,
          0.1, 0.1, 30
        )
      }


      ref18 <-
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = NA_real_,
            neta1 = c(1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3),
            neta2 = c(1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3),
            name = c("eta1", "(eta2,eta1)", "eta2", "(eta3,eta1)", "(eta3,eta2)", "eta3"),
            lower = -Inf,
            est = c(40, 0.1, 20, 0.1, 0.1, 30),
            upper = Inf,
            fix = c(FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE),
            err = NA_character_,
            label = NA_character_,
            condition = "ID",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        )

      bnd18 <- function() {
        eta1 + eta2 + eta3 ~ c(
          40,
          fix(0.1), 20,
          0.1, 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      ref19 <-
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = NA_real_,
            neta1 = c(1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3),
            neta2 = c(1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3),
            name = c("eta1", "(eta2,eta1)", "eta2", "(eta3,eta1)", "(eta3,eta2)", "eta3"),
            lower = -Inf,
            est = c(40, 0.1, 20, 0.1, 0.1, 30),
            upper = Inf,
            fix = c(FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE),
            err = NA_character_,
            label = NA_character_,
            condition = "ID",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        )

      bnd19 <- function() {
        eta1 + eta2 + eta3 ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, fix(20),
          0.1, 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      ref20 <-
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = NA_real_,
            neta1 = c(1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3),
            neta2 = c(1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3),
            name = c("eta1", "(eta2,eta1)", "eta2", "(eta3,eta1)", "(eta3,eta2)", "eta3"),
            lower = -Inf,
            est = c(40, 0.1, 20, 0.1, 0.1, 30),
            upper = Inf,
            fix = c(FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE),
            err = NA_character_,
            label = NA_character_,
            condition = "ID",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        )

      bnd20 <- function() {
        eta1 + eta2 + eta3 ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, 20,
          fix(0.1), 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      ref21 <-
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = NA_real_,
            neta1 = c(1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3),
            neta2 = c(1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3),
            name = c("eta1", "(eta2,eta1)", "eta2", "(eta3,eta1)", "(eta3,eta2)", "eta3"),
            lower = -Inf,
            est = c(40, 0.1, 20, 0.1, 0.1, 30),
            upper = Inf,
            fix = c(FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE),
            err = NA_character_,
            label = NA_character_,
            condition = "ID",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        )

      bnd21 <- function() {
        eta1 + eta2 + eta3 ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, 20,
          0.1, fix(0.1), 30
        )
      }

      ref22 <-
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = NA_real_,
            neta1 = c(1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3),
            neta2 = c(1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3),
            name = c("eta1", "(eta2,eta1)", "eta2", "(eta3,eta1)", "(eta3,eta2)", "eta3"),
            lower = -Inf,
            est = c(40, 0.1, 20, 0.1, 0.1, 30),
            upper = Inf,
            fix = c(FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE),
            err = NA_character_,
            label = NA_character_,
            condition = "ID",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        )

      bnd22 <- function() {
        eta1 + eta2 + eta3 ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, 20,
          0.1, 0.1, fix(30)
        )
      }

      bnd17a <- function() {
        eta1 + eta2 + eta3 ~ c(
          FIX(40),
          0.1, 20,
          0.1, 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      bnd18a <- function() {
        eta1 + eta2 + eta3 ~ c(
          40,
          FIX(0.1), 20,
          0.1, 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      bnd19a <- function() {
        eta1 + eta2 + eta3 ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, FIX(20),
          0.1, 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      bnd20a <- function() {
        eta1 + eta2 + eta3 ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, 20,
          FIX(0.1), 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      bnd21a <- function() {
        eta1 + eta2 + eta3 ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, 20,
          0.1, FIX(0.1), 30
        )
      }

      bnd22a <- function() {
        eta1 + eta2 + eta3 ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, 20,
          0.1, 0.1, FIX(30)
        )
      }

