#' Random generation from multivariate Gaussian kernel density
#'
#' @param y numeric matrix or data.frame.
#' @param n number of observations. If \code{length(n) > 1},
#' the length is taken to be the number required.
#' @param bw numeric matrix with number of rows and columns equal to
#' \code{ncol(y)}; the smoothing bandwidth to be used. This is the
#' \emph{covariance matrix} of the smoothing kernel. If provided as
#' a single value, the same bandwidth is used for each variable.
#' If provided as a single value, or as a vector, variables are
#' considered as uncorrelated.
#' @param weights numeric vector of length equal to \code{nrow(y)}; must be non-negative.
#' @param adjust scalar; the bandwidth used is actually \code{adjust*bw}.
#' This makes it easy to specify values like 'half the default'
#' bandwidth.
#'
#'
#' @details
#'
#' Multivariate kernel density estimator with multivariate Gaussian (normal) kernels
#' \eqn{K_H}{KH} is defined as
#'
#' \deqn{
#' \hat{f_H}(\mathbf{x}) = \sum_{i=1}^n w_i \, K_H \left( \mathbf{x}-\boldsymbol{y}_i \right)
#' }{
#' f(x) = sum[i](w[i] * KH(x-y[i]))
#' }
#'
#' where \eqn{w} is a vector of weights such that all \eqn{w_i \ge 0}{w[i] \ge 0}
#' and \eqn{\sum_i w_i = 1}{sum(w) = 1} (by default uniform \eqn{1/n} weights are used),
#' \eqn{K_H}{KH} is kernel \eqn{K} parametrized by bandwidth matrix \eqn{H} and
#' \eqn{\boldsymbol{y}}{y} is a matrix of data points used for estimating the kernel density.
#'
#' Random generation from multivariate normal distribution is possible by taking
#'
#' \deqn{
#' x = A' z + \mu
#' }{
#' x = A' z + \mu
#' }
#'
#' where \eqn{z} is a vector of \eqn{m} i.i.d. standard normal deviates,
#' \eqn{\mu} is a vector of means and \eqn{A} is a \eqn{m \times m}{m*m}
#' matrix such that \eqn{A'A=\Sigma}{A'A=\Sigma} (\eqn{A} is a Cholesky
#' factor of \eqn{\Sigma}). In the case of multivariate Gaussian kernel
#' density, \eqn{\mu}, is the \eqn{i}-th row of \eqn{\boldsymbol{y}}{y},
#' where \eqn{i} is drawn randomly with replacement with probability
#' proportional to \eqn{w_i}{w[i]}, and \eqn{\Sigma} is the bandwidth
#' matrix \eqn{H}.
#'
#' For functions estimating kernel densities please check \pkg{KernSmooth},
#' \pkg{ks}, or other packages reviewed by Deng and Wickham (2011).
#'
#'
#' @references
#' Deng, H. and Wickham, H. (2011). Density estimation in R.
#' \url{http://vita.had.co.nz/papers/density-estimation.pdf}
#'
#' @examples
#'
#' set.seed(1)
#'
#' dat <- mtcars[, c(1,3)]
#' bw <- bw.silv(dat)
#' X <- rmvg(5000, dat, bw = bw)
#'
#' if (requireNamespace("ks", quietly = TRUE)) {
#'
#' pal <- colorRampPalette(c("chartreuse4", "yellow", "orange", "brown"))
#' col <- pal(10)[cut(ks::kde(dat, H = bw, eval.points = X)$estimate, breaks = 10)]
#'
#' plot(X, col = col, pch = 19, axes = FALSE,
#' main = "Multivariate Gaussian Kernel")
#' points(dat, pch = 2, col = "blue")
#' axis(1); axis(2)
#'
#' } else {
#'
#' plot(X, pch = 16, axes = FALSE, col = "#458B004D",
#' main = "Multivariate Gaussian Kernel")
#' points(dat, pch = 2, col = "red", lwd = 2)
#' axis(1); axis(2)
#'
#' }
#'
#'
#' @seealso \code{\link{kernelboot}}
#'
#' @export
rmvg <- function(n, y, bw = bw.silv(y), weights = NULL, adjust = 1) {
if (length(n) > 1L) n <- length(n)
if (is.simple.vector(y)) {
y <- matrix(y, nrow = 1L)
} else {
y <- as.matrix(y)
}
if (is.matrix(bw) || is.data.frame(bw)) {
if (!is.square(bw))
stop("bw is not a square matrix")
bw <- as.matrix(bw)
} else if (is.simple.vector(bw)) {
if (length(bw) == 1L)
bw <- diag(bw, ncol(y))
else
bw <- diag(bw)
}
if (ncol(bw) != ncol(y))
stop("bw has incorrect dimensions")
if (!is.null(weights) && length(weights) == 1L)
weights <- NULL
bw <- bw * adjust[1L]
if (!all(is.finite(bw)))
stop("inappropriate values of bw")
idx <- sample.int(nrow(y), n, replace = TRUE, prob = weights)
mu <- y[idx, , drop = FALSE]
if (is.allzeros(bw))
return(mu)
Az <- matrix(rnorm(n*ncol(y)), n, ncol(y)) %*% chol(bw)
return(Az + mu)
}
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