International Mortality Tables Overview"

In MortalityTables: A Framework for Various Types of Mortality / Life Tables

knitr::opts_chunk$set(
  collapse = TRUE,
  comment = "#>"
)

required <- c("tidyverse", "MortalityLaws", "reshape2")
if (!all(sapply(required, 
                function(pkg) requireNamespace(pkg, quietly = TRUE)))) {
  message(paste("This vignette needs the followig packages:\n\t", 
                paste(required, collapse = " "), 
                "\nSince not all are installed, code will not be executed: "))
  knitr::opts_chunk$set(eval = FALSE)
}

library(tidyverse, quietly = TRUE)
library(MortalityTables)
mortalityTables.load("Austria_Census")

Austria

Annuities

Annuity tables in Austria are traditionally published by the Actuarial Association of Austria (AVÖ).

ÖVM 59/61 - RR 67

[TODO: Get actual table data and publication]

• Source: H. Nabl: ÖVM 59/61 - RR67 - 3%, Die Versicherungsrundschau, 22. Jahrgang, Heft 12, Dez. 1967, p.373--380.

mortalityTables.load("Austria_Annuities_RR67")
plotMortalityTables(RR67, mort.AT.census.1961.male)

EROM/F 85 (Period table 2020), EROM/F G 1950 (Cohort table with age shift)

• EROM/F 85: gender-specific period tables, projected to year 2020 to account for mortality improvement
• male+female, ages 0-99
• EROM/F G 1950: gender-specific cohort tables, base cohort 1950 with age-shifting to account for mortality improvement
• male+female, ages 0-99
• Derived from population mortalities 1980/82 (improvements from population mortalities 1949/51 and 1980/82), with annuitants' selection factors applied
• First-order table without explicit security loadings
• Usage: Individual Annuity pricing and reserving
• Publisher: Aktuarvereinigung Österreichs (AVÖ), https://avoe.at/

• Target collective: Individual annuitants

• Usage with the MortalityTables package:

mortalityTables.load("Austria_Annuities_EROMF")
EROM85.male
EROF85.female

EROM.G1950.male
EROM.G1950.male.av
EROF.G1950.female
EROF.G1950.female.av

• Source: F.G. Liebmann, W. Schachermayer, M. Willomitzer: Zur Erstellung von Sterbetafeln EROM 85 und EROF 85, Mitteilungen der Aktuarvereinigung Österreichs, Heft 4, Dezember 1986, p. 1--52.
• Source: F.G. Liebmann, W. Schachermayer, M. Willomitzer: Die Generationen-Sterbetafeln EROM G 1950 und EROF G 1950, Mitteilungen der Aktuarvereinigung Österreichs, Heft 4, Dezember 1986, p. 54--94.

AVÖ 1996-R

• gender-specific cohort tables with age-specific trend to account for mortality improvement (approximation via age-shifting given alternatively)
• male+female, ages 0-112, individual and group variants
• Derived from population mortalities 1990/92 with annuitants' selection factors applied
• Trend factors derived from short-term population trend 1980--95 and long-term population trend 1865--1990
• First-order table without explicit security loadings
• Usage: Individual and Group Annuity pricing and reserving; Minimum required by Austrian Financial Authority until publication of successor table AVÖ 2005R
• Publisher: Aktuarvereinigung Österreichs (AVÖ), https://avoe.at/

• Target collective: Individual and group annuitants

• Usage with the MortalityTables package:

mortalityTables.load("Austria_Annuities_AVOe1996R")
AVOe1996R
AVOe1996R.male
AVOe1996R.male.av325
AVOe1996R.male.group
AVOe1996R.female
AVOe1996R.female.av325
AVOe1996R.female.group

• Source: S. Jörgen, F.G. Liebmann, F.W. Pagler, W. Schachermayer: Herleitung der Sterbetafel AVÖ 1996R für Rentenversicherungen, Mitteilungen der Aktuarvereinigung Österreichs, Heft 9, November 1997, p. 39--82.

