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vignettes/ggplot2-training.md
In figuRes2: Support for a Variety of Figure Production Tasks
title: "Data Manipulation & ggplot2 Training Session"
author: "Greg Cicconetti"
date: '2022-08-15'
output: html_document
editor_options:
chunk_output_type: console
%\VignetteEngine{knitr::knitr}
%\VignetteIndexEntry{Data Manipulation & ggplot2 Training Session}
%\VignetteDepends{tidyverse, figuRes2, latex2exp, scales, gridExtra}
Load packages
require(tidyverse)
## Loading required package: tidyverse
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require(gridExtra)
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require(scales)
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require(figuRes2)
require(latex2exp)
## Loading required package: latex2exp
Getting started with graphics with the computer screen in mind
Warm-up with some comparison with Base R:
Histogram, boxplot, scatterplot in base R
Base R is great for getting a quick view of your data:
x <- rnorm(100)
hist(x)
boxplot(x)
plot(x)
Histogram, boxplot, scatterplot in ggplot
But ggplot2 offers aesthetic and programming advantages.
my.df <- data.frame(x=x)
ggplot(data=my.df, aes(x=x)) + geom_histogram()
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
ggplot(data=my.df, aes(x=factor(""), y=x)) + geom_boxplot()
ggplot(data=my.df, aes(x=1:100, y=x))+geom_point()
Getting aquainted with a dummy demography data set
This is dummy data set we will use to create some graphics.
# dframe=read.csv("demog.csv")
data(demog.data)
Explore data
head(demog.data)
## CENTREID SUBJID AGE SEX TRTGRP REGION HEIGHT WEIGHT DIABET
## 5699 60016 17380 58 M Treatment Asia/Pacific 165 65.0 1
## 8622 67458 24040 62 M Placebo Western Europe 181 88.0 0
## 11716 58401 30384 63 M Placebo Western Europe 175 77.0 0
## 9633 57867 26373 63 F Placebo Western Europe 159 81.4 0
## 13562 59286 34327 70 M Treatment Western Europe 160 81.3 1
## 4004 59512 13390 80 M Treatment Asia/Pacific 151 62.0 0
## SYSBP DIABP BMI BMI.GRP GFR.GRP HDLC
## 5699 116 78 23.87511 <25 kg/m2 Mild 1.04
## 8622 132 79 26.86121 25-<30 kg/m2 Mild 1.14
## 11716 140 81 25.14286 25-<30 kg/m2 Normal 1.83
## 9633 165 101 32.19809 >=30 kg/m2 Mild 1.82
## 13562 132 78 31.75781 >=30 kg/m2 Mild 1.30
## 4004 144 83 27.19179 25-<30 kg/m2 Mild 1.38
Getting aquainted with REGION column
This a column holding info on Region.
table(demog.data$REGION)
##
## Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe North America South America Western Europe
## 1013 1098 1224 375 1290
data.frame(table(demog.data$REGION))
## Var1 Freq
## 1 Asia/Pacific 1013
## 2 Eastern Europe 1098
## 3 North America 1224
## 4 South America 375
## 5 Western Europe 1290
Bar charts
Suppose we want a simple univariate barchart
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=REGION)) + geom_bar()
Swap X and Y Axes with coord_flip
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=REGION)) + geom_bar() + coord_flip()
Assignment of ggplot object to variable
p <- ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=REGION)) + geom_bar() + coord_flip()
# print or simply send p to command line
print(p)
Manipulate labels and tick marks
Add labels
p + labs(title="Barchart of Regions", y = "Count", x="Region", subtitle="My subtitle", caption="My caption")
Manipulate tickmarks
We can control the tick marks using the breaks option. It is good practice to use breaks which extend up to or beyond the planned limits of the graph.
p + scale_y_continuous(breaks=seq(0,6000, 500), limits= c(0, 5000))
# Note that tick mark at 5000 is not printed.
p + scale_y_continuous(breaks=seq(0,4500, 500), limits= c(0, 5000))
Altogether now...
p + labs(title="Barchart of Regions", y = "Count", x="Region", subtitle="My subtitle", caption="My caption")+ scale_y_continuous(breaks=seq(0,4000, 500))
Manipulating the orders factor levels are plotted
To exert control over the order of categories, we need to convert REGION from a character vector into a factor vector.
class(demog.data)
## [1] "data.frame"
demog.data$REGION
## [1] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe
## [5] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [9] North America Asia/Pacific Western Europe South America
## [13] Asia/Pacific North America Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [17] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [21] North America North America Eastern Europe North America
## [25] North America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe North America
## [29] Asia/Pacific North America Western Europe North America
## [33] North America Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe
## [37] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [41] Western Europe Eastern Europe North America North America
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## [49] Western Europe Western Europe North America South America
## [53] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [57] Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific North America
## [61] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [65] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America North America
## [69] Western Europe North America North America South America
## [73] Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [77] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [81] Eastern Europe Western Europe North America Western Europe
## [85] North America South America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [89] North America Eastern Europe Western Europe South America
## [93] South America Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America
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## [1637] Western Europe Eastern Europe South America Asia/Pacific
## [1641] Western Europe North America North America North America
## [1645] North America North America Western Europe South America
## [1649] Western Europe Asia/Pacific North America Eastern Europe
## [1653] Eastern Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific North America
## [1657] North America North America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [1661] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific North America
## [1665] Eastern Europe North America Asia/Pacific North America
## [1669] Eastern Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [1673] Western Europe North America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [1677] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Eastern Europe South America
## [1681] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [1685] North America Asia/Pacific North America North America
## [1689] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [1693] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific North America Asia/Pacific
## [1697] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [1701] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [1705] North America Eastern Europe North America Western Europe
## [1709] Asia/Pacific North America North America Asia/Pacific
## [1713] North America Western Europe North America North America
## [1717] South America Western Europe Western Europe North America
## [1721] Western Europe North America North America North America
## [1725] Eastern Europe North America South America North America
## [1729] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [1733] South America North America Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [1737] North America Asia/Pacific Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [1741] Western Europe North America North America Eastern Europe
## [1745] Western Europe South America Asia/Pacific North America
## [1749] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [1753] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [1757] Western Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [1761] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [1765] Asia/Pacific Western Europe North America Western Europe
## [1769] Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [1773] Western Europe Western Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [1777] North America Asia/Pacific South America Asia/Pacific
## [1781] North America North America North America Western Europe
## [1785] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America
## [1789] North America Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [1793] Western Europe Western Europe South America North America
## [1797] Western Europe North America North America South America
## [1801] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America Western Europe
## [1805] Eastern Europe South America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [1809] Western Europe North America Western Europe Western Europe
## [1813] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [1817] Western Europe Asia/Pacific North America Eastern Europe
## [1821] Western Europe North America North America Asia/Pacific
## [1825] Western Europe South America Eastern Europe South America
## [1829] North America North America Asia/Pacific North America
## [1833] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific South America
## [1837] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe North America
## [1841] South America Western Europe North America South America
## [1845] North America Western Europe Western Europe North America
## [1849] Eastern Europe South America Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [1853] Asia/Pacific North America North America Eastern Europe
## [1857] Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [1861] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [1865] Asia/Pacific Western Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [1869] Western Europe South America Western Europe South America
## [1873] Western Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [1877] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe Western Europe
## [1881] Western Europe South America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [1885] North America North America Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [1889] Asia/Pacific North America Western Europe North America
## [1893] North America North America North America North America
## [1897] Asia/Pacific North America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [1901] Asia/Pacific North America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [1905] Eastern Europe North America Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [1909] North America Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [1913] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Western Europe Western Europe
## [1917] North America South America North America Eastern Europe
## [1921] Western Europe Western Europe North America Asia/Pacific
## [1925] South America Asia/Pacific North America South America
## [1929] North America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [1933] Asia/Pacific Western Europe South America Asia/Pacific
## [1937] Western Europe South America Western Europe Western Europe
## [1941] Western Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe South America
## [1945] North America South America Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [1949] Western Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [1953] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America
## [1957] Western Europe Western Europe North America Asia/Pacific
## [1961] South America North America Asia/Pacific North America
## [1965] Western Europe South America Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [1969] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [1973] Asia/Pacific North America North America Asia/Pacific
## [1977] Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific North America
## [1981] Western Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [1985] Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [1989] North America Asia/Pacific North America South America
## [1993] Western Europe North America North America Eastern Europe
## [1997] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe North America
## [2001] North America Western Europe North America Western Europe
## [2005] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [2009] Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [2013] Eastern Europe North America Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [2017] North America Eastern Europe South America Eastern Europe
## [2021] Western Europe Eastern Europe South America Western Europe
## [2025] North America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America
## [2029] North America North America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [2033] Western Europe Western Europe North America North America
## [2037] North America South America Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [2041] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe North America
## [2045] South America Western Europe Asia/Pacific South America
## [2049] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific North America North America
## [2053] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America Western Europe
## [2057] South America Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2061] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2065] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific North America North America
## [2069] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2073] Western Europe North America North America Western Europe
## [2077] North America North America Western Europe Western Europe
## [2081] Asia/Pacific South America North America Western Europe
## [2085] Asia/Pacific South America North America Eastern Europe
## [2089] North America Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [2093] Asia/Pacific South America Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [2097] North America Eastern Europe North America North America
## [2101] North America Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [2105] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [2109] Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2113] North America Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2117] North America South America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2121] Western Europe Western Europe North America Western Europe
## [2125] Eastern Europe North America Western Europe South America
## [2129] Asia/Pacific North America Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [2133] North America Western Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2137] North America Western Europe North America North America
## [2141] Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe North America
## [2145] Asia/Pacific North America Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2149] North America North America Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [2153] North America Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [2157] Eastern Europe Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe
## [2161] Eastern Europe Western Europe North America North America
## [2165] Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [2169] Asia/Pacific North America South America Western Europe
## [2173] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [2177] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [2181] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [2185] Western Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific South America
## [2189] Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [2193] North America Western Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [2197] Asia/Pacific South America Western Europe Western Europe
## [2201] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific North America
## [2205] South America North America Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [2209] North America North America Western Europe Western Europe
## [2213] Western Europe North America Western Europe Western Europe
## [2217] North America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [2221] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [2225] Western Europe North America Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [2229] South America Western Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [2233] Asia/Pacific North America North America North America
## [2237] North America Western Europe Western Europe South America
## [2241] Western Europe Western Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [2245] Eastern Europe Western Europe North America North America
## [2249] Western Europe Asia/Pacific North America Western Europe
## [2253] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe Western Europe
## [2257] Asia/Pacific North America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [2261] Western Europe North America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2265] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America South America
## [2269] North America Asia/Pacific North America South America
## [2273] Western Europe Western Europe North America Asia/Pacific
## [2277] North America Western Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2281] South America Asia/Pacific North America Asia/Pacific
## [2285] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2289] Western Europe Western Europe South America Asia/Pacific
## [2293] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe North America
## [2297] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [2301] Western Europe Western Europe North America Western Europe
## [2305] South America Western Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [2309] Western Europe North America Western Europe North America
## [2313] North America Asia/Pacific Western Europe North America
## [2317] Western Europe Eastern Europe South America Western Europe
## [2321] North America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [2325] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America
## [2329] North America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [2333] Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe North America
## [2337] Asia/Pacific Western Europe North America North America
## [2341] Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [2345] Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe North America
## [2349] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2353] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [2357] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2361] Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe North America
## [2365] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America
## [2369] Eastern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2373] Asia/Pacific North America Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [2377] Eastern Europe North America North America Western Europe
## [2381] South America Western Europe North America North America
## [2385] South America North America North America Eastern Europe
## [2389] North America North America Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2393] North America Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [2397] Asia/Pacific North America North America Western Europe
## [2401] Asia/Pacific North America Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [2405] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [2409] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [2413] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [2417] Asia/Pacific North America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [2421] South America Western Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [2425] North America Eastern Europe North America South America
## [2429] Western Europe North America Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [2433] Asia/Pacific Western Europe South America Asia/Pacific
## [2437] North America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2441] Western Europe Asia/Pacific North America Asia/Pacific
## [2445] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific South America Eastern Europe
## [2449] Western Europe Western Europe North America North America
## [2453] North America Eastern Europe Western Europe South America
## [2457] North America Eastern Europe Western Europe Western Europe
## [2461] South America South America South America North America
## [2465] Asia/Pacific North America North America Western Europe
## [2469] Eastern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [2473] Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [2477] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2481] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2485] Eastern Europe North America Asia/Pacific North America
## [2489] Western Europe North America Eastern Europe North America
## [2493] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [2497] Western Europe Asia/Pacific South America Eastern Europe
## [2501] Eastern Europe North America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [2505] Western Europe South America North America Asia/Pacific
## [2509] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe South America
## [2513] North America Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [2517] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe Western Europe
## [2521] Western Europe North America Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [2525] Asia/Pacific North America South America North America
## [2529] Asia/Pacific North America Eastern Europe North America
## [2533] Eastern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe North America
## [2537] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [2541] South America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [2545] Western Europe South America Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [2549] Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [2553] Western Europe Asia/Pacific South America North America
## [2557] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific North America Western Europe
## [2561] Western Europe Eastern Europe South America Asia/Pacific
## [2565] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [2569] Asia/Pacific Western Europe North America South America
## [2573] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe North America South America
## [2577] North America Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [2581] Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [2585] North America North America Western Europe North America
## [2589] North America Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [2593] Eastern Europe Western Europe South America South America
## [2597] Western Europe Eastern Europe North America North America
## [2601] Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2605] Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe North America
## [2609] Eastern Europe Western Europe Western Europe North America
## [2613] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [2617] North America Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [2621] North America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [2625] Eastern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2629] Eastern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2633] Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [2637] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America Eastern Europe
## [2641] Eastern Europe North America Western Europe North America
## [2645] Western Europe South America North America North America
## [2649] Asia/Pacific North America North America South America
## [2653] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [2657] Western Europe North America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [2661] Western Europe South America Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [2665] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [2669] South America Western Europe North America North America
## [2673] Western Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific North America
## [2677] Asia/Pacific Western Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [2681] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe North America Western Europe
## [2685] Western Europe North America North America Eastern Europe
## [2689] Eastern Europe North America Asia/Pacific South America
## [2693] North America North America Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [2697] South America North America South America Asia/Pacific
## [2701] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [2705] Asia/Pacific South America North America Eastern Europe
## [2709] North America North America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2713] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Western Europe South America
## [2717] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe North America Asia/Pacific
## [2721] Eastern Europe Western Europe Western Europe South America
## [2725] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe Western Europe
## [2729] Western Europe North America Western Europe South America
## [2733] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe North America
## [2737] Asia/Pacific North America North America Asia/Pacific
## [2741] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [2745] Western Europe Western Europe North America Western Europe
## [2749] Eastern Europe North America South America Eastern Europe
## [2753] North America Western Europe North America Asia/Pacific
## [2757] South America Eastern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [2761] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [2765] Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [2769] North America Western Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2773] Western Europe North America South America Western Europe
## [2777] Eastern Europe North America Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [2781] Western Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [2785] Asia/Pacific Western Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [2789] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe
## [2793] Western Europe North America Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [2797] Eastern Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [2801] Eastern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe South America
## [2805] North America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [2809] Western Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [2813] Eastern Europe North America Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [2817] Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2821] Western Europe Eastern Europe North America North America
## [2825] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2829] Western Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America
## [2833] Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe South America
## [2837] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [2841] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2845] North America North America Eastern Europe North America
## [2849] Western Europe North America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [2853] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2857] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [2861] Western Europe North America Asia/Pacific North America
## [2865] Asia/Pacific South America Western Europe North America
## [2869] Eastern Europe Western Europe North America North America
## [2873] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Western Europe North America
## [2877] North America Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [2881] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe South America
## [2885] North America Asia/Pacific North America North America
## [2889] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe South America Western Europe
## [2893] North America Asia/Pacific North America Eastern Europe
## [2897] Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2901] Asia/Pacific North America North America North America
## [2905] South America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe South America
## [2909] Eastern Europe Western Europe North America Asia/Pacific
## [2913] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2917] Asia/Pacific North America North America Eastern Europe
## [2921] Western Europe North America South America Eastern Europe
## [2925] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America Western Europe
## [2929] Western Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [2933] Asia/Pacific North America Eastern Europe North America
## [2937] Western Europe North America North America Eastern Europe
## [2941] North America North America Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [2945] Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [2949] Eastern Europe North America Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2953] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America Western Europe
## [2957] Asia/Pacific North America South America North America
## [2961] North America Eastern Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2965] South America South America Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [2969] North America Eastern Europe North America Western Europe
## [2973] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe North America
## [2977] South America Eastern Europe North America North America
## [2981] Asia/Pacific South America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2985] Western Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [2989] Western Europe South America Western Europe Western Europe
## [2993] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [2997] South America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [3001] South America Asia/Pacific Western Europe Western Europe
## [3005] Western Europe North America North America North America
## [3009] Eastern Europe Western Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [3013] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific North America
## [3017] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Western Europe North America
## [3021] Western Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America
## [3025] Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe North America
## [3029] Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe North America
## [3033] South America North America Western Europe North America
## [3037] North America Asia/Pacific North America South America
## [3041] North America North America South America Eastern Europe
## [3045] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [3049] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific South America Eastern Europe
## [3053] Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe North America
## [3057] Eastern Europe South America North America Western Europe
## [3061] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [3065] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [3069] Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe
## [3073] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe South America Western Europe
## [3077] Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [3081] North America Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [3085] North America Western Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [3089] North America North America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [3093] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America Western Europe
## [3097] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America North America
## [3101] North America South America South America Asia/Pacific
## [3105] Western Europe Western Europe South America North America
## [3109] North America Eastern Europe Western Europe Western Europe
## [3113] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [3117] Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific South America
## [3121] Eastern Europe South America Western Europe Western Europe
## [3125] North America Asia/Pacific Western Europe Western Europe
## [3129] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America North America
## [3133] Western Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe South America
## [3137] North America Eastern Europe Western Europe Western Europe
## [3141] Asia/Pacific South America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [3145] Asia/Pacific North America North America Asia/Pacific
## [3149] South America North America Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [3153] Eastern Europe Western Europe North America North America
## [3157] Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe
## [3161] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [3165] North America North America South America Asia/Pacific
## [3169] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [3173] Asia/Pacific Western Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [3177] North America Western Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [3181] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [3185] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [3189] Western Europe Western Europe South America Western Europe
## [3193] North America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [3197] South America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [3201] Western Europe Asia/Pacific North America Asia/Pacific
## [3205] North America North America Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [3209] North America Asia/Pacific South America Eastern Europe
## [3213] Asia/Pacific North America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [3217] Western Europe South America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [3221] North America Western Europe Eastern Europe North America
## [3225] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [3229] South America Asia/Pacific North America South America
## [3233] North America Eastern Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [3237] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [3241] Asia/Pacific North America Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [3245] North America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [3249] North America North America Eastern Europe North America
## [3253] North America North America Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [3257] North America Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [3261] Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe
## [3265] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [3269] North America North America North America North America
## [3273] Western Europe Asia/Pacific South America Asia/Pacific
## [3277] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [3281] Eastern Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [3285] Western Europe Western Europe North America North America
## [3289] Eastern Europe North America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [3293] Western Europe Eastern Europe North America North America
## [3297] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [3301] Asia/Pacific Western Europe North America Western Europe
## [3305] Eastern Europe Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [3309] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [3313] North America Eastern Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [3317] North America North America North America Asia/Pacific
## [3321] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [3325] North America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe North America
## [3329] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [3333] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Western Europe South America
## [3337] North America Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [3341] South America Asia/Pacific South America South America
## [3345] North America Western Europe North America North America
## [3349] North America South America South America Asia/Pacific
## [3353] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America
## [3357] North America Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe
## [3361] Eastern Europe Western Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [3365] South America North America North America Asia/Pacific
## [3369] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America Eastern Europe
## [3373] North America Eastern Europe Western Europe North America
## [3377] South America Western Europe North America Western Europe
## [3381] Western Europe North America Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [3385] Western Europe Asia/Pacific North America North America
## [3389] North America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America
## [3393] South America North America Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [3397] North America North America North America Western Europe
## [3401] North America Western Europe Western Europe South America
## [3405] Eastern Europe Western Europe South America Western Europe
## [3409] Asia/Pacific North America Western Europe Western Europe
## [3413] North America North America Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [3417] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific North America
## [3421] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe North America
## [3425] North America Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [3429] Western Europe Eastern Europe North America South America
## [3433] North America North America Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [3437] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America North America
## [3441] Western Europe North America Western Europe Western Europe
## [3445] North America Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America
## [3449] Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [3453] Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [3457] South America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [3461] Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe Western Europe
## [3465] Western Europe North America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [3469] Western Europe North America Western Europe South America
## [3473] North America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [3477] Western Europe Western Europe South America Asia/Pacific
## [3481] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [3485] South America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [3489] Asia/Pacific Western Europe South America Eastern Europe
## [3493] Asia/Pacific North America North America Western Europe
## [3497] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [3501] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America
## [3505] South America Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [3509] North America South America North America Western Europe
## [3513] Asia/Pacific South America Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [3517] North America Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe
## [3521] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe South America North America
## [3525] Asia/Pacific Western Europe South America North America
## [3529] Western Europe Eastern Europe North America Asia/Pacific
## [3533] Western Europe Asia/Pacific North America North America
## [3537] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America
## [3541] Western Europe North America North America South America
## [3545] North America Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America
## [3549] Western Europe Asia/Pacific North America Western Europe
## [3553] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Eastern Europe North America
## [3557] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [3561] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific North America
## [3565] South America Western Europe North America Western Europe
## [3569] South America North America North America North America
## [3573] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America
## [3577] North America Western Europe Asia/Pacific North America
## [3581] North America Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America
## [3585] North America Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [3589] Eastern Europe North America North America Western Europe
## [3593] Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe North America
## [3597] Western Europe Eastern Europe North America Western Europe
## [3601] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [3605] Asia/Pacific North America South America North America
## [3609] Asia/Pacific North America North America North America
## [3613] Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [3617] South America North America Eastern Europe North America
## [3621] Asia/Pacific North America North America North America
## [3625] South America Western Europe North America Asia/Pacific
## [3629] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America
## [3633] North America North America North America North America
## [3637] Western Europe North America Western Europe South America
## [3641] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe North America Western Europe
## [3645] Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe South America
## [3649] South America Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [3653] South America North America South America North America
## [3657] Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe North America
## [3661] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe North America Western Europe
## [3665] South America Western Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [3669] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [3673] North America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [3677] Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [3681] South America Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [3685] Asia/Pacific South America South America North America
## [3689] North America Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [3693] North America South America North America Eastern Europe
## [3697] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [3701] Asia/Pacific Western Europe North America North America
## [3705] North America Eastern Europe South America Eastern Europe
## [3709] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe
## [3713] Eastern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [3717] North America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [3721] North America Western Europe South America Eastern Europe
## [3725] Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe North America
## [3729] North America Western Europe Eastern Europe North America
## [3733] Eastern Europe Western Europe North America Asia/Pacific
## [3737] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Eastern Europe South America
## [3741] North America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [3745] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe South America
## [3749] Western Europe South America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [3753] Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific North America
## [3757] Western Europe South America North America North America
## [3761] Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [3765] North America North America North America Asia/Pacific
## [3769] North America Asia/Pacific South America Western Europe
## [3773] South America North America Eastern Europe South America
## [3777] Western Europe North America South America Asia/Pacific
## [3781] Western Europe Western Europe North America Western Europe
## [3785] Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe
## [3789] Western Europe Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [3793] South America North America Asia/Pacific South America
## [3797] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe North America
## [3801] Asia/Pacific South America North America Western Europe
## [3805] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe South America North America
## [3809] Eastern Europe North America North America North America
## [3813] South America Western Europe Eastern Europe North America
## [3817] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [3821] Western Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific North America
## [3825] Western Europe North America Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [3829] Eastern Europe South America South America Western Europe
## [3833] Western Europe Asia/Pacific South America North America
## [3837] North America Eastern Europe North America North America
## [3841] North America Eastern Europe Western Europe North America
## [3845] South America Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [3849] Eastern Europe North America Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [3853] Western Europe South America North America Eastern Europe
## [3857] North America Eastern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [3861] North America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [3865] Eastern Europe North America North America Asia/Pacific
## [3869] Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [3873] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [3877] North America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [3881] Western Europe North America North America Western Europe
## [3885] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [3889] South America Eastern Europe Western Europe North America
## [3893] North America Western Europe North America North America
## [3897] Western Europe North America North America Asia/Pacific
## [3901] Western Europe North America Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [3905] Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe Western Europe
## [3909] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific North America North America
## [3913] North America Western Europe Western Europe North America
## [3917] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [3921] Asia/Pacific South America Asia/Pacific North America
## [3925] Western Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe South America
## [3929] North America Western Europe North America South America
## [3933] North America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe South America
## [3937] Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [3941] Western Europe Eastern Europe North America North America
## [3945] Eastern Europe North America Western Europe North America
## [3949] Western Europe North America Asia/Pacific North America
## [3953] North America Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [3957] Western Europe Asia/Pacific North America Asia/Pacific
## [3961] Western Europe Western Europe South America Eastern Europe
## [3965] North America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [3969] Asia/Pacific South America North America Western Europe
## [3973] North America Eastern Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [3977] North America Western Europe Eastern Europe South America
## [3981] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific South America Eastern Europe
## [3985] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [3989] North America Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [3993] Eastern Europe North America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [3997] South America North America North America Asia/Pacific
## [4001] Eastern Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [4005] North America Eastern Europe Western Europe North America
## [4009] North America Western Europe South America South America
## [4013] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [4017] Western Europe South America Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [4021] North America Western Europe North America North America
## [4025] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America North America
## [4029] Eastern Europe North America Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [4033] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [4037] North America North America North America Asia/Pacific
## [4041] Eastern Europe North America North America North America
## [4045] Western Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [4049] Asia/Pacific North America Western Europe Western Europe
## [4053] Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [4057] Western Europe South America Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [4061] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Western Europe North America
## [4065] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [4069] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific North America North America
## [4073] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [4077] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America Western Europe
## [4081] Western Europe Western Europe South America Asia/Pacific
## [4085] Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe North America
## [4089] Eastern Europe South America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [4093] North America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [4097] Western Europe North America Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [4101] Eastern Europe Western Europe Western Europe North America
## [4105] Eastern Europe North America North America Eastern Europe
## [4109] Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe North America
## [4113] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [4117] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific North America
## [4121] South America Western Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [4125] Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [4129] Western Europe North America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [4133] Western Europe North America Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [4137] Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [4141] South America South America North America Asia/Pacific
## [4145] Asia/Pacific North America North America Asia/Pacific
## [4149] Western Europe South America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [4153] South America Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [4157] North America North America North America Asia/Pacific
## [4161] Asia/Pacific North America Asia/Pacific North America
## [4165] Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe South America
## [4169] North America Western Europe South America North America
## [4173] Western Europe South America North America North America
## [4177] North America Asia/Pacific Western Europe North America
## [4181] North America Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [4185] Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe North America
## [4189] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [4193] Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [4197] Western Europe North America Western Europe North America
## [4201] Eastern Europe North America North America South America
## [4205] North America Eastern Europe Western Europe South America
## [4209] South America North America North America North America
## [4213] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Eastern Europe South America
## [4217] Western Europe North America Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [4221] Western Europe North America Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [4225] Western Europe North America Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [4229] South America South America Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [4233] North America Eastern Europe North America North America
## [4237] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe South America
## [4241] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [4245] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific South America Eastern Europe
## [4249] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America North America
## [4253] North America Western Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [4257] South America South America Asia/Pacific North America
## [4261] South America North America Western Europe North America
## [4265] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Western Europe North America
## [4269] North America North America North America Eastern Europe
## [4273] North America North America Eastern Europe North America
## [4277] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific South America Eastern Europe
## [4281] Western Europe North America North America South America
## [4285] Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe North America
## [4289] North America North America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [4293] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [4297] Western Europe Eastern Europe North America Asia/Pacific
## [4301] Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe North America
## [4305] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Western Europe North America
## [4309] Asia/Pacific North America Western Europe North America
## [4313] Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe North America
## [4317] North America Asia/Pacific North America Asia/Pacific
## [4321] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America Eastern Europe
## [4325] North America Asia/Pacific North America Eastern Europe
## [4329] Western Europe South America North America Western Europe
## [4333] Eastern Europe North America Western Europe North America
## [4337] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [4341] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [4345] North America Western Europe Asia/Pacific North America
## [4349] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific North America
## [4353] Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe North America
## [4357] Asia/Pacific North America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [4361] North America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [4365] North America Eastern Europe North America South America
## [4369] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America