      bnd17b <- function() {
        eta1 + eta2 + eta3 ~ c(
          fixed(40),
          0.1, 20,
          0.1, 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      bnd18b <- function() {
        eta1 + eta2 + eta3 ~ c(
          40,
          fixed(0.1), 20,
          0.1, 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      bnd19b <- function() {
        eta1 + eta2 + eta3 ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, fixed(20),
          0.1, 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      bnd20b <- function() {
        eta1 + eta2 + eta3 ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, 20,
          fixed(0.1), 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      bnd21b <- function() {
        eta1 + eta2 + eta3 ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, 20,
          0.1, fixed(0.1), 30
        )
      }

      bnd22b <- function() {
        eta1 + eta2 + eta3 ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, 20,
          0.1, 0.1, fixed(30)
        )
      }

      bnd17c <- function() {
        eta1 + eta2 + eta3 ~ c(
          FIX(40),
          0.1, 20,
          0.1, 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      bnd18c <- function() {
        eta1 + eta2 + eta3 ~ c(
          40,
          FIX(0.1), 20,
          0.1, 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      bnd19c <- function() {
        eta1 + eta2 + eta3 ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, FIX(20),
          0.1, 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      bnd20c <- function() {
        eta1 + eta2 + eta3 ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, 20,
          FIX(0.1), 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      bnd21c <- function() {
        eta1 + eta2 + eta3 ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, 20,
          0.1, FIX(0.1), 30
        )
      }

      bnd22c <- function() {
        eta1 + eta2 + eta3 ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, 20,
          0.1, 0.1, FIX(30)
        )
      }

      bnd17d <- function() {
        eta1 + eta2 + eta3 ~ c(
          FIXED(40),
          0.1, 20,
          0.1, 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      bnd18d <- function() {
        eta1 + eta2 + eta3 ~ c(
          40,
          FIXED(0.1), 20,
          0.1, 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      bnd19d <- function() {
        eta1 + eta2 + eta3 ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, FIXED(20),
          0.1, 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      bnd20d <- function() {
        eta1 + eta2 + eta3 ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, 20,
          FIXED(0.1), 0.1, 30
        )
      }

      bnd21d <- function() {
        eta1 + eta2 + eta3 ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, 20,
          0.1, FIXED(0.1), 30
        )
      }

      bnd22d <- function() {
        eta1 + eta2 + eta3 ~ c(
          40,
          0.1, 20,
          0.1, 0.1, FIXED(30)
        )
      }
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd17), ref17)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd18), ref18)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd19), ref19)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd20), ref20)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd21), ref21)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd22), ref22)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd17a), ref17)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd18a), ref18)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd19a), ref19)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd20a), ref20)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd21a), ref21)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd22a), ref22)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd17b), ref17)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd18b), ref18)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd19b), ref19)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd20b), ref20)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd21b), ref21)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd22b), ref22)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd17c), ref17)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd18c), ref18)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd19c), ref19)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd20c), ref20)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd21c), ref21)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd22c), ref22)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd17d), ref17)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd18d), ref18)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd19d), ref19)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd20d), ref20)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd21d), ref21)
      expect_equal(nlmixrBounds(bnd22d), ref22)
    })

    test_that("Invalid bounds raise errors", {
      f1 <- function() {
        lCl <- c(5, 5, 5) # A
      }

      f2 <- function() {
        lCl <- c(0, -1.3) # lCl
      }

      f3 <- function() {
        lCl <- c(0, -1.3, -10) # lCl
      }

      f4 <- function() {
        lCl <- c(0, 5, 5) # A
      }

      f5 <- function() {
        lCl <- c(0, 0, 5) # A
      }

      f6 <- function() {
        lCl <- c(5, 5) # A
      }

      f7 <- function() {
        lCl < 3
      }

      expect_error(nlmixrBounds(f1), regexp = "consider fixing these:\n     lCl = fixed(5)", fixed = TRUE)
      expect_error(nlmixrBounds(f2), regexp = "reorder bounds:\n     lCl = c(-1.3, 0)", fixed = TRUE)
      expect_error(nlmixrBounds(f3), regexp = "reorder bounds:\n     lCl = c(-10, -1.3, 0)", fixed = TRUE)
      expect_error(nlmixrBounds(f4), regexp = "consider fixing these:\n     lCl = fixed(5)", fixed = TRUE)
      expect_error(nlmixrBounds(f5), regexp = "consider fixing these:\n     lCl = fixed(0)", fixed = TRUE)
      expect_error(nlmixrBounds(f6), regexp = "consider fixing these:\n     lCl = fixed(5)", fixed = TRUE)
      expect_error(nlmixrBounds(f7), regexp = "invalid call in initial conditions: lCl < 3", fixed = TRUE)
    })