AVÖ 2005-R

• gender-specific cohort tables with age-specific trend to account for mortality improvement (approximation via age-shifting given alternatively)
• male+female, ages 0-112, individual and group variants
• unisex table published 2012 by mixing male+female tables
• Derived from population mortalities 2000/02 with annuitants' selection factors applied
• Trend factors derived from mid-term population trend 1970--2000
• First-order table with explicit security loadings and second-order table without security loadings
• Usage: Individual and Group Annuity pricing and reserving; Current minimum required by Austrian Financial Authority
• Publisher: Aktuarvereinigung Österreichs (AVÖ), https://avoe.at/

• Target collective: Individual and group annuitants

• Usage with the MortalityTables package:

mortalityTables.load("Austria_Annuities_AVOe2005R")
AVOe2005R
AVOe2005R.male
AVOe2005R.male.group
AVOe2005R.male.av
AVOe2005R.male.group.av
AVOe2005R.male.unloaded
AVOe2005R.male.nodamping
AVOe2005R.male.nodamping.group
AVOe2005R.male.nodamping.unloaded

AVOe2005R.female
AVOe2005R.female.group
AVOe2005R.female.av
AVOe2005R.female.group.av
AVOe2005R.female.unloaded
AVOe2005R.female.nodamping
AVOe2005R.female.nodamping.group
AVOe2005R.female.nodamping.unloaded

AVOe2005R.unisex
AVOe2005R.unisex.group
AVOe2005R.unisex.av
AVOe2005R.unisex.group.av
AVOe2005R.unisex.nodamping
AVOe2005R.unisex.nodamping.group

• Sources:
• R. Kainhofer, M. Predota, U. Schmock: The New Austrian Annuity Valuation Table AVÖ 2005R, Mitteilungen der Aktuarvereinigung Österreichs, Heft 13, pp.55--135, https://avoe.at/pdf/mitteilungen/H13_w3.pdf
• Aktuarvereinigung Österreichs: [Konstruktion der Unisex-Rententafel AVÖ 2005 R unisex](https://avoe.at/rententafel-avoe-2005r-unisex/, 2012
• R. Kainhofer: [Zur Angemessenheit der Rententafel AVÖ 2005-R](https://avoe.at/zur-angemessenheit-der-rententafel-avoe-2005-r/, Arbeitskreis Rechnungsgrundlagen, Aktuarvereinigung Österreichs (AVÖ), 24.Oktober 2019

Comparisons

plotMortalityTables(RR67, EROM85.male, EROF85.female, EROM.G1950.male.av, EROF.G1950.female.av, AVOe1996R[, "Einzel"], AVOe2005R[c("m", "w"), "Einzel","loaded"],
                    aes = aes(color = year), Period = 2020, title = "Austrian Annuity Tables, Period 2020", 
                    legend.position = "right"
) + facet_grid(sex ~ .)

plotMortalityTables(RR67, EROM85.male, EROF85.female, EROM.G1950.male.av, EROF.G1950.female.av, AVOe1996R[, "Einzel"],AVOe2005R[c("m", "w"), "Einzel","loaded"],
                    aes = aes(color = year), YOB = 1965, title = "Austrian Annuity Tables, Cohort 1965", 
                    legend.position = "right"
) + facet_grid(sex ~ .)

Population Mortality (Austrian Census tables)

Census tables

• gender-specific period tables
• male+female, unisex only starting 2000/02; ages 0--95, from 1930 on 0--100
• Based on the official census data:
• 1868/71
• 1879/82
• 1889/92
• 1899/1902
• 1909/12
• 1930/33
• 1949/51
• 1959/61
• 1970/72
• 1980/82
• 1990/92
• 2000/02
• 2010/12
• 2020/22
• Usage with the MortalityTables package:

mortalityTables.load("Austria_Census")
mort.AT.census

• Source: Statistik Austria, http://statistik.at/wcm/idc/idcplg?IdcService=GET_NATIVE_FILE&RevisionSelectionMethod=LatestReleased&dDocName=022541

Official population forecast (by Statistik Austria)

• Gender-specific forecast (middle scenario) of the mortalities to 2080
• Provided by Statistik Austria (no formal publication of the tables), can be used freely with attribution
• Usage with the MortalityTables package:

mortalityTables.load("Austria_PopulationForecast")
mort.AT.forecast
mortalityTables.load("Austria_PopulationObserved")

Markov-Chain-Monte-Carlo-fitted population forecast (by J. Hirz)

• Gender-specific forecast (middle scenario) of the mortalities by a MCMC-fit of age-specific trend factors
• Derived for the Austrian pension Table AVÖ 2018-P.
• Creator: Jonas Hirz
• Usage with the MortalityTables package:

mortalityTables.load("Austria_PopulationMCMC")
mort.AT.MCMC

• Source: R. Kainhofer, J. Hirz, A. Schubert: AVÖ 2018-P - Rechnungsgrundlagen für die Pensionsversicherung, Dokumentation der Pensionstafel, Arbeitskreis Rechnungsgrundlagen, Aktuarvereinigung Österreichs (AVÖ), 30. August 2018. https://oefdv.avoe.at/rechnungsgrundlagen/

