#' AREA_SD (landscape level)
#'
#' @description Standard deviation of patch area (Area and edge metric)
#'
#' @param landscape A categorical raster object: SpatRaster; Raster* Layer, Stack, Brick; stars or a list of SpatRasters
#' @param directions The number of directions in which patches should be connected: 4 (rook's case) or 8 (queen's case).
#'
#' @details
#' \deqn{AREA_{SD} = sd(AREA[patch_{ij}])}
#' where \eqn{AREA[patch_{ij}]} is the area of each patch in hectares.
#'
#' AREA_SD is an 'Area and Edge metric'. The metric summarises the landscape
#' as the standard deviation of all patch in the landscape. The metric describes
#' the differences among all patches in the landscape.
#'
#' \subsection{Units}{Hectares}
#' \subsection{Range}{AREA_SD >= 0}
#' \subsection{Behaviour}{Equals AREA_SD = 0 if all patches are identical in size.
#' Increases, without limit, as the variation of patch areas increases.}
#'
#' @seealso
#' \code{\link{lsm_p_area}},
#' \code{\link{sd}}, \cr
#' \code{\link{lsm_c_area_mn}},
#' \code{\link{lsm_c_area_sd}},
#' \code{\link{lsm_c_area_cv}} \cr
#' \code{\link{lsm_l_area_mn}},
#' \code{\link{lsm_l_area_cv}}
#'
#' @return tibble
#'
#' @examples
#' landscape <- terra::rast(landscapemetrics::landscape)
#' lsm_l_area_sd(landscape)
#'
#' @references
#' McGarigal K., SA Cushman, and E Ene. 2023. FRAGSTATS v4: Spatial Pattern Analysis
#' Program for Categorical Maps. Computer software program produced by the authors;
#' available at the following web site: https://www.fragstats.org
#'
#' @export
lsm_l_area_sd <- function(landscape, directions = 8) {
landscape <- landscape_as_list(landscape)
result <- lapply(X = landscape,
FUN = lsm_l_area_sd_calc,
directions = directions)
layer <- rep(seq_along(result),
vapply(result, nrow, FUN.VALUE = integer(1)))
result <- do.call(rbind, result)
tibble::add_column(result, layer, .before = TRUE)
}
# Not working yet!
lsm_l_area_sd_calc <- function(landscape, directions, resolution, extras = NULL){
# get patch area
area_patch <- lsm_p_area_calc(landscape,
directions = directions,
resolution = resolution,
extras = extras)
# all values NA
if (all(is.na(area_patch$value))) {
return(tibble::new_tibble(list(level = "landscape",
class = as.integer(NA),
id = as.integer(NA),
metric = "area_sd",
value = as.double(NA))))
}
# calculate sd
area_sd <- stats::sd(area_patch$value)
return(tibble::new_tibble(list(level = rep("landscape", length(area_sd)),
class = rep(as.integer(NA), length(area_sd)),
id = rep(as.integer(NA), length(area_sd)),
metric = rep("area_sd", length(area_sd)),
value = as.double(area_sd))))
}
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