    # nlmixrBoundsParser ####

    test_that("nlmixrBoundsParser", {
      expect_equal(
        nlmixrBoundsParser(
          function() {
            ({
              ({
                a <- 1
                b <- 2
              })
            })
            {
              c <- 3
            }
            d <- 4
          }
        ),
        list(
          list(
            operation = c("assign", "theta"),
            varname = "a",
            value = 1
          ),
          list(
            operation = c("assign", "theta"),
            varname = "b",
            value = 2
          ),
          list(
            operation = c("assign", "theta"),
            varname = "c",
            value = 3
          ),
          list(
            operation = c("assign", "theta"),
            varname = "d",
            value = 4
          )
        ),
        info = "Nested assignments are unnested"
      )
    })

    # nlmixrBoundsParserOmega ####

    test_that("Implicitly test nlmixrBoundsParserOmega", {
      expect_equal(
        nlmixrBounds(function() {
          ~1
        }),
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            neta1 = 1,
            neta2 = 1,
            name = NA_character_,
            lower = -Inf,
            est = 1,
            upper = Inf,
            fix = FALSE,
            condition = "ID",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        ),
        info = "Unnamed omega scalar assignment"
      )
      expect_equal(
        nlmixrBounds(function() {
          a ~ 1
        }),
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            neta1 = 1,
            neta2 = 1,
            name = "a",
            lower = -Inf,
            est = 1,
            upper = Inf,
            fix = FALSE,
            condition = "ID",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        ),
        info = "Named omega scalar assignment"
      )
      expect_equal(
        expect_warning(
          nlmixrBounds(function() {
            a ~ cor(1)
          }),
          regexp = "'cor(...)' with a single value is ignored: ~cor(1)",
          fixed = TRUE
        ),
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            neta1 = 1,
            neta2 = 1,
            name = "a",
            lower = -Inf,
            est = 1,
            upper = Inf,
            fix = FALSE,
            condition = "ID",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        ),
        info = "Named scalar omega assignment with correlation"
      )
      expect_equal(
        nlmixrBounds(function() {
          a + b ~ cor(2, -0.5, 3)
        }),
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            neta1 = c(1, 2, 2),
            neta2 = c(1, 1, 2),
            name = c("a", "(b,a)", "b"),
            lower = -Inf,
            est = c(4, -3, 9),
            upper = Inf,
            fix = FALSE,
            condition = "ID",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        ),
        info = "Named vector omega assignment with correlation"
      )
      expect_equal(
        nlmixrBounds(function() {
          a + b ~ fixed(cor(2, -0.5, 3))
        }),
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            neta1 = c(1, 2, 2),
            neta2 = c(1, 1, 2),
            name = c("a", "(b,a)", "b"),
            lower = -Inf,
            est = c(4, -3, 9),
            upper = Inf,
            fix = TRUE,
            condition = "ID",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        ),
        info = "Named vector omega assignment with correlation, all fixed with an outer function"
      )
      expect_equal(
        nlmixrBounds(function() {
          a + b ~ cor(fixed(2, -0.5, 3))
        }),
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            neta1 = c(1, 2, 2),
            neta2 = c(1, 1, 2),
            name = c("a", "(b,a)", "b"),
            lower = -Inf,
            est = c(4, -3, 9),
            upper = Inf,
            fix = TRUE,
            condition = "ID",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        ),
        info = "Named vector omega assignment with correlation, all fixed with an inner function"
      )
      expect_equal(
        nlmixrBounds(function() {
          a + b ~ cor(fixed(2), fixed(-0.5), fixed(3))
        }),
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            neta1 = c(1, 2, 2),
            neta2 = c(1, 1, 2),
            name = c("a", "(b,a)", "b"),
            lower = -Inf,
            est = c(4, -3, 9),
            upper = Inf,
            fix = TRUE,
            condition = "ID",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        ),
        info = "Named vector omega assignment with correlation, all fixed with individual functions (unusual, but acceptable)"
      )
      expect_error(
        nlmixrBounds(function() {
          a + b ~ cor(2, fixed(-0.5), fixed(3))
        }),
        regexp = "either all or none of the elements may be fixed with cor(...): ~cor(2, fixed(-0.5), fixed(3))",
        fixed = TRUE,
        info = "Named vector omega assignment with correlation, some fixed"
      )
    })