Observed population mortalities 1947--2022 (by Statistik Austria)

• Gender-specific observations of the mortalities from 1947
• Provided by Statistik Austria (no formal publication of the tables), can be used freely with attribution
• Usage with the MortalityTables package:

mortalityTables.load("Austria_PopulationObserved")
mort.AT.observed.male
mort.AT.observed.female
mort.AT.observed.unisex

Comparison

plotMortalityTables(
  mort.AT.census[c("m", "w"),],

  aes = aes(color = table),
  legend.position = "right", legend.key.width = unit(2, "lines"),
  title = "Comparison of Austrian Census Mortalities"
) + labs(color = NULL) + facet_grid(sex ~ .)

plotMortalityTables(
  mort.AT.census[c("m", "w"),"2011"],
  mort.AT.forecast %>% mT.setDimInfo(table = "Official forecast"),
  mort.AT.MCMC[c("m", "w")] %>% mT.setDimInfo(table = "MCMC forecast"),

  YOB = 1980,
  aes = aes(color = table),
  legend.position = "right", legend.key.width = unit(2, "lines"),
  title = "Projected Austrian Population Mortalities, YOB 1980"

) + labs(color = NULL) + facet_grid(sex ~ .)

plotMortalityTables(
  mort.AT.observed.male,
  mort.AT.observed.female,
  mort.AT.observed.unisex,

  YOB = 1940,
  aes = aes(color = sex),
  legend.position = "right", legend.key.width = unit(2, "lines"),
  title = "Historic Austrian Population Mortalities (yearly raw observations), YOB 1940"
)

Occupational Pensions

Ettl-Pagler

• gender-specific period tables for active and disabled persons (also transitions), as well as pensioners and widows
• second-order table, describing the transition probabilities of the Austrian social security system

# pensionTables.load("Austria_EttlPagler")
# EttlPagler.male
# EttlPagler.female

• Source: Ettl W. und Pagler F.: "Rechnungsgrundlagen für die Pensionsversicherung", Verlag: Verband der wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaften Österreichs, Wien, 1989

AVÖ 1999-P - Rechnungsgrundlagen für die Pensionsversicherung - Pagler-Pagler

• gender-specific period tables for active and disabled persons (also transitions), as well as pensioners and widows
• 2 Variants: "P" for pension reserves, "PK" for pension funds
• 2 collectives: White-collar workers ("Angestellte") and mixed collective of white- and blue-collar workers
• second-order table, describing the transition probabilities of the Austrian social security system
• Publisher: Aktuarvereinigung Österreichs (AVÖ), Creator: Pagler & Pagler
• No documentation available

# pensionTables.load("Austria_AVOe1999P")
# AVOe1999P

AVÖ 2008-P - Rechnungsgrundlagen für die Pensionsversicherung - Pagler-Pagler

• gender-specific period tables for active and disabled persons (also transitions), as well as pensioners and widows
• 2 Variants: "P" for pension reserves, "PK" for pension funds
• 2 collectives: White-collar workers ("Angestellte") and mixed collective of white- and blue-collar workers
• second-order table, describing the transition probabilities of the Austrian social security system
• Publisher: Aktuarvereinigung Österreichs (AVÖ), Creator: Pagler & Pagler
• No documentation available

# pensionTables.load("Austria_AVOe2008P")
# AVOe2008P

AVÖ 2018-P - Rechnungsgrundlagen für die Pensionsversicherung

• gender-specific period tables for active and disabled persons (also transitions), as well as pensioners and widows
• 2 Variants: "Rehageld" ("rehab money") considered as invalidity or considered as active
• 2 collectives: White-collar workers ("Angestellte") and mixed collective of white- and blue-collar workers
• second-order table, describing real the transition probabilities of the Austrian social security system (2000/2010 -- 2016)
• Publisher: Aktuarvereinigung Österreichs (AVÖ), Creator: R. Kainhofer, J. Hirz, A. Schubert