Eastern Europe
## [4373] Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [4377] South America Western Europe North America Western Europe
## [4381] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [4385] Western Europe North America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [4389] North America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America
## [4393] North America Western Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [4397] North America Asia/Pacific Western Europe North America
## [4401] Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [4405] Eastern Europe Western Europe Western Europe North America
## [4409] Western Europe Asia/Pacific North America North America
## [4413] North America South America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [4417] South America North America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [4421] Eastern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe North America
## [4425] Eastern Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [4429] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific North America
## [4433] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [4437] Asia/Pacific South America Western Europe North America
## [4441] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [4445] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America South America
## [4449] Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [4453] Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe North America
## [4457] Western Europe North America Western Europe Western Europe
## [4461] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe South America Western Europe
## [4465] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America Asia/Pacific
## [4469] South America Western Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [4473] South America North America Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [4477] Western Europe Asia/Pacific North America Asia/Pacific
## [4481] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific South America North America
## [4485] Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [4489] North America Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [4493] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe South America North America
## [4497] North America Asia/Pacific Western Europe North America
## [4501] North America Eastern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [4505] North America Asia/Pacific South America Asia/Pacific
## [4509] Eastern Europe North America Western Europe Western Europe
## [4513] Western Europe North America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [4517] North America South America North America Western Europe
## [4521] North America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America
## [4525] South America Asia/Pacific North America Western Europe
## [4529] Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [4533] North America Asia/Pacific North America South America
## [4537] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific South America South America
## [4541] Western Europe Asia/Pacific North America Western Europe
## [4545] North America South America Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [4549] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [4553] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [4557] Western Europe North America North America Western Europe
## [4561] Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [4565] Eastern Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [4569] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [4573] South America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [4577] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe North America
## [4581] Asia/Pacific South America North America North America
## [4585] North America North America Eastern Europe North America
## [4589] North America North America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [4593] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe North America
## [4597] Western Europe North America North America North America
## [4601] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [4605] Eastern Europe Western Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [4609] South America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [4613] Eastern Europe Western Europe South America North America
## [4617] Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe North America
## [4621] Asia/Pacific North America Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [4625] North America North America North America North America
## [4629] Asia/Pacific North America Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [4633] South America Asia/Pacific South America Eastern Europe
## [4637] North America Eastern Europe Western Europe Western Europe
## [4641] South America South America South America Asia/Pacific
## [4645] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America Asia/Pacific
## [4649] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [4653] North America North America Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [4657] Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [4661] North America Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [4665] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific South America
## [4669] Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [4673] North America Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [4677] South America South America North America Western Europe
## [4681] North America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [4685] Asia/Pacific Western Europe North America North America
## [4689] Western Europe North America Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [4693] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [4697] Asia/Pacific Western Europe North America Asia/Pacific
## [4701] Eastern Europe Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe
## [4705] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [4709] Eastern Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [4713] Western Europe Western Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [4717] Western Europe Eastern Europe North America North America
## [4721] North America Asia/Pacific Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [4725] North America North America Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [4729] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [4733] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [4737] North America Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [4741] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Western Europe North America
## [4745] North America Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [4749] North America Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [4753] Eastern Europe North America Western Europe Western Europe
## [4757] Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [4761] Western Europe South America Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [4765] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [4769] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific North America Asia/Pacific
## [4773] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [4777] Western Europe North America Western Europe North America
## [4781] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe North America
## [4785] North America North America Asia/Pacific North America
## [4789] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [4793] Western Europe South America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [4797] North America North America Western Europe Western Europe
## [4801] Western Europe North America Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [4805] Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [4809] Western Europe Eastern Europe North America North America
## [4813] Eastern Europe North America North America North America
## [4817] North America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe North America
## [4821] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe North America
## [4825] Western Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [4829] North America Eastern Europe Western Europe Western Europe
## [4833] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [4837] North America Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [4841] Western Europe Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [4845] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [4849] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [4853] North America Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America
## [4857] Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [4861] North America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [4865] Eastern Europe North America Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [4869] South America Western Europe Western Europe North America
## [4873] North America Western Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [4877] Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [4881] Asia/Pacific North America Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [4885] North America Western Europe North America North America
## [4889] Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [4893] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [4897] North America North America Asia/Pacific South America
## [4901] South America North America South America Western Europe
## [4905] Western Europe Western Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [4909] Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific North America
## [4913] North America North America North America Eastern Europe
## [4917] Eastern Europe Western Europe North America Western Europe
## [4921] Western Europe Asia/Pacific North America Eastern Europe
## [4925] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [4929] South America South America Eastern Europe North America
## [4933] Asia/Pacific South America Western Europe Western Europe
## [4937] Eastern Europe North America Asia/Pacific North America
## [4941] Asia/Pacific South America Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [4945] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific North America Western Europe
## [4949] North America South America Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [4953] North America Eastern Europe North America Western Europe
## [4957] North America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [4961] Eastern Europe South America South America Western Europe
## [4965] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America Western Europe
## [4969] North America North America Western Europe Western Europe
## [4973] Asia/Pacific South America Western Europe South America
## [4977] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe North America
## [4981] South America Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [4985] Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [4989] Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [4993] Western Europe North America Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [4997] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Western Europe
## 5 Levels: Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe North America ... Western Europe
class(demog.data$REGION)
## [1] "factor"
levels(demog.data$REGION) # <-- we need to convert this to a factor
## [1] "Asia/Pacific" "Eastern Europe" "North America" "South America"
## [5] "Western Europe"
Default factor ordering upon coercion of vectors into factors
If a character vector is coerced into a factor, the default ordering is lexicographical.
levels(factor(demog.data$REGION))
## [1] "Asia/Pacific" "Eastern Europe" "North America" "South America"
## [5] "Western Europe"
# Indeed, Alphabetical ordering
all.equal(levels(factor(demog.data$REGION)),
levels(factor(demog.data$REGION, c("Asia/Pacific",
"Eastern Europe",
"North America",
"South America",
"Western Europe"))))
## [1] TRUE
Dictating the order of a factor manually
Suppose the following order is desired. E.g., we wish to see Eastern/Western Europe and North/South America to be ordered together.
levels(factor(demog.data$REGION, c("Asia/Pacific",
"Eastern Europe",
"Western Europe",
"North America",
"South America")))
## [1] "Asia/Pacific" "Eastern Europe" "Western Europe" "North America"
## [5] "South America"
Dictating order programmatically
Suppose we wish to order categories by their frequency. The base::order function returns a permutation which rearranges its first argument into ascending or descending order.
# We really want to order these by frequency...
data.frame(original.order = levels(factor(demog.data$REGION)),
original.frequency = data.frame(table(demog.data$REGION))$Freq,
map=order(table(demog.data$REGION)),
new.order=levels(factor(demog.data$REGION))[order(table(demog.data$REGION))])
## original.order original.frequency map new.order
## 1 Asia/Pacific 1013 4 South America
## 2 Eastern Europe 1098 1 Asia/Pacific
## 3 North America 1224 2 Eastern Europe
## 4 South America 375 3 North America
## 5 Western Europe 1290 5 Western Europe
Let's declare two new column vector, REGION2, REGION3:
demog.data$REGION2 <- factor(demog.data$REGION, c("Asia/Pacific",
"Eastern Europe",
"North America",
"South America",
"Western Europe")[order(table(demog.data$REGION))])
demog.data$REGION3 <- factor(demog.data$REGION, c("Asia/Pacific",
"Eastern Europe",
"North America",
"South America",
"Western Europe")[rev(order(table(demog.data$REGION)))])
Altogether now...
Here we use gridExtra::grid.arrange to juxtapose ggplot objects.
p1 <- ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=REGION)) + geom_bar() + coord_flip()
p2 <- ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=REGION2)) + geom_bar() + coord_flip()
p3 <- ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=REGION3)) + geom_bar() + coord_flip()
grid.arrange(p1 + labs(title="Default ordering - alphabetical"),
p2 + labs(title="Ordered by frequency"),
p3 + labs(title="Ordered by Frequency & reversed"), ncol=1)
Bar charts from summarized data
Suppose instead of beginning with subject level data, we begin with aggregated summaries.
# Note the use of dplyr::rename to rename columns
demog.data.table.original <- data.frame(table(demog.data$REGION))
demog.data.table.renamed <- demog.data.table.original %>% rename(REGION = Var1)
demog.data.table.original
## Var1 Freq
## 1 Asia/Pacific 1013
## 2 Eastern Europe 1098
## 3 North America 1224
## 4 South America 375
## 5 Western Europe 1290
demog.data.table.renamed
## REGION Freq
## 1 Asia/Pacific 1013
## 2 Eastern Europe 1098
## 3 North America 1224
## 4 South America 375
## 5 Western Europe 1290
ggplot(data=demog.data.table.renamed, aes(x=REGION, y=Freq)) + geom_bar(stat="identity")
Suppose we want relative frequency bar chart
demog.data.table.original$prop <- demog.data.table.original$Freq/sum(demog.data.table.original$Freq)
ggplot(data=demog.data.table.original, aes(x=Var1, y=prop)) + geom_bar(stat="identity")
Challenge: Manipulate the limits and tick marks so this graphic's y-axis extends to 0.3 and shows tick marks at 0, 0.025, 0.05, ..., 0.30.
A punched up version - barchart by region and gender
Items to note:
- ggplot2::aes links the color used to fill in bars to Var2 (SEX)
- ggplot2::geom_bar takes position = "dodge", contrast this with the default: position="stack"
- ggplot2::geom_text is employed to add frequency counts
- scales::percent_format is used to add % signs on axis. The scales packages is a good package to review!
- ggplot2::scale_fill_manual is used to manipulate the colors used to fill bars
- ggplot2::theme is used to manipulate the position of the legend
demog.data.table <- data.frame(table(demog.data$REGION, demog.data$SEX))
demog.data.table$prop <- demog.data.table$Freq/sum(demog.data.table$Freq)
p1 <- ggplot(data = demog.data.table, aes(x = Var1, y = prop, fill = Var2)) +
geom_bar(stat = "identity", position = "dodge") +
coord_flip() +
geom_text(position=position_dodge(width=1), size = 5,
aes(y=prop+.02, label=paste(" n = ", Freq, sep = "")))+
scale_y_continuous(limits = c(0,.3), breaks = seq(0,1,.05), labels = percent_format()) +
scale_fill_manual(values = c("blue", "brown")) +
labs(y = "Proportion", x = "Region", fill = "Gender", title="Barchart of Region and Gender")+
theme(legend.position= "bottom")
p1
Plotting parametric functions
Base R approach
Here's base R's graphics::curve function in action. It provides a graphic and if assigned to an objects, returns a list.
curve(expr = dnorm(x), from=-6, to=6, n=1001)
temp <- curve(expr = dnorm(x), from=-6, to=6, n=1001)
class(temp)
## [1] "list"
str(temp)
## List of 2
## $ x: num [1:1001] -6 -5.99 -5.98 -5.96 -5.95 ...
## $ y: num [1:1001] 6.08e-09 6.53e-09 7.01e-09 7.54e-09 8.09e-09 ...
The list readily converts to a data.frame which is needed for a ggplot graphic.
head(data.frame(temp))
the figuRes2::gcurve function
This function is a hack of the graphics::curve function. It suppresses graphic creation, returns a data.frame and optionally provides an additional column to the data.frame called 'category'.
head(figuRes2::gcurve(expr = dnorm(x), from=-6, to=6, n=101, category="Standard Normal"))
## x y category
## 1 -6.00 6.075883e-09 Standard Normal
## 2 -5.88 1.239294e-08 Standard Normal
## 3 -5.76 2.491643e-08 Standard Normal
## 4 -5.64 4.937910e-08 Standard Normal
## 5 -5.52 9.645989e-08 Standard Normal
## 6 -5.40 1.857362e-07 Standard Normal
By using multiple calls to gcurve and using dplyr::bind_rows we can quickly create graphics with multiple functions.
Note the use of color within ggplot2::aes.
my.df <- rbind(
gcurve(expr = dnorm(x), from=-6, to=6, n=101, category="N(0, 1)"),
gcurve(expr = dnorm(x, -1, 1), from=-6, to=6, n=101, category="N(-1, 1)"),
gcurve(expr = dnorm(x, 1, 1), from=-6, to=6, n=101, category="N(1, 1)"))
ggplot(data=my.df, aes(x=x, y=y, color=category))+geom_line()
Here's a punched-up version:
- size = .75 is used within ggplot2::geom_line to manually control the line size
- y-label is suppressed by populating it with a blank character vector.