    # nlmixrBoundsParserAttribute ####

    test_that("nlmixrBoundsParserAttribute backTransform", {
      expect_equal(
        nlmixrBounds(function() {
          0.1
          backTransform(exp())
        }),
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = 1,
            lower = -Inf,
            est = 0.1,
            upper = Inf,
            fix = FALSE,
            backTransform = "exp()",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        ),
        info = "Simple back-transform"
      )
      expect_equal(
        nlmixrBounds(function() {
          0.1
          backTransform(exp)
        }),
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = 1,
            lower = -Inf,
            est = 0.1,
            upper = Inf,
            fix = FALSE,
            backTransform = "exp()",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        ),
        info = "Simple back-transform as a name is replaced by the function name"
      )
      expect_equal(
        nlmixrBounds(function() {
          0.1
          backTransform("exp")
        }),
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = 1,
            lower = -Inf,
            est = 0.1,
            upper = Inf,
            fix = FALSE,
            backTransform = "exp()",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        ),
        info = "Simple back-transform as a character string is replaced by the function name"
      )
      expect_equal(
        expect_warning(
          nlmixrBounds(function() {
            0.1
            backTransform("exp")
            backTransform("log")
          }),
          regexp = 'only last backTransform used: backTransform("log")',
          fixed = TRUE
        ),
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = 1,
            lower = -Inf,
            est = 0.1,
            upper = Inf,
            fix = FALSE,
            backTransform = "log()",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        ),
        info = "Multiple backTransform()s keep the last one"
      )
      expect_equal(
        nlmixrBounds(function() {
          0.1
          backTransform(function(x) x^2)
        }),
        nlmixr:::as.nlmixrBounds(
          data.frame(
            ntheta = 1,
            lower = -Inf,
            est = 0.1,
            upper = Inf,
            fix = FALSE,
            backTransform = "function(x) x^2",
            stringsAsFactors = FALSE
          ),
          addMissingCols = TRUE
        ),
        info = "A function may be defined within the backTransform"
      )
      expect_error(
        nlmixrBounds(function() {
          0.1
          backTransform(exp(), foo())
        }),
        regexp = "'backTransform()' must have zero or one arguments: backTransform(exp(), foo())",
        fixed = TRUE,
        info = "Multiple arguments to backTransform() are not allowed."
      )
    })