# pensionTables.load("Austria_AVOe2018P")
# AVOe2018P

• Source: R. Kainhofer, J. Hirz, A. Schubert: AVÖ 2018-P - Rechnungsgrundlagen für die Pensionsversicherung, Dokumentation der Pensionstafel, Arbeitskreis Rechnungsgrundlagen, Aktuarvereinigung Österreichs (AVÖ), 30. August 2018. https://oefdv.avoe.at/rechnungsgrundlagen/

Experience Tables

Gesamtbestand (total portfolio) of life insurance companies 2012--16

• gender-specific experience tables (period tables for 2012--16, central year 2014) for the whole Austrian insurance portfolio
• separated into tradiional and unit-linlked contracts
• Experience mortality and lapse rates for the total portfolio of all Austrian Life insurance companies, 2012-2016
• Publisher: Aktuarvereinigung Österreichs (AVÖ)
• Creator: G. Friesacher, Th. Spanninger, R. Kainhofer Usage with the MortalityTables package:

mortalityTables.load("Austria_VUGesamtbestand_2012-16")
VU.Gesamtbestand
VU.Gesamtbestand.Storno
VU.Gesamtbestand.Detail

plotMortalityTables(VU.Gesamtbestand, legend.position = c(0.01, 0.99), legend.justification = c(0,1), title = "Austrian insurance portfolio moratlities 2012-16")

Source: G. Friesacher, Th. Spanninger, R. Kainhofer: Gesamtbestandstafel -- Lebensversicherungsbestand in Österreich von 2012 bis 2016, Arbeitskreis Rechnungsgrundlagen, Aktuarvereinigung Österreichs (AVÖ), 24. Oktober 2019. https://avoe.at/referenzsterbetafel-und-stornovektor-des-gesamtbestands-2012-16/

Gesamtbestand (total portfolio) of Austrian Pension Funds (Pensionskassen) 2010--16

• gender-specific experienc tables (period tables for 2010--16, central year 2013) for the four largest Austrian pension funds
• mortalities and lapse rates
• Experience mortality and lapse rates for the total portfolio of the four largest Austrian pension funds, 2010-2016
• Publisher: Aktuarvereinigung Österreichs (AVÖ)
• Creator: R. Kainhofer Usage with the MortalityTables package:

# mortalityTables.load("Austria_PK-Bestand_2010-16")
# PKBestandstafel.2010.16

# plotMortalityTables(PKBestandstafel.2010.16[,,"qx", "raw"], legend.position = "right", title = "Austrian pension fund mortalities 2010-16", aes = aes(color = type)) +
  # facet_grid(sex ~ .) + labs(color = "Collective")

Germany

Tables in use:

• Allgemeine Deutsche Sterbetafel 1924/26 -- Endowments (until 1980s)
• Sterbetafel 1967 (modified Sterbetafel der BRD 1960/62) -- Endowments (1970s-1980s)
• Sterbetafel 1986 -- Endowments
• Sterbetafel 1986 T -- Endowments (1980s--1994)
• DAV 1994-T -- Endowments (1994--)
• Sterbetafel der BRD 1949/51 -- Annuities (until 1980s)
• Sterbetafel 1987 R -- Annuities (1980s--1994)
• DAV 1994-R -- Annuities (1994--2004)
• DAV 2004-R -- Annuities (2004--)

Annuities

Sterbetafel 1987 R

[TODO: Get table data!] * Source: Lühr, K.-H.: Neue Sterbetafeln für die Rentenversicherung, Blätter DGVM XVII (1986), 485--513. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02808817

DAV 1994 R:

• gender-specific tables, Base table 2000 with age-specific trends
  • male+female, ages 0-111
• approximation using age-shifting is provided (central YOB 1955)
• Usage with the MortalityTables package:

mortalityTables.load("Germany_Annuities_DAV1994R")
DAV1994R.male
DAV1994R.male.av
DAV1994R.female
DAV1994R.female.av

• Source: Deutsche Aktuarvereinigung (DAV), https://aktuar.de/unsere-themen/lebensversicherung/sterbetafeln/UT_LV_5.pdf
• Source: Schmithals B. und Schütz E. U. (1995): "Herleitung der DAV-Sterbetafel 1994 R für Rentenversicherungen", Blätter der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Versicherungsmathematik, Band XXII, Heft 1

DAV 2004 R:

