cff_class: The 'cff' class

In cffr: Generate Citation File Format ('CFF') Metadata

The cff class

Description

cffr implements an S3 object with base::class() cff, which represents the information in a CITATION.cff file in R.

Under the hood, a cff object is a named list with additional methods, most notably print() and as_cff().

a_named_list <- list(
  first = "I", second = "am", third = "a", fourth = "list",
  fifth = "with", sixth = "names", "none" = NULL
)

# Convert to `cff`.
a_cff_object <- as_cff(a_named_list)

class(a_cff_object)
#> [1] "cff"

a_cff_object
#> first: I
#> second: am
#> third: a
#> fourth: list
#> fifth: with
#> sixth: names

is.list(a_cff_object)
#> [1] TRUE

as_cff() converts a list to cff and removes elements that are NULL or NA. Named elements are known as keys in CFF terminology.

Subclasses

cffr implements two special subclasses of cff, which represent two types of objects defined in the Citation File Format schema:

• definitions.person and definitions.entity: CFF definitions for sublists representing persons or entities. In cffr, the subclass cff_pers_lst collects an array of definitions.person or definitions.entity objects, where each individual person or entity has subclass cff_pers.

• definitions.reference: The CFF definition for references to related works and other software used in the main work described by the CITATION.cff file. In cffr, the subclass cff_ref_lst represents arrays of definitions.reference objects, where each element has subclass cff_ref.

These subclasses are not complete, valid cff objects. They adapt information to the structures required by the CFF schema.

The examples below use utils::person().

## Array.
two_persons <- as_cff_person(
  c(
    person("A", "person", comment = c(ORCID = "0000-0001-8457-4658")),
    person("An entity", email = "[e-mail]")
  )
)

two_persons
#> - family-names: person
#>   given-names: A
#>   orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8457-4658
#> - name: An entity
#>   email: [e-mail]

class(two_persons)
#> [1] "cff_pers_lst" "cff"

# Single element.

two_persons[[1]]
#> family-names: person
#> given-names: A
#> orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8457-4658

class(two_persons[[1]])
#> [1] "cff_pers" "cff"

# Array of references.

cit <- c(citation(), citation("jsonlite"))

ref_list <- as_cff(cit)

ref_list
#> - type: manual
#>   title: 'R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing'
#>   authors:
#>   - name: R Core Team
#>     website: https://ror.org/02zz1nj61
#>   institution:
#>     name: R Foundation for Statistical Computing
#>     website: https://ror.org/05qewa988
#>     address: Vienna, Austria
#>   year: '2026'
#>   doi: 10.32614/R.manuals
#>   url: https://www.R-project.org/
#> - type: article
#>   title: 'The jsonlite Package: A Practical and Consistent Mapping Between JSON Data
#>     and R Objects'
#>   authors:
#>   - family-names: Ooms
#>     given-names: Jeroen
#>   journal: arXiv:1403.2805 [stat.CO]
#>   year: '2014'
#>   url: https://arxiv.org/abs/1403.2805

class(ref_list)
#> [1] "cff_ref_lst" "cff"

# Single element.

ref_list[[1]]
#> type: manual
#> title: 'R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing'
#> authors:
#> - name: R Core Team
#>   website: https://ror.org/02zz1nj61
#> institution:
#>   name: R Foundation for Statistical Computing
#>   website: https://ror.org/05qewa988
#>   address: Vienna, Austria
#> year: '2026'
#> doi: 10.32614/R.manuals
#> url: https://www.R-project.org/

class(ref_list[[1]])
#> [1] "cff_ref" "cff"

Valid cff objects

Creating a cff object does not ensure its validity against the Citation File Format schema:

class(a_cff_object)
#> [1] "cff"

cff_validate(a_cff_object)
#> == Validating CFF ==============================================================
#> x Validation failed. This <cff> object has 10 validation errors:
#> * cff/: must have required property 'authors'
#> * cff/: must have required property 'cff-version'
#> * cff/: must have required property 'message'
#> * cff/: must have required property 'title'
#> * cff/: must NOT have additional properties
#> * cff/: must NOT have additional properties
#> * cff/: must NOT have additional properties
#> * cff/: must NOT have additional properties
#> * cff/: must NOT have additional properties
#> * cff/: must NOT have additional properties

cff_validate() reports validation problems and invisibly returns TRUE or FALSE.