    # nlmixrBoundsValueFixed ####

    test_that("nlmixrBoundsValueFixed", {
      expect_equal(
        nlmixr:::nlmixrBoundsValueFixed((~1)[[2]]),
        list(value = 1, fixed = FALSE)
      )
      expect_equal(
        nlmixr:::nlmixrBoundsValueFixed((~ c(1))[[2]]),
        list(value = 1, fixed = FALSE)
      )
      expect_equal(
        nlmixr:::nlmixrBoundsValueFixed((~ c(1, 2))[[2]]),
        list(value = c(1, 2), fixed = rep(FALSE, 2))
      )
      expect_equal(
        nlmixr:::nlmixrBoundsValueFixed((~ c(1, 2, 3))[[2]]),
        list(value = c(1, 2, 3), fixed = rep(FALSE, 3))
      )
      expect_equal(
        nlmixr:::nlmixrBoundsValueFixed((~ c(1, fixed))[[2]]),
        list(value = 1, fixed = TRUE)
      )
      expect_equal(
        nlmixr:::nlmixrBoundsValueFixed((~ c(1, 2, fixed))[[2]]),
        list(value = c(1, 2), fixed = rep(TRUE, 2))
      )
      expect_equal(
        nlmixr:::nlmixrBoundsValueFixed((~ c(1, 2, 3, fixed))[[2]]),
        list(value = c(1, 2, 3), fixed = rep(TRUE, 3))
      )
      expect_equal(
        nlmixr:::nlmixrBoundsValueFixed((~ c(1, fixed(2), 3, fixed))[[2]]),
        list(value = c(1, 2, 3), fixed = rep(TRUE, 3)),
        info = "Fixed is specified two ways, but they are not in conflict"
      )
      expect_equal(
        nlmixr:::nlmixrBoundsValueFixed((~ c(1, fixed(2), 3))[[2]]),
        list(value = c(1, 2, 3), fixed = c(FALSE, TRUE, FALSE))
      )
      expect_equal(
        nlmixr:::nlmixrBoundsValueFixed((~ c(fixed(1), 2, 3))[[2]]),
        list(value = c(1, 2, 3), fixed = c(TRUE, FALSE, FALSE))
      )
      expect_equal(
        nlmixr:::nlmixrBoundsValueFixed((~ c(fixed(1), 2, 3))[[2]]),
        list(value = c(1, 2, 3), fixed = c(TRUE, FALSE, FALSE))
      )
      expect_equal(
        nlmixr:::nlmixrBoundsValueFixed((~ c(fixed(1), log(2), 3))[[2]]),
        list(value = c(1, log(2), 3), fixed = c(TRUE, FALSE, FALSE)),
        info = "Function evaluation works (though it may have issues related to environment precedence). (Fix #253)"
      )
      expect_equal(
        nlmixr:::nlmixrBoundsValueFixed((~ c(log(0), log(1.5), log(20)))[[2]]),
        list(value = log(c(0, 1.5, 20)), fixed = rep(FALSE, 3)),
        info = "Function evaluation works (though it may have issues related to environment precedence). (Fix #253)"
      )
      expect_equal(
        nlmixr:::nlmixrBoundsValueFixed((~ FIX(log(0), log(1.5), log(20)))[[2]]),
        list(value = log(c(0, 1.5, 20)), fixed = rep(TRUE, 3)),
        info = "Function evaluation works (though it may have issues related to environment precedence). (Fix #253)"
      )
      expect_equal(
        nlmixr:::nlmixrBoundsValueFixed((~ c(FIX(log(0), 1 / log(1.5)), 1 / log(20)))[[2]]),
        list(value = c(log(0), 1 / log(1.5), 1 / log(20)), fixed = c(TRUE, TRUE, FALSE)),
        info = "Function evaluation works and arbitrary complexity may be within the fixed() call (or outside of it). (Fix #253)"
      )
      expect_error(
        expect_warning(
          nlmixr:::nlmixrBoundsValueFixed((~ FIX(sqrt(-1)))[[2]]),
          regexp = "NaNs produced"
        ),
        regexp = "NaN values in initial condition: FIX(sqrt(-1))",
        fixed = TRUE,
        info = "Invalid math stops execution"
      )
      expect_error(
        nlmixr:::nlmixrBoundsValueFixed((~ FIX("A"))[[2]]),
        regexp = 'non-numeric values in initial condition: FIX("A")',
        fixed = TRUE,
        info = "Values must be numbers"
      )
      expect_error(
        nlmixr:::nlmixrBoundsValueFixed((~a)[[2]]),
        regexp = "error parsing initial condition 'a': object 'a' not found",
        fixed = TRUE,
        info = "No variable substitutions are performed for parsing."
      )
    })