• gender-specific tables, Base table 1999 with age-specific trends
  • male+female, ages 0-121
• First- and Second-Order Tables are provided, as well as a reserving table for existing business ("Bestand" and "B20")
• Variants Aggregate and Select tables (5 years) are provided
• Usage with the MortalityTables package: (only Aggregate tables)

mortalityTables.load("Germany_Annuities_DAV2004R")
DAV2004R.male
DAV2004R.male.2Ord
DAV2004R.male.av
DAV2004R.male.av.2Ord
DAV2004R.female
DAV2004R.female.2Ord
DAV2004R.female.av
DAV2004R.female.av.2Ord

• Source: Deutsche Aktuarvereinigung (DAV), https://aktuar.de/unsere-themen/lebensversicherung/sterbetafeln/2023-06-28_DAV-Richtlinie_Herleitung_DAV2004R.pdf

Comparison

plotMortalityTables(
  DAV1994R.male, DAV1994R.female, 
  DAV2004R.male, DAV2004R.male.2Ord, 
  DAV2004R.female, DAV2004R.female.2Ord,

  Period = 2000, aes = aes(linetype = sex, color = interaction(year, data)), 
  legend.position = c(0.01, 0.99), legend.justification = c(0,1), legend.key.width = unit(2, "lines"),
  title = "Comparison of German Annuity Tables, Period 2000"
) + labs(linetype = NULL, color = NULL)

plotMortalityTrend(
  DAV1994R.male, DAV1994R.female, 
  DAV2004R.male, DAV2004R.male.2Ord, 
  DAV2004R.female, DAV2004R.female.2Ord,

  Period = 2000, aes = aes(linetype = sex, color = interaction(year, data)), 
  legend.position = c(0.99, 0.99), legend.justification = c(1,1), legend.key.width = unit(2, "lines"), 
  title = "Age-specific trends of German Annuity Tables, Period 2000"
) + labs(linetype = NULL, color = NULL) + theme(legend.box.just = "right")

Population Mortality (German Census tables)

• gender-specific period tables
• male+female, unisex only 2000/02 and 2010/12; ages 0--95, from 1930 on 0--100
• Based on the official census data:
• 1871/80
• 1881/90
• 1891/1900
• 1901/10
• 1910/11
• 1924/26
• 1932/34
• 1949/51
• 1960/62
• 1970/72

• 1986/88

• Usage with the MortalityTables package:

mortalityTables.load("Germany_Census")
mort.DE.census

• Source: Allgemeine Sterbetafeln, abgekürzte Sterbetafelnund Sterbetafeln, 1871/1881 bis 2008/2010. Wiesbaden. Statist. Bundesamt. Artikel 5126202109005, Mai 2012. https://www.statistischebibliothek.de/mir/receive/DESerie_mods_00002188

Comparison

plotMortalityTables(
  mort.DE.census,

  aes = aes(color = table),
  legend.position = "right", legend.key.width = unit(2, "lines"),
  title = "Comparison of German Census Mortalities"
) + labs(color = NULL) + facet_grid(sex ~ .)

Tables for contract with death characteristics (Life Insurances, Endowments)

Association Table of Assured Lives 1986

[TODO]

• Base on German Population Mortality Table 1981/83

DAV 1994 T

• gender-specific cohort table for German whole life insurances
• Based on the German Population Mortality Table 1986/88
• Generated: Deutsche Aktuarvereinigung (DAV), "Life-Insurance" committee

• Publisher: Deutsche Aktuarvereinigung (DAV), https://aktuar.de/unsere-themen/lebensversicherung/Seiten/default.aspx

• Usage with the MortalityTables package:

mortalityTables.load("Germany_Endowments_DAV1994T")
DAV1994T.male
DAV1994T.male.2Ord
DAV1994T.female
DAV1994T.female.2Ord

• Source: H. Loebus: Bestimmung einer angemessenen Sterbetafel für Lebensversicherungen mit Todesfallcharakter, Blätter DGVM XXI (1994), 497--524. https://aktuar.de/unsere-themen/lebensversicherung/Seiten/default.aspx

DAV 2008 T, DAV 2008 T R/NR

• gender-specific cohort table for German whole life insurances
• Based on reinsurance data 2001--2004 (47 German insurance companies)
• Generated: Deutsche Aktuarvereinigung (DAV), "Life-Insurance" committee
• Publisher: Deutsche Aktuarvereinigung (DAV), https://aktuar.de/unsere-themen/lebensversicherung/Seiten/default.aspx

• Minimum standard prescribed by the DAV to be used for reserving unit-linked, endowment and whole life insurances in Germany