We can use cff_modify() to add more keys:

cff_valid <- cff_modify(a_cff_object,
  authors = as_cff_person("{James and James}"),
  cff_version = "1.2.0",
  message = "Hi there",
  title = "My title"
)

# Remove invalid keys.
cff_valid <- as_cff(cff_valid[names(cff_valid) %in% cff_schema_keys()])

cff_valid
#> authors:
#> - name: James and James
#> cff-version: 1.2.0
#> message: Hi there
#> title: My title

cff_validate(cff_valid)
#> == Validating CFF ==============================================================
#> v This <cff> object is valid.

Base methods provided by cffr

cffr provides additional S3 methods for common coercion functions from the base and utils namespaces.

as.data.frame()

minimal_cff <- cff()

minimal_cff
#> cff-version: 1.2.0
#> message: If you use this software, please cite it using these metadata.
#> title: My Research Software
#> authors:
#> - family-names: Doe
#>   given-names: John

as_df <- as.data.frame(minimal_cff)

class(as_df)
#> [1] "data.frame"

t(as_df)
#>                         [,1]                                                            
#> cff_version             "1.2.0"                                                         
#> message                 "If you use this software, please cite it using these metadata."
#> title                   "My Research Software"                                          
#> authors.00.family_names "Doe"                                                           
#> authors.00.given_names  "John"

c()

new_keys <- c("date-released" = "2020-01-31", abstract = "Minimal example")

c(minimal_cff, new_keys)
#> cff-version: 1.2.0
#> message: If you use this software, please cite it using these metadata.
#> title: My Research Software
#> authors:
#> - family-names: Doe
#>   given-names: John
#> date-released: '2020-01-31'
#> abstract: Minimal example

as.list()

as.list(minimal_cff)
#> $`cff-version`
#> [1] "1.2.0"
#> 
#> $message
#> [1] "If you use this software, please cite it using these metadata."
#> 
#> $title
#> [1] "My Research Software"
#> 
#> $authors
#> $authors[[1]]
#> $authors[[1]]$`family-names`
#> [1] "Doe"
#> 
#> $authors[[1]]$`given-names`
#> [1] "John"

as.person()

Only for cff_pers_lst and cff_pers objects:

as.person(two_persons)
#> [1] "A person (ORCID: <https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8457-4658>)"
#> [2] "An entity <[e-mail]>"

toBibtex()

# For `cff`.
toBibtex(minimal_cff)
#> @Misc{doe,
#>   title = {My Research Software},
#>   author = {John Doe},
#> }

# For `cff_ref` and `cff_ref_lst`.
toBibtex(cit)
#> @Manual{,
#>   title = {R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing},
#>   author = {{R Core Team}},
#>   organization = {R Foundation for Statistical Computing},
#>   address = {Vienna, Austria},
#>   year = {2026},
#>   doi = {10.32614/R.manuals},
#>   url = {https://www.R-project.org/},
#> }
#> 
#> @Article{,
#>   title = {The jsonlite Package: A Practical and Consistent Mapping Between JSON Data and R Objects},
#>   author = {Jeroen Ooms},
#>   journal = {arXiv:1403.2805 [stat.CO]},
#>   year = {2014},
#>   url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1403.2805},
#> }

# For `cff_pers` and `cff_pers_lst`.
toBibtex(two_persons)
#> person, A and {An entity}

Value

A documentation topic describing the cff class and subclasses.

References

Wickham H (2019). "S3." In Advanced R, 2nd edition. Chapman and Hall/CRC. \Sexpr[results=rd]{tools:::Rd_expr_doi("10.1201/9781351201315")}. https://adv-r.hadley.nz/s3.html.

See Also

Convert between R classes: as_bibentry(), as_cff(), as_cff_person()

cffr documentation built on Aug. 24, 2026, 5:11 p.m.