    # nlmixrBoundsReplaceFixed ####

    test_that("nlmixrBoundsReplaceFixed, testing replacement of fixed names within calls", {
      expect_equal(
        nlmixr:::nlmixrBoundsReplaceFixed((~a)[[2]]),
        list(
          call = (~a)[[2]],
          fixed = FALSE
        )
      )
      expect_equal(
        nlmixr:::nlmixrBoundsReplaceFixed((~ c(1, fixed))[[2]]),
        list(
          call = (~ c(1))[[2]],
          fixed = TRUE
        )
      )
      expect_equal(
        nlmixr:::nlmixrBoundsReplaceFixed((~ c(1, c(1, fixed)))[[2]]),
        list(
          call = (~ c(1, c(1)))[[2]],
          fixed = TRUE
        )
      )
      expect_equal(
        nlmixr:::nlmixrBoundsReplaceFixed((~1)[[2]]),
        list(
          call = 1,
          fixed = FALSE
        )
      )
      expect_equal(
        nlmixr:::nlmixrBoundsReplaceFixed((~ fixed(1))[[2]], replacementFun = "c"),
        list(
          call = (~ c(1))[[2]],
          fixed = FALSE
        )
      )
      expect_equal(
        nlmixr:::nlmixrBoundsReplaceFixed((~ fixed(1))[[2]], replacementFun = "c"),
        list(
          call = (~ c(1))[[2]],
          fixed = FALSE
        )
      )
      # This is weird syntax to use, but it is logically okay
      expect_equal(
        nlmixr:::nlmixrBoundsReplaceFixed((~ c(1, 1, c(fixed)))[[2]]),
        list(
          call = (~ c(1, 1, c()))[[2]],
          fixed = TRUE
        ),
        info = "Fixed can only be at the end of a vector of values, and detection of that works even when it is in a sub-expression."
      )
      expect_error(
        nlmixr:::nlmixrBoundsReplaceFixed((~ c(fixed, 1))[[2]]),
        regexp = "'fixed' may only be the last item in a list: c(fixed, 1)",
        fixed = TRUE,
        info = "Fixed can only be at the end of a vector of values"
      )
      expect_error(
        nlmixr:::nlmixrBoundsReplaceFixed((~ c(1, c(fixed), 1))[[2]]),
        regexp = "'fixed' may only be the last item in a list: c(1, c(fixed), 1)",
        fixed = TRUE,
        info = "Fixed can only be at the end of a vector of values, and detection of that works even when it is at the end of its sub-expression, but it is not at the overall-end of the expression."
      )
    })

    test_that("nlmixrBoundsReplaceFixed, testing replacement of fixed function calls within calls", {
      expect_equal(
        nlmixr:::nlmixrBoundsReplaceFixed((~ fixed(a))[[2]]),
        list(
          call = (~ fixed(a))[[2]],
          fixed = FALSE
        ),
        info = "`fixed()` is returned unchanged"
      )
      expect_equal(
        nlmixr:::nlmixrBoundsReplaceFixed((~ fix(a))[[2]]),
        list(
          call = (~ fixed(a))[[2]],
          fixed = FALSE
        ),
        info = "`fix()` is changed to `fixed()`"
      )
      expect_equal(
        nlmixr:::nlmixrBoundsReplaceFixed((~ FIX(a))[[2]]),
        list(
          call = (~ fixed(a))[[2]],
          fixed = FALSE
        ),
        info = "`FIX()` is changed to `fixed()`"
      )
      expect_equal(
        nlmixr:::nlmixrBoundsReplaceFixed((~ FIXED(a))[[2]]),
        list(
          call = (~ fixed(a))[[2]],
          fixed = FALSE
        ),
        info = "`FIXED()` is changed to `fixed()`"
      )
      expect_equal(
        nlmixr:::nlmixrBoundsReplaceFixed((~ 1 / FIX(a))[[2]]),
        list(
          call = (~ 1 / fixed(a))[[2]],
          fixed = FALSE
        ),
        info = "`FIX()` is changed to `fixed()` inside another expression"
      )
      expect_equal(
        nlmixr:::nlmixrBoundsReplaceFixed((~ 1 / FIX(a))[[2]], replacementFun = "c"),
        list(
          call = (~ 1 / c(a))[[2]],
          fixed = FALSE
        ),
        info = "`FIX()` is changed to `c()` inside another expression to allow for arbitrary calculations as part of initial conditions."
      )
    })