- the second graphics contrasts this by populated the y-labels with NULL
- note how this increases with width of the figure
- the third graphic uses the argument breaks=NULL in ggplot2::scale_y_continuous to remove tick marks and axis labels. (This maybe helpful when comparing density curves. The y-axis may distract colleagues from appreciating that area under curves is 1 for probability density functions.)
grid.arrange(top='Comparison of labs(y=""), labs(y=NULL), and labs(y=NULL) & scale_y_continuous(breaks=NULL)',
ggplot(data=my.df, aes(x=x, y=y, color=category))+
geom_line(size=.75)+
labs(x="x", y="",
title="Normal Density Functions",
color="Density")+
theme(legend.position="bottom"),
ggplot(data=my.df, aes(x=x, y=y, color=category))+
geom_line(size=.75)+
labs(x="x", y=NULL,
title="Normal Density Functions",
color="Density")+
theme(legend.position="bottom"),
ggplot(data=my.df, aes(x=x, y=y, color=category))+
geom_line(size=.75)+
labs(x="x", y=NULL,
title="Normal Density Functions",
color="Density")+
theme(legend.position="bottom")+
scale_y_continuous(breaks=NULL)
)
Run through betas with a common mean
I'm looking to explore beta distributions that share a common mean.
Things to remember:
Histograms
Let's start from scratch:
head(demog.data)
## CENTREID SUBJID AGE SEX TRTGRP REGION HEIGHT WEIGHT DIABET
## 5699 60016 17380 58 M Treatment Asia/Pacific 165 65.0 1
## 8622 67458 24040 62 M Placebo Western Europe 181 88.0 0
## 11716 58401 30384 63 M Placebo Western Europe 175 77.0 0
## 9633 57867 26373 63 F Placebo Western Europe 159 81.4 0
## 13562 59286 34327 70 M Treatment Western Europe 160 81.3 1
## 4004 59512 13390 80 M Treatment Asia/Pacific 151 62.0 0
## SYSBP DIABP BMI BMI.GRP GFR.GRP HDLC REGION2
## 5699 116 78 23.87511 <25 kg/m2 Mild 1.04 Asia/Pacific
## 8622 132 79 26.86121 25-<30 kg/m2 Mild 1.14 Western Europe
## 11716 140 81 25.14286 25-<30 kg/m2 Normal 1.83 Western Europe
## 9633 165 101 32.19809 >=30 kg/m2 Mild 1.82 Western Europe
## 13562 132 78 31.75781 >=30 kg/m2 Mild 1.30 Western Europe
## 4004 144 83 27.19179 25-<30 kg/m2 Mild 1.38 Asia/Pacific
## REGION3
## 5699 Asia/Pacific
## 8622 Western Europe
## 11716 Western Europe
## 9633 Western Europe
## 13562 Western Europe
## 4004 Asia/Pacific
str(demog.data)
## 'data.frame': 5000 obs. of 17 variables:
## $ CENTREID: int 60016 67458 58401 57867 59286 59512 61504 59325 57028 60016 ...
## $ SUBJID : int 17380 24040 30384 26373 34327 13390 28260 18671 39222 17376 ...
## $ AGE : int 58 62 63 63 70 80 48 66 75 69 ...
## $ SEX : Factor w/ 2 levels "F","M": 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 ...
## $ TRTGRP : Factor w/ 2 levels "Placebo","Treatment": 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 ...
## $ REGION : Factor w/ 5 levels "Asia/Pacific",..: 1 5 5 5 5 1 2 1 3 1 ...
## $ HEIGHT : int 165 181 175 159 160 151 156 152 170 160 ...
## $ WEIGHT : num 65 88 77 81.4 81.3 62 75 57 79 62.7 ...
## $ DIABET : int 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ SYSBP : int 116 132 140 165 132 144 158 169 134 130 ...
## $ DIABP : int 78 79 81 101 78 83 99 92 86 70 ...
## $ BMI : num 23.9 26.9 25.1 32.2 31.8 ...
## $ BMI.GRP : Factor w/ 4 levels "<25 kg/m2",">=30 kg/m2",..: 1 3 3 2 2 3 2 1 3 1 ...
## $ GFR.GRP : Factor w/ 5 levels "Mild","Missing",..: 1 1 4 1 1 1 4 4 1 4 ...
## $ HDLC : num 1.04 1.14 1.83 1.82 1.3 1.38 1.34 1.76 1.75 1.53 ...
## $ REGION2 : Factor w/ 5 levels "South America",..: 2 5 5 5 5 2 3 2 4 2 ...
## $ REGION3 : Factor w/ 5 levels "Western Europe",..: 4 1 1 1 1 4 3 4 2 4 ...
sort(names(demog.data))
## [1] "AGE" "BMI" "BMI.GRP" "CENTREID" "DIABET" "DIABP"
## [7] "GFR.GRP" "HDLC" "HEIGHT" "REGION" "REGION2" "REGION3"
## [13] "SEX" "SUBJID" "SYSBP" "TRTGRP" "WEIGHT"
Basic historgram
Here's a histogram from heights.
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=HEIGHT)) + geom_histogram()
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## Warning: Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
summary(demog.data$HEIGHT)
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max. NA's
## 121.0 163.0 170.0 169.5 176.0 203.0 12
Investigating the warning message
We see
Warning message:
Removed 27 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
# note na.rm = T is needed
max(demog.data$HEIGHT, na.rm=T) - min(demog.data$HEIGHT, na.rm=T)
## [1] 82
median(demog.data$HEIGHT)
## [1] NA
mean(demog.data$HEIGHT)
## [1] NA
median(demog.data$HEIGHT, na.rm=T)
## [1] 170
mean(demog.data$HEIGHT, na.rm=T)
## [1] 169.4918
binwidth options
grid.arrange(top="Comparison of various binwidth values passed to geom_histogram",
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=HEIGHT)) + geom_histogram(binwidth = .5) + ggtitle("binwidth = .5"),
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=HEIGHT)) + geom_histogram(binwidth = 1)+ ggtitle("binwidth = 1"),
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=HEIGHT)) + geom_histogram(binwidth = 2.5)+ ggtitle("binwidth = 2.5"),
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=HEIGHT)) + geom_histogram(binwidth = 25)+ ggtitle("binwidth = 25"),
ncol=2)
## Warning: Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
## Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
## Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
## Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
Understanding color and fill options within the geom_historgram function
Here we demonstrate the difference between color and fill options.
grid.arrange(top="Comparison of various binwidth values passed to geom_histogram when color and fill differ",
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=HEIGHT)) + geom_histogram(binwidth = .5, color="red", fill="blue") + ggtitle("binwidth = .5"),
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=HEIGHT)) + geom_histogram(binwidth = 1, color="red", fill="blue")+ ggtitle("binwidth = 1"),
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=HEIGHT)) + geom_histogram(binwidth = 2.5, color="red", fill="blue")+ ggtitle("binwidth = 2.5"),
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=HEIGHT)) + geom_histogram(binwidth = 25, color="red", fill="blue")+ ggtitle("binwidth = 25"),
ncol=2)
## Warning: Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
## Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
## Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
## Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
Understanding alpha option for controling fill transparency
q <- ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=HEIGHT)) + ggtitle("binwidth = 2.5")
grid.arrange(top="Comparison of various values passed to transparency argument alpha",
q + geom_histogram(binwidth = 2.5, color="red", fill="blue", alpha=0) + labs(subtitle = "alpha = 0"),
q + geom_histogram(binwidth = 2.5, color="red", fill="blue", alpha=.2) + labs(subtitle = "alpha = 0.2"),
q + geom_histogram(binwidth = 2.5, color="red", fill="blue", alpha=.4) + labs(subtitle = "alpha = 0.4"),
q + geom_histogram(binwidth = 2.5, color="red", fill="blue", alpha=.6) + labs(subtitle = "alpha = 0.6"),
q + geom_histogram(binwidth = 2.5, color="red", fill="blue", alpha=.8) + labs(subtitle = "alpha = 0.8"),
q + geom_histogram(binwidth = 2.5, color="red", fill="blue", alpha=1) + labs(subtitle = "alpha = 1.0")
)
## Warning: Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
## Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
## Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
## Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
## Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
## Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
manipulating tick marks with breaks and plot window with limits
q + geom_histogram(binwidth = 2.5, color="red", fill="blue", alpha=.6) +
scale_x_continuous(breaks=seq(0,500,10), limits=c(100,225)) +
scale_y_continuous(breaks=seq(0, 3000, 100)) +
labs(subtitle = "alpha = 0.6", caption="Scaling of axes accomplished with:\nscale_x_continuous(breaks=seq(0,500,10), limits=c(100,225))\nscale_y_continuous(breaks=seq(0, 3000, 250))")
## Warning: Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
## Warning: Removed 2 rows containing missing values (geom_bar).
Histograms with two categories of subjects
It's important to note that these are 'stacked' histograms. It is easy for us to think these are 'overlayed' histograms.