• Usage with the MortalityTables package:

mortalityTables.load("Germany_Endowments_DAV2008T")
DAV2008T.male
DAV2008T.male.2Ord
DAV2008T.male.nonsmoker
DAV2008T.male.nonsmoker.2Ord
DAV2008T.male.smoker
DAV2008T.male.smoker.2Ord

DAV2008T.female
DAV2008T.female.2Ord
DAV2008T.female.nonsmoker
DAV2008T.female.nonsmoker.2Ord
DAV2008T.female.smoker
DAV2008T.female.smoker.2Ord

• Source: Herleitung der Sterbetafel DAV 2008 T für Lebensversicherungen mit Todesfallcharakter, Deutsche Aktuarvereinigung (DAV), 22.11.2008. https://aktuar.de/unsere-themen/lebensversicherung/sterbetafeln/2022-11-29_DAV-Richtlinie_Herleitung_DAV2008T.pdf
• Source: Raucher- und Nichtrauchersterbetafeln für Lebensversicherungen mit Todesfallcharakter, Deutsche Aktuarvereinigung (DAV), 22.11.2008. https://aktuar.de/unsere-themen/lebensversicherung/sterbetafeln/2022-11-29_DAV-Richtlinie_Herleitung_DAV2008T_R_NR.pdf

Comparisons

plotMortalityTables(
  DAV1994T.male, DAV1994T.male.2Ord, DAV2008T.male, DAV2008T.male.2Ord, DAV2008T.male.nonsmoker,  DAV2008T.male.smoker,
  DAV1994T.female, DAV1994T.female.2Ord, DAV2008T.female, DAV2008T.female.2Ord, DAV2008T.female.nonsmoker,  DAV2008T.female.smoker,
  aes = aes(color = interaction(year, collar), linetype = data), legend.position = "right", legend.key.width = unit(1.5, "lines"),
  title = "German whole life mortality tables"
) + facet_grid(sex ~ .)

Occupational Disability

DAV 1997 I

[TODO] https://aktuar.de/unsere-themen/lebensversicherung/Seiten/default.aspx

• Source: Kolster N., Loebus H. und Mörtlbauer W. (1998): "Neue Rechnungsgrundlagen für die Berufsunfähigkeitsversicherung DAV 1997", Blätter der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Versicherungsmathematik, Band XXIII, Heft 4

DAV 1998 EU

[TODO] https://aktuar.de/unsere-themen/lebensversicherung/Seiten/default.aspx

DAV 2001 EM/EM-T

[TODO] https://aktuar.de/unsere-themen/lebensversicherung/Seiten/default.aspx

MTPL Annuities

DAV 2006 HUR

[TODO] https://aktuar.de/unsere-themen/lebensversicherung/Seiten/default.aspx

Old-Age Care

[TODO]

DAV 2008 P

[TODO]

Occupational Pensions

Heubeck Richttafeln 1959

[TODO]

• Source: G. Heubeck, K. Fischer: Richttafeln für die Pensionsversicherung, René Fischer Verlag, Weissenburg/Bayern, 1959

Heubeck Richttafeln 1983

[TODO]

• Source: Heubeck K.: "Richttafeln", Verlag: Heubeck-Richttafeln-GmbH, Köln, 1983

Heubeck Richttafeln 1998

[TODO]

• Source: Heubeck K.: "Richttafeln 1998", Verlag Heubeck-Richttafeln-GmbH, Köln, 1998

Richttafeln DAV 2005-G

[TODO]

https://aktuar.de/unsere-themen/lebensversicherung/Seiten/default.aspx

• Source: Klaus Heubeck, Richard Herrmann und Gabriele D’Souza. „Die Richttafeln 2005 G – Modell, Herleitung, Formeln“. In: Blätter der DGVFM 27.3 (Apr. 2006), S. 473–517.

Heubeck Richttafeln 2018-G

[TODO]

United States of America

Source: [https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/pbr_data_valuation_manual_current_edition.pdf] (Appendix M)

[TODO]

Annuities (individual and group)

Whole Life Insurances

Experience Tables

Pension Plans

RP-2000

RP-2014

Source: Society of Actuaries. RP-2014 Mortality Tables Report. Techn. Ber. Okt. 2014. URL: https://www.soa.org/experience-studies/2014/research-2014-rp/.

Source: Society of Actuaries. Mortality Improvement Scale MP-2014 Report. Techn. Ber. Okt. 2014. URL: https://www.soa.org/experience-studies/2014/research-2014-mp/.

MortalityTables documentation built on Nov. 2, 2023, 5:52 p.m.