tpm_g: Build all transition probability matrices of an inhomogeneous...

In LaMa: Fast Numerical Maximum Likelihood Estimation for Latent Markov Models

Build all transition probability matrices of an inhomogeneous HMM

Description

In an HMM, we often model the influence of covariates on the state process by linking them to the transition probabiltiy matrix. Most commonly, this is done by specifying a linear predictor

\eta_{ij}^{(t)} = \beta^{(ij)}_0 + \beta^{(ij)}_1 z_{t1} + \dots + \beta^{(ij)}_p z_{tp}

for each off-diagonal element (i \neq j) of the transition probability matrix and then applying the inverse multinomial logistic link (also known as softmax) to each row. This function efficiently calculates all transition probabilty matrices for a given design matrix Z and parameter matrix beta.

Usage

tpm_g(
  Z,
  beta,
  Eta = NULL,
  byrow = FALSE,
  ref = NULL,
  ad = NULL,
  report = TRUE,
  sparse = FALSE
)

Arguments

Z	Covariate design matrix with or without intercept column, i.e. of dimension c(nObs, p) or c(nObs, p+1). If not provided, intercept column is added automatically.
beta	Matrix of coefficients for the off-diagonal elements of the transition probability matrix of dimension c(nStates * (nStates-1), p+1). First columns contains the intercepts.
Eta	optional pre-calculated matrix of linear predictors of dimension c(nObs, nStates * (nStates-1)). If provided, no Z and beta are necessary and will be ignored.
byrow	logical indicating if each transition probability matrix should be filled by row. Defaults to FALSE, but should be set to TRUE if one wants to work with a matrix of beta parameters returned by popular HMM packages like moveHMM, momentuHMM, or hmmTMB.
ref	optional integer vector of length nStates giving, for each row, the column index of the reference state (its predictor is fixed to 0). Defaults to the diagonal (ref = 1:nStates).
ad	logical; whether to use automatic differentiation. Determined automatically — for debugging only.
report	logical; if TRUE (default), delta, Gamma, allprobs, and trackID are reported from the fitted model. Requires ad = TRUE.
sparse	logical, indicating whether sparsity in the rows of Z should be exploited.

Value

array of transition probability matrices of dimension c(nStates, nStates, nObs)

See Also

Other transition probability matrix functions: generator(), generator_g(), tpm(), tpm_ct(), tpm_emb(), tpm_emb_g(), tpm_g2(), tpm_p()

Examples

## inhomogeneous Markov chain
# t.p.m. depends on covariates
z1 <- runif(100); z2 <- runif(100) # 2 covariates
Z <- cbind(1, z1, z2) # design matrix
beta0 <- c(-2, -2); beta1 = c(1, -2); beta2 = c(2, -1) # coefficients for intercept and covariates
beta <- cbind(beta0, beta1, beta2) # coefficient matrix; with intercepts!
#' Gamma <- tpm(beta, Z) # array with 100 slices

LaMa documentation built on July 25, 2026, 1:08 a.m.