In the first graphic, Females occupy the first factor level and we see this results in Males getting plotted first with Females stacked on top. In the second graphic, "Men" occupy the first factor level.
demog.data$SEX <- factor(demog.data$SEX, c("F", "M")) # Alphabetical ordering
demog.data$SEX2 <- factor(demog.data$SEX, c("M", "F")) # Preferred order
table(demog.data$SEX)
##
## F M
## 968 4032
table(demog.data$SEX2)
##
## M F
## 4032 968
grid.arrange(top="Comparison of plots when swapping order of factor levels",
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=HEIGHT, fill=SEX)) +
geom_histogram(bin=2.5),
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=HEIGHT, fill=SEX2)) +
geom_histogram(bin=2.5))
## Warning: Ignoring unknown parameters: bin
## Ignoring unknown parameters: bin
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## Warning: Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## Warning: Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
I.e., transparency is not an issue here.
grid.arrange(top="Comparison of plots when swapping order of factor levels - transparency added",
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=HEIGHT, fill=SEX)) +
geom_histogram(bin=2.5, alpha=.2),
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=HEIGHT, fill=SEX2)) +
geom_histogram(bin=2.5, alpha=.2))
## Warning: Ignoring unknown parameters: bin
## Ignoring unknown parameters: bin
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## Warning: Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## Warning: Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
Histograms with facet_wrap
Note that various options serve to obscure the inherent differences in samples sizes between the two groups.
grid.arrange(top="Comparison of facet_wrap scales options",
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=HEIGHT, fill=SEX)) +
geom_histogram(bin=2.5, alpha=.2) + facet_wrap(~SEX) + ggtitle("facet_wrap default"),
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=HEIGHT, fill=SEX)) +
geom_histogram(bin=2.5, alpha=.2) + facet_wrap(~SEX, scales="free_x") + ggtitle('scales="free_x"'),
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=HEIGHT, fill=SEX)) +
geom_histogram(bin=2.5, alpha=.2) + facet_wrap(~SEX, scales="free_y") + ggtitle('scales="free_y"'),
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=HEIGHT, fill=SEX)) +
geom_histogram(bin=2.5, alpha=.2) + facet_wrap(~SEX, scales="free") + ggtitle('scales="free"'), ncol=2)
## Warning: Ignoring unknown parameters: bin
## Ignoring unknown parameters: bin
## Ignoring unknown parameters: bin
## Ignoring unknown parameters: bin
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## Warning: Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## Warning: Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## Warning: Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## Warning: Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
grid.arrange(top="Comparison of facet_wrap scales options with single column of facets imposed",
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=HEIGHT, fill=SEX)) +
geom_histogram(bin=2.5, alpha=.2) + facet_wrap(~SEX, ncol=1) + ggtitle("facet_wrap default, ncol=1"),
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=HEIGHT, fill=SEX)) +
geom_histogram(bin=2.5, alpha=.2) + facet_wrap(~SEX, scales="free_x", ncol=1) + ggtitle('scales="free_x", ncol=1'),
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=HEIGHT, fill=SEX)) +
geom_histogram(bin=2.5, alpha=.2) + facet_wrap(~SEX, scales="free_y", ncol=1) + ggtitle('scales="free_y", ncol=1'),
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=HEIGHT, fill=SEX)) +
geom_histogram(bin=2.5, alpha=.2) + facet_wrap(~SEX, scales="free", ncol=1) + ggtitle('scales="free", ncol=1'), ncol=2)
## Warning: Ignoring unknown parameters: bin
## Ignoring unknown parameters: bin
## Ignoring unknown parameters: bin
## Ignoring unknown parameters: bin
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## Warning: Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## Warning: Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## Warning: Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## Warning: Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
HOMEWORK!!! Go look online for solution - how do you create a relative frequency histogram??
Boxplot
Let's build up a boxplot towards a standard.
get.whiskers <- function(dframe) {
bplot <- boxplot(dframe$RESPONSE ~ dframe$CATEGORY, plot = F)
whiskers <- with(bplot,
data.frame(CATEGORY = names,
LOWER = stats[1, ],
MEDIAN = stats[3, ],
UPPER = stats[5, ],
N=n))
return(whiskers)
}
whiskers <- get.whiskers(dframe = demog.data %>% select(SUBJID, TRTGRP, BMI) %>% rename(RESPONSE=BMI, CATEGORY=TRTGRP ))
demog.data %>% select(SUBJID, TRTGRP, BMI) %>% ggplot(aes(x=TRTGRP, y = BMI, shape=TRTGRP, fill=TRTGRP)) + geom_boxplot()
## Warning: Removed 14 rows containing non-finite values (stat_boxplot).
demog.data %>% select(SUBJID, TRTGRP, BMI) %>% ggplot(aes(x=TRTGRP, y = BMI, shape=TRTGRP, fill=TRTGRP)) +
geom_boxplot(outlier.size = 3, outlier.colour = alpha("black", 0.2))+
stat_summary(fun = mean, geom = "point",
shape = c(21, 22),
size = 3, bg = "white") +
scale_fill_manual(values = c("red", "blue")) +
scale_x_discrete(breaks = levels(demog.data$TRTGRP),
labels = paste(levels(demog.data$TRTGRP),"\n n = ", whiskers$N)) +
scale_y_continuous(limits = c(0,100), breaks = seq(0,100,10)) +
geom_text(data = whiskers %>% rename(TRTGRP=CATEGORY) %>% mutate(x=as.numeric(as.factor(TRTGRP)) - .5), aes(x = x, y = MEDIAN, label = round(MEDIAN, 2)),
size = 5) +
theme(legend.position= "bottom")+ labs(fill="Treatment Group")+
labs(y = TeX(paste0("BMI kg/", "$m^{2}$")),
x = "Treatment Group",
fill = "Treatment Group",
shape = "Treatment Group",
title=TeX(paste0("Boxplot of BMI kg/", "$m^{2}$")),
caption="The median value is displayed to the left of each boxplot.")
## Warning: Removed 14 rows containing non-finite values (stat_boxplot).
## Warning: Removed 14 rows containing non-finite values (stat_summary).
Violin plots behave very similarly to boxplots
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=factor(""), y=HEIGHT)) + geom_violin()
## Warning: Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_ydensity).
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=factor(""), y=HEIGHT)) + geom_violin() + labs(x="All Patients", y="Height")
## Warning: Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_ydensity).
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=SEX, y=HEIGHT, fill=BMI.GRP)) + geom_violin()
## Warning: Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_ydensity).
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=SEX, y=HEIGHT, fill=SEX)) + geom_violin() + facet_wrap(~REGION)
## Warning: Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_ydensity).
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=SEX, y=HEIGHT, fill=SEX)) + geom_violin() + facet_wrap(~REGION, nrow=1)
## Warning: Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_ydensity).
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=SEX, y=HEIGHT, fill=SEX)) + geom_violin() + facet_wrap(BMI.GRP~REGION)
## Warning: Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_ydensity).
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=SEX, y=HEIGHT, fill=SEX)) + geom_violin() + facet_grid(REGION~BMI.GRP)
## Warning: Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_ydensity).
Problems: need to reorder levels of BMI.GRP
- Need to suppress the missing group
- Need to move the legend to make better use of real estate
- This chunk of code is to get the superscripts into labels
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title: "Data Manipulation & ggplot2 Training Session" author: "Greg Cicconetti" date: '2022-08-15' output: html_document editor_options: chunk_output_type: console
%\VignetteEngine{knitr::knitr} %\VignetteIndexEntry{Data Manipulation & ggplot2 Training Session} %\VignetteDepends{tidyverse, figuRes2, latex2exp, scales, gridExtra}
Load packages
require(tidyverse)
## Loading required package: tidyverse
## ── Attaching packages ─────────────────────────────────────── tidyverse 1.3.2 ──
## ✔ ggplot2 3.3.6 ✔ purrr 0.3.4
## ✔ tibble 3.1.8 ✔ dplyr 1.0.9
## ✔ tidyr 1.2.0 ✔ stringr 1.4.1
## ✔ readr 2.1.2 ✔ forcats 0.5.2
## ── Conflicts ────────────────────────────────────────── tidyverse_conflicts() ──
## ✖ dplyr::arrange() masks figuRes2::arrange()
## ✖ readr::col_factor() masks figuRes2::col_factor()
## ✖ dplyr::combine() masks figuRes2::combine()
## ✖ purrr::compact() masks figuRes2::compact()
## ✖ dplyr::count() masks figuRes2::count()
## ✖ purrr::discard() masks figuRes2::discard()
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## ✖ dplyr::filter() masks stats::filter()
## ✖ dplyr::id() masks figuRes2::id()
## ✖ dplyr::lag() masks stats::lag()
## ✖ dplyr::mutate() masks figuRes2::mutate()
## ✖ dplyr::rename() masks figuRes2::rename()
## ✖ dplyr::summarise() masks figuRes2::summarise()
## ✖ dplyr::summarize() masks figuRes2::summarize()
require(gridExtra)
## Loading required package: gridExtra
##
## Attaching package: 'gridExtra'
##
## The following object is masked from 'package:dplyr':
##
## combine
require(scales)
## Loading required package: scales
##
## Attaching package: 'scales'
##
## The following object is masked from 'package:purrr':
##
## discard
##
## The following object is masked from 'package:readr':
##
## col_factor
require(figuRes2)
require(latex2exp)
## Loading required package: latex2exp
Getting started with graphics with the computer screen in mind
Warm-up with some comparison with Base R:
Histogram, boxplot, scatterplot in base R
Base R is great for getting a quick view of your data:
x <- rnorm(100)
hist(x)
boxplot(x)
plot(x)
Histogram, boxplot, scatterplot in ggplot
But ggplot2 offers aesthetic and programming advantages.
my.df <- data.frame(x=x)
ggplot(data=my.df, aes(x=x)) + geom_histogram()
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
ggplot(data=my.df, aes(x=factor(""), y=x)) + geom_boxplot()
ggplot(data=my.df, aes(x=1:100, y=x))+geom_point()
Getting aquainted with a dummy demography data set
This is dummy data set we will use to create some graphics.