    # nlmixrBoundsReplaceCor ####

    test_that("", {
      skip_if(Sys.getenv("R_ARCH") == "/i386", "windows32")
      expect_equal(
        nlmixr:::nlmixrBoundsValueCor(x = (~ cor(1, 2, 3))[[2]]),
        list(
          value = 1:3,
          fixed = rep(FALSE, 3),
          cor = rep(TRUE, 3)
        )
      )
      expect_equal(
        nlmixr:::nlmixrBoundsValueCor(x = (~ cor(1, fixed(2), 3))[[2]]),
        list(
          value = 1:3,
          fixed = c(FALSE, TRUE, FALSE),
          cor = rep(TRUE, 3)
        )
      )
      expect_equal(
        nlmixr:::nlmixrBoundsValueCor(x = (~ fixed(cor(1, fixed(2), 3)))[[2]]),
        list(
          value = 1:3,
          fixed = rep(TRUE, 3),
          cor = rep(TRUE, 3)
        ),
        info = "Unusual syntax works"
      )
      expect_equal(
        nlmixr:::nlmixrBoundsValueCor(x = (~ c(1, fixed(2), cor(3)))[[2]]),
        list(
          value = 1:3,
          fixed = c(FALSE, TRUE, FALSE),
          cor = c(FALSE, FALSE, TRUE)
        ),
        info = "Legitimacy of syntax checking will be confirmed elsewhere"
      )
      expect_equal(
        nlmixr:::nlmixrBoundsValueCor(x = (~ c(1, 2, cor(3), fixed))[[2]]),
        list(
          value = 1:3,
          fixed = c(TRUE, TRUE, TRUE),
          cor = c(FALSE, FALSE, TRUE)
        ),
        info = "Trailing 'fixed' is handled correctly"
      )
    })

    # nlmixrBoundsPrepareFun ####

    test_that("preparation of the function for bound extraction", {
      expect_equal(
        nlmixr:::nlmixrBoundsPrepareFun(function() {
          1
        }),
        function() {
          1
        }
      )
      expect_equal(
        expect_message(
          nlmixr:::nlmixrBoundsPrepareFun(
            function() {
              1 # foo
            }
          ),
          regexp = "parameter labels from comments will be replaced by 'label()'",
          fixed = TRUE
        ),
        function() {
          1
          label("foo")
        },
        # Env and srcref attributes will not be equal
        check.attributes = FALSE,
        info = "comment lines are converted to labels"
      )
    })

    # nlmixrBoundsPrepareFunComments ####
    ## if (getOption("keep.source", interactive())) ## {
    ##   test_that("Extraction of comments to labels with nlmixrBoundsPrepareFunComments", {
    ##     nlmixrTestFunToChar <- function(x) {
    ##       as.character(attr(x, "srcref"), useSource = TRUE)
    ##     }
    ##     expect_equal(
    ##       nlmixr:::nlmixrBoundsPrepareFunComments(nlmixrTestFunToChar(
    ##         function() {
    ##           1 # hello
    ##         }
    ##       )),
    ##       function() {
    ##         1
    ##         label("hello")
    ##       },
    ##       # Env and srcref attributes will not be equal
    ##       check.attributes = FALSE,
    ##       info = "comment lines with other information are converted to label()"
    ##     )
    ##     expect_equal(
    ##       nlmixr:::nlmixrBoundsPrepareFunComments(nlmixrTestFunToChar(
    ##         function() {
    ##           1 | STUDY # hello
    ##         }
    ##       )),
    ##       function() {
    ##         1 | STUDY
    ##         label("hello")
    ##       },
    ##       # Env and srcref attributes will not be equal
    ##       check.attributes = FALSE,
    ##       info = "comment lines with other information are converted to label() (even if they are on a line with a condition)"
    ##     )
    ##     expect_equal(
    ##       nlmixr:::nlmixrBoundsPrepareFunComments(nlmixrTestFunToChar(
    ##         function() {
    ##           1 # label 1
    ##           label("# hash in a quote may try to be detected as a label, but that is wrong")
    ##         }
    ##       )),
    ##       function() {
    ##         1
    ##         label("label 1")
    ##         label("# hash in a quote may try to be detected as a label, but that is wrong")
    ##       },
    ##       # Env and srcref attributes will not be equal
    ##       check.attributes = FALSE,
    ##       info = "This is challenging to parse, and it was formerly a bug.  It is the reason that we are moving to parsing and not string extraction."
    ##     )
    ##   })
    ## }

