make.truth | R Documentation |
For simulations. These methods, given an elec.data object, make a “truth”—i.e. a different vote count—that meets the same precinct and tot.votes structure, but has potentially different results and outcomes.
make.truth.opt.bad
makes the “optimally worse truth”, where the
error needed to flip the winner and runner-up is packed into as a few
precincts as possible.
make.ok.truth
makes the truth have the same outcome as the reported,
but some errors here and there.
Warning: if bound is WPM this error is made by simply adding the max amount of error to the first loser's total (so that total votes may in this case exceed the total votes of the precinct)–this could potentially cause trouble. Be careful!
make bad truth as described in Stark's paper (assuming fixed precinct size)
make.truth.ex.bad(Z) make.truth.opt.bad(Z, strata = "strata", bound = c("margin", "WPM"), t = 0) make.truth.opt.bad.strat(Z, strata = "strata", t = 3, shuffle.strata = FALSE) make.ok.truth(Z, num.off = 8, amount.off = 5)
Z |
The elec.data to build from. |
strata |
name of column holding strata, if any. |
bound |
What sort of maximum error can be held in a precinct. |
t |
an allowed backgound level of error for all precincts |
shuffle.strata |
Should the error be randomly put in the strata? |
num.off |
Number of precincts that should have small errors. Direction of errors split 50-50 positive and negative. |
amount.off |
Size of the small errors that should be imposed. |
Another elec.data matrix with the same candidates and total ballot counts as the passed frame, but with different candidate totals and by-precinct votes. Can be used to test the power or actual confidence of the various auditing procedures.
WARNING: make.ok.truth randomly adds votes and can thus sometimes exceed the allowed ballot count for a precinct by small amounts.
WARNING: If the desired bound is WPM, the error in make.opt.bad.truth is made by simply adding the maximum allowed amount of error in votes to the first loser's total (so that total votes may in this case exceed the total votes of the precinct)–this could potentially cause trouble. Be careful!
WARNING: make.truth.ex.bad
and make.truth.opt.bad.strat
only
work in conjunction with the make.cartoon
method.
Luke W. Miratrix
elec.data
make.sample
do.audit
make.cartoon
## First make a fake election. Z = make.sample(0.08, 150, per.winner=0.4, R=2.2) Z ## Now make a fake truth, which has a lot of small errors: Zb = make.ok.truth(Z, num.off=150, amount.off=5) Zb ## Finally, make the hardest to detect (via SRS) ``wrong'' election: Zw = make.truth.opt.bad( Z, t=4 ) Zw
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