# dframe=read.csv("demog.csv")
data(demog.data)
Explore data
head(demog.data)
## CENTREID SUBJID AGE SEX TRTGRP REGION HEIGHT WEIGHT DIABET
## 5699 60016 17380 58 M Treatment Asia/Pacific 165 65.0 1
## 8622 67458 24040 62 M Placebo Western Europe 181 88.0 0
## 11716 58401 30384 63 M Placebo Western Europe 175 77.0 0
## 9633 57867 26373 63 F Placebo Western Europe 159 81.4 0
## 13562 59286 34327 70 M Treatment Western Europe 160 81.3 1
## 4004 59512 13390 80 M Treatment Asia/Pacific 151 62.0 0
## SYSBP DIABP BMI BMI.GRP GFR.GRP HDLC
## 5699 116 78 23.87511 <25 kg/m2 Mild 1.04
## 8622 132 79 26.86121 25-<30 kg/m2 Mild 1.14
## 11716 140 81 25.14286 25-<30 kg/m2 Normal 1.83
## 9633 165 101 32.19809 >=30 kg/m2 Mild 1.82
## 13562 132 78 31.75781 >=30 kg/m2 Mild 1.30
## 4004 144 83 27.19179 25-<30 kg/m2 Mild 1.38
Getting aquainted with REGION column
This a column holding info on Region.
table(demog.data$REGION)
##
## Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe North America South America Western Europe
## 1013 1098 1224 375 1290
data.frame(table(demog.data$REGION))
## Var1 Freq
## 1 Asia/Pacific 1013
## 2 Eastern Europe 1098
## 3 North America 1224
## 4 South America 375
## 5 Western Europe 1290
Bar charts
Suppose we want a simple univariate barchart
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=REGION)) + geom_bar()
Swap X and Y Axes with coord_flip
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=REGION)) + geom_bar() + coord_flip()
Assignment of ggplot object to variable
p <- ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=REGION)) + geom_bar() + coord_flip()
# print or simply send p to command line
print(p)
Manipulate labels and tick marks
Add labels
p + labs(title="Barchart of Regions", y = "Count", x="Region", subtitle="My subtitle", caption="My caption")
Manipulate tickmarks
We can control the tick marks using the breaks option. It is good practice to use breaks which extend up to or beyond the planned limits of the graph.
p + scale_y_continuous(breaks=seq(0,6000, 500), limits= c(0, 5000))
# Note that tick mark at 5000 is not printed.
p + scale_y_continuous(breaks=seq(0,4500, 500), limits= c(0, 5000))
Altogether now...
p + labs(title="Barchart of Regions", y = "Count", x="Region", subtitle="My subtitle", caption="My caption")+ scale_y_continuous(breaks=seq(0,4000, 500))
Manipulating the orders factor levels are plotted
To exert control over the order of categories, we need to convert REGION from a character vector into a factor vector.
class(demog.data)
## [1] "data.frame"
demog.data$REGION
## [1] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe
## [5] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [9] North America Asia/Pacific Western Europe South America
## [13] Asia/Pacific North America Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [17] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [21] North America North America Eastern Europe North America
## [25] North America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe North America
## [29] Asia/Pacific North America Western Europe North America
## [33] North America Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe
## [37] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [41] Western Europe Eastern Europe North America North America
## [45] North America Western Europe North America North America
## [49] Western Europe Western Europe North America South America
## [53] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [57] Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific North America
## [61] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [65] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America North America
## [69] Western Europe North America North America South America
## [73] Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [77] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [81] Eastern Europe Western Europe North America Western Europe
## [85] North America South America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [89] North America Eastern Europe Western Europe South America
## [93] South America Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America
## [97] Asia/Pacific North America Western Europe Western Europe
## [101] North America Eastern Europe South America Western Europe
## [105] Western Europe Eastern Europe North America North America
## [109] Asia/Pacific North America South America Western Europe
## [113] Eastern Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [117] South America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [121] South America Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [125] Western Europe North America Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [129] North America South America North America Eastern Europe
## [133] North America Eastern Europe South America Western Europe
## [137] Eastern Europe North America Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [141] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [145] North America North America Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [149] Western Europe North America North America North America
## [153] Asia/Pacific Western Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [157] Asia/Pacific North America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [161] North America Asia/Pacific Western Europe North America
## [165] North America Asia/Pacific Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [169] Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [173] Eastern Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific South America
## [177] Western Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America
## [181] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [185] North America Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [189] Western Europe South America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [193] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe South America
## [197] Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe North America
## [201] North America Western Europe North America Western Europe
## [205] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [209] Asia/Pacific North America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [213] North America South America Eastern Europe North America
## [217] North America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [221] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific South America North America
## [225] North America Eastern Europe North America Western Europe
## [229] Asia/Pacific Western Europe South America North America
## [233] Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [237] Western Europe Western Europe North America North America
## [241] Western Europe North America North America Western Europe
## [245] Asia/Pacific North America North America Western Europe
## [249] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [253] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe North America Asia/Pacific
## [257] Western Europe North America Asia/Pacific North America
## [261] North America North America Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [265] North America Asia/Pacific South America North America
## [269] Eastern Europe North America North America Western Europe
## [273] North America Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [277] Eastern Europe Western Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [281] Asia/Pacific Western Europe North America Asia/Pacific
## [285] North America Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [289] Western Europe North America Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [293] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [297] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [301] Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [305] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [309] Western Europe Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [313] Western Europe Western Europe North America North America
## [317] North America North America Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [321] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [325] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America Western Europe
## [329] Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [333] North America South America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [337] North America Asia/Pacific Western Europe Western Europe
## [341] Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [345] North America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [349] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [353] North America Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific South America
## [357] North America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [361] Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [365] North America Eastern Europe South America North America
## [369] North America North America Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [373] North America Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [377] Western Europe North America Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [381] Western Europe Asia/Pacific South America Asia/Pacific
## [385] Eastern Europe South America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [389] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America
## [393] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [397] Eastern Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [401] Eastern Europe Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe
## [405] Eastern Europe North America Asia/Pacific South America
## [409] Western Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [413] Eastern Europe Western Europe Western Europe North America
## [417] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [421] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [425] Eastern Europe South America Eastern Europe North America
## [429] North America Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [433] Western Europe Western Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [437] North America North America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [441] Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [445] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe North America
## [449] Eastern Europe North America Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [453] North America North America North America Eastern Europe
## [457] Eastern Europe North America North America Western Europe
## [461] North America North America Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [465] North America Asia/Pacific South America Western Europe
## [469] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific South America Asia/Pacific
## [473] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific North America Eastern Europe
## [477] Western Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific North America
## [481] Western Europe North America Western Europe North America
## [485] North America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [489] Western Europe South America Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [493] Western Europe North America North America North America
## [497] Western Europe Western Europe North America North America
## [501] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe Western Europe
## [505] North America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [509] North America Western Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [513] Western Europe North America Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [517] Eastern Europe Western Europe South America North America
## [521] Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe South America
## [525] North America Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [529] North America Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [533] Western Europe South America Western Europe North America
## [537] Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe North America
## [541] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [545] North America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe North America
## [549] South America Western Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [553] North America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [557] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe North America
## [561] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America North America
## [565] Western Europe North America Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [569] Eastern Europe South America Western Europe Western Europe
## [573] Asia/Pacific North America Eastern Europe South America
## [577] North America South America Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [581] Western Europe North America Asia/Pacific North America
## [585] South America North America North America South America
## [589] Eastern Europe North America South America Western Europe
## [593] Western Europe Western Europe South America Eastern Europe
## [597] North America North America Eastern Europe North America
## [601] North America North America Western Europe South America
## [605] Western Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America
## [609] North America South America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [613] Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [617] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [621] Western Europe North America North America Asia/Pacific
## [625] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [629] Western Europe South America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [633] South America Western Europe North America North America
## [637] Eastern Europe North America North America North America
## [641] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [645] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [649] Western Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [653] Eastern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe North America
## [657] North America Asia/Pacific North America Asia/Pacific
## [661] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [665] Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [669] North America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific South America
## [673] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Western Europe North America
## [677] North America Asia/Pacific North America Asia/Pacific
## [681] North America Western Europe North America Western Europe
## [685] North America Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [689] North America Eastern Europe Western Europe North America
## [693] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [697] Asia/Pacific Western Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [701] Asia/Pacific South America Western Europe South America
## [705] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America Western Europe
## [709] North America Western Europe South America Asia/Pacific
## [713] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [717] Asia/Pacific North America South America Western Europe
## [721] North America North America Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [725] Eastern Europe South America North America Asia/Pacific
## [729] Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [733] Asia/Pacific South America Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [737] Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [741] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [745] North America Western Europe Western Europe North America
## [749] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [753] North America Asia/Pacific Western Europe Western Europe
## [757] Western Europe Eastern Europe North America North America
## [761] North America Western Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [765] North America North America Asia/Pacific North America
## [769] North America Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [773] North America North America Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [777] Western Europe North America Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [781] North America Eastern Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [785] Western Europe Western Europe North America Western Europe
## [789] North America North America Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [793] Asia/Pacific South America North America North America
## [797] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America Asia/Pacific
## [801] South America Western Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [805] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [809] North America Western Europe North America Asia/Pacific
## [813] Eastern Europe South America Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [817] North America Western Europe North America North America
## [821] Western Europe North America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [825] Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific North America
## [829] Western Europe Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [833] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [837] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [841] North America North America North America Western Europe
## [845] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [849] Western Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [853] Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [857] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Eastern Europe North America
## [861] North America Asia/Pacific North America Asia/Pacific
## [865] North America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [869] Eastern Europe North America Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [873] North America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [877] Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [881] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America North America
## [885] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [889] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [893] Asia/Pacific Western Europe North America North America
## [897] Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe North America
## [901] Eastern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe South America
## [905] Asia/Pacific Western Europe South America Western Europe
## [909] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America Asia/Pacific
## [913] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America Western Europe
## [917] Western Europe Asia/Pacific North America Asia/Pacific
## [921] Western Europe Asia/Pacific North America North America
## [925] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [929] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [933] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America South America
## [937] Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [941] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe Western Europe
## [945] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [949] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [953] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America Western Europe
## [957] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [961] Eastern Europe Western Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [965] Western Europe North America North America Western Europe
## [969] North America South America South America Western Europe
## [973] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [977] Asia/Pacific North America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [981] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Western Europe North America
## [985] Western Europe North America Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [989] Eastern Europe North America Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [993] North America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America
## [997] South America Eastern Europe Western Europe Western Europe
## [1001] Western Europe Eastern Europe South America Eastern Europe
## [1005] North America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [1009] Asia/Pacific Western Europe North America Western Europe
## [1013] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [1017] North America North America Western Europe North America
## [1021] Western Europe Western Europe North America Asia/Pacific
## [1025] Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific North America
## [1029] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America North America
## [1033] North America North America Asia/Pacific North America
## [1037] Western Europe North America Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [1041] Western Europe South America North America Western Europe
## [1045] Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [1049] North America Western Europe Asia/Pacific North America
## [1053] Eastern Europe Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe
## [1057] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [1061] Western Europe Eastern Europe South America Western Europe
## [1065] North America South America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [1069] South America North America North America North America