    # Test call and name replacement ####
    test_that("call replacement", {
      expect_equal(
        nlmixr:::replaceCallName(x = a ~ b(), replacementFun = "c", sourceNames = "b"),
        a ~ c(),
        check.attributes = FALSE,
        info = "Simple replacement works"
      )
      expect_equal(
        nlmixr:::replaceCallName(x = a ~ b(c + d * b(e)), replacementFun = "c", sourceNames = "b"),
        a ~ c(c + d * c(e)),
        check.attributes = FALSE,
        info = "Nested replacement works"
      )
      expect_equal(
        nlmixr:::replaceCallName(x = a ~ b, replacementFun = "c", sourceNames = "b"),
        a ~ b,
        check.attributes = FALSE,
        info = "Names that are not calls are not replaced"
      )
      expect_equal(
        nlmixr:::replaceCallName(x = a ~ b(b), replacementFun = "c", sourceNames = "b"),
        a ~ c(b),
        check.attributes = FALSE,
        info = "Nested names that are not calls are not replaced"
      )
      expect_equal(
        nlmixr:::replaceCallName(x = a ~ b(1 + "A"), replacementFun = "c", sourceNames = "b"),
        a ~ c(1 + "A"),
        check.attributes = FALSE,
        info = "Non-name values are permitted"
      )
    })

    test_that("name replacement", {
      expect_equal(
        nlmixr:::replaceNameName(x = a ~ b, replacementName = "c", sourceNames = "b"),
        a ~ c,
        check.attributes = FALSE,
        info = "Names that are not calls are replaced"
      )
      expect_equal(
        nlmixr:::replaceNameName(x = a ~ b(), replacementName = "c", sourceNames = "b"),
        a ~ b(),
        check.attributes = FALSE,
        info = "Function calls are skipped"
      )
      expect_equal(
        nlmixr:::replaceNameName(x = a ~ b(c + d * b(e)), replacementName = "c", sourceNames = "b"),
        a ~ b(c + d * b(e)),
        check.attributes = FALSE,
        info = "Nested replacement still ignores function calls"
      )
      expect_equal(
        nlmixr:::replaceNameName(x = a ~ b(b), replacementName = "c", sourceNames = "b"),
        a ~ b(c),
        check.attributes = FALSE,
        info = "Nested names that are not calls are replaced"
      )
      expect_equal(
        nlmixr:::replaceNameName(x = a ~ b(1 + "A"), replacementName = "c", sourceNames = "b"),
        a ~ b(1 + "A"),
        check.attributes = FALSE,
        info = "Non-name values are permitted"
      )
      expect_equal(
        nlmixr:::replaceNameName(x = a ~ b(b), replacementName = NULL, sourceNames = "b"),
        a ~ b(),
        check.attributes = FALSE,
        info = "Null removes the name"
      )
      expect_equal(
        nlmixr:::replaceNameName(x = a ~ b * c, replacementName = NULL, sourceNames = "b"),
        {
          comparison <- a ~ b * c
          comparison[[3]][[2]] <- NULL
          comparison
        },
        check.attributes = FALSE,
        info = "This is weird but consistent (and no longer a valid formula), you can remove anything"
      )
    })
  },
  test = "cran"
)