## [1073] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America
## [1077] North America Western Europe Asia/Pacific South America
## [1081] North America Asia/Pacific South America Eastern Europe
## [1085] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [1089] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [1093] North America Asia/Pacific North America Western Europe
## [1097] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [1101] Asia/Pacific Western Europe South America Asia/Pacific
## [1105] North America Asia/Pacific Western Europe North America
## [1109] Eastern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [1113] South America Eastern Europe North America North America
## [1117] Eastern Europe North America North America Eastern Europe
## [1121] Western Europe South America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [1125] Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe North America
## [1129] North America Eastern Europe South America Asia/Pacific
## [1133] Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [1137] Western Europe Asia/Pacific North America Eastern Europe
## [1141] North America Western Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [1145] North America North America Asia/Pacific North America
## [1149] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America Eastern Europe
## [1153] Asia/Pacific Western Europe North America North America
## [1157] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe North America
## [1161] Eastern Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [1165] Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [1169] Asia/Pacific North America Western Europe South America
## [1173] North America South America Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [1177] South America Western Europe North America Asia/Pacific
## [1181] North America North America North America Western Europe
## [1185] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe Western Europe
## [1189] South America Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [1193] North America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [1197] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [1201] North America Asia/Pacific South America North America
## [1205] North America North America Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [1209] Asia/Pacific South America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [1213] Western Europe North America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [1217] Western Europe North America North America Asia/Pacific
## [1221] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [1225] Western Europe North America North America North America
## [1229] Western Europe Western Europe South America Eastern Europe
## [1233] Eastern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [1237] North America Asia/Pacific North America Western Europe
## [1241] Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe South America
## [1245] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Western Europe Western Europe
## [1249] Western Europe North America Eastern Europe North America
## [1253] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [1257] South America Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America
## [1261] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe North America Western Europe
## [1265] Western Europe South America South America Eastern Europe
## [1269] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Western Europe North America
## [1273] Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe
## [1277] North America South America Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [1281] Western Europe Western Europe South America North America
## [1285] Western Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific North America
## [1289] Eastern Europe North America Asia/Pacific North America
## [1293] Eastern Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific North America
## [1297] Asia/Pacific North America Western Europe Western Europe
## [1301] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America
## [1305] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America North America
## [1309] North America Western Europe North America Western Europe
## [1313] North America Western Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [1317] North America Asia/Pacific North America South America
## [1321] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America North America
## [1325] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [1329] Asia/Pacific South America Western Europe Western Europe
## [1333] Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [1337] Asia/Pacific North America Western Europe North America
## [1341] Western Europe North America Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [1345] Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [1349] Eastern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [1353] Eastern Europe South America Western Europe North America
## [1357] Eastern Europe South America Asia/Pacific North America
## [1361] North America Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [1365] Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [1369] Western Europe Western Europe North America Asia/Pacific
## [1373] North America North America Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [1377] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe North America
## [1381] North America Western Europe South America Eastern Europe
## [1385] South America Western Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [1389] North America Western Europe North America Asia/Pacific
## [1393] Western Europe North America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [1397] North America North America Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [1401] Western Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [1405] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [1409] Eastern Europe Western Europe North America North America
## [1413] Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe
## [1417] Eastern Europe North America Western Europe Western Europe
## [1421] Western Europe Asia/Pacific South America Eastern Europe
## [1425] Eastern Europe Western Europe North America Asia/Pacific
## [1429] Asia/Pacific North America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [1433] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America Western Europe
## [1437] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [1441] Western Europe North America North America Western Europe
## [1445] Eastern Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [1449] Asia/Pacific North America North America Eastern Europe
## [1453] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe South America Asia/Pacific
## [1457] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific South America Western Europe
## [1461] Western Europe North America Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [1465] Eastern Europe North America North America Western Europe
## [1469] Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe North America
## [1473] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America North America
## [1477] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [1481] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [1485] South America South America Eastern Europe South America
## [1489] North America North America North America North America
## [1493] South America Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [1497] Asia/Pacific Western Europe North America Asia/Pacific
## [1501] North America Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe
## [1505] Western Europe South America Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [1509] Western Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [1513] Eastern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe North America
## [1517] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [1521] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [1525] Asia/Pacific South America Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [1529] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe Western Europe
## [1533] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [1537] North America Western Europe North America Asia/Pacific
## [1541] Eastern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [1545] North America Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe
## [1549] South America North America Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [1553] Asia/Pacific North America Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [1557] Asia/Pacific North America North America South America
## [1561] North America Western Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [1565] Asia/Pacific Western Europe South America Asia/Pacific
## [1569] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe Western Europe
## [1573] Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe North America
## [1577] Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [1581] North America North America North America North America
## [1585] Eastern Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [1589] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America Eastern Europe
## [1593] Western Europe North America Western Europe North America
## [1597] South America Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [1601] Western Europe North America Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [1605] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe North America
## [1609] Eastern Europe Western Europe North America Asia/Pacific
## [1613] Western Europe South America North America North America
## [1617] Eastern Europe North America North America South America
## [1621] North America North America South America Western Europe
## [1625] Western Europe North America Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [1629] Western Europe North America Eastern Europe North America
## [1633] Asia/Pacific North America Eastern Europe North America
## [1637] Western Europe Eastern Europe South America Asia/Pacific
## [1641] Western Europe North America North America North America
## [1645] North America North America Western Europe South America
## [1649] Western Europe Asia/Pacific North America Eastern Europe
## [1653] Eastern Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific North America
## [1657] North America North America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [1661] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific North America
## [1665] Eastern Europe North America Asia/Pacific North America
## [1669] Eastern Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [1673] Western Europe North America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [1677] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Eastern Europe South America
## [1681] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [1685] North America Asia/Pacific North America North America
## [1689] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [1693] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific North America Asia/Pacific
## [1697] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [1701] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [1705] North America Eastern Europe North America Western Europe
## [1709] Asia/Pacific North America North America Asia/Pacific
## [1713] North America Western Europe North America North America
## [1717] South America Western Europe Western Europe North America
## [1721] Western Europe North America North America North America
## [1725] Eastern Europe North America South America North America
## [1729] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [1733] South America North America Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [1737] North America Asia/Pacific Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [1741] Western Europe North America North America Eastern Europe
## [1745] Western Europe South America Asia/Pacific North America
## [1749] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [1753] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [1757] Western Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [1761] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [1765] Asia/Pacific Western Europe North America Western Europe
## [1769] Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [1773] Western Europe Western Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [1777] North America Asia/Pacific South America Asia/Pacific
## [1781] North America North America North America Western Europe
## [1785] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America
## [1789] North America Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [1793] Western Europe Western Europe South America North America
## [1797] Western Europe North America North America South America
## [1801] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America Western Europe
## [1805] Eastern Europe South America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [1809] Western Europe North America Western Europe Western Europe
## [1813] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [1817] Western Europe Asia/Pacific North America Eastern Europe
## [1821] Western Europe North America North America Asia/Pacific
## [1825] Western Europe South America Eastern Europe South America
## [1829] North America North America Asia/Pacific North America
## [1833] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific South America
## [1837] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe North America
## [1841] South America Western Europe North America South America
## [1845] North America Western Europe Western Europe North America
## [1849] Eastern Europe South America Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [1853] Asia/Pacific North America North America Eastern Europe
## [1857] Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [1861] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [1865] Asia/Pacific Western Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [1869] Western Europe South America Western Europe South America
## [1873] Western Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [1877] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe Western Europe
## [1881] Western Europe South America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [1885] North America North America Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [1889] Asia/Pacific North America Western Europe North America
## [1893] North America North America North America North America
## [1897] Asia/Pacific North America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [1901] Asia/Pacific North America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [1905] Eastern Europe North America Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [1909] North America Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [1913] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Western Europe Western Europe
## [1917] North America South America North America Eastern Europe
## [1921] Western Europe Western Europe North America Asia/Pacific
## [1925] South America Asia/Pacific North America South America
## [1929] North America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [1933] Asia/Pacific Western Europe South America Asia/Pacific
## [1937] Western Europe South America Western Europe Western Europe
## [1941] Western Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe South America
## [1945] North America South America Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [1949] Western Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [1953] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America
## [1957] Western Europe Western Europe North America Asia/Pacific
## [1961] South America North America Asia/Pacific North America
## [1965] Western Europe South America Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [1969] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [1973] Asia/Pacific North America North America Asia/Pacific
## [1977] Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific North America
## [1981] Western Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [1985] Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [1989] North America Asia/Pacific North America South America
## [1993] Western Europe North America North America Eastern Europe
## [1997] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe North America
## [2001] North America Western Europe North America Western Europe
## [2005] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [2009] Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [2013] Eastern Europe North America Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [2017] North America Eastern Europe South America Eastern Europe
## [2021] Western Europe Eastern Europe South America Western Europe
## [2025] North America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America
## [2029] North America North America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [2033] Western Europe Western Europe North America North America
## [2037] North America South America Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [2041] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe North America
## [2045] South America Western Europe Asia/Pacific South America
## [2049] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific North America North America
## [2053] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America Western Europe
## [2057] South America Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2061] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2065] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific North America North America
## [2069] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2073] Western Europe North America North America Western Europe
## [2077] North America North America Western Europe Western Europe
## [2081] Asia/Pacific South America North America Western Europe
## [2085] Asia/Pacific South America North America Eastern Europe
## [2089] North America Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [2093] Asia/Pacific South America Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [2097] North America Eastern Europe North America North America
## [2101] North America Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [2105] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [2109] Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2113] North America Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2117] North America South America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2121] Western Europe Western Europe North America Western Europe
## [2125] Eastern Europe North America Western Europe South America
## [2129] Asia/Pacific North America Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [2133] North America Western Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2137] North America Western Europe North America North America
## [2141] Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe North America
## [2145] Asia/Pacific North America Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2149] North America North America Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [2153] North America Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [2157] Eastern Europe Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe
## [2161] Eastern Europe Western Europe North America North America
## [2165] Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [2169] Asia/Pacific North America South America Western Europe
## [2173] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [2177] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [2181] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [2185] Western Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific South America
## [2189] Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [2193] North America Western Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [2197] Asia/Pacific South America Western Europe Western Europe
## [2201] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific North America
## [2205] South America North America Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [2209] North America North America Western Europe Western Europe
## [2213] Western Europe North America Western Europe Western Europe
## [2217] North America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [2221] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [2225] Western Europe North America Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [2229] South America Western Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [2233] Asia/Pacific North America North America North America
## [2237] North America Western Europe Western Europe South America
## [2241] Western Europe Western Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [2245] Eastern Europe Western Europe North America North America
## [2249] Western Europe Asia/Pacific North America Western Europe
## [2253] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe Western Europe
## [2257] Asia/Pacific North America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [2261] Western Europe North America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2265] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America South America
## [2269] North America Asia/Pacific North America South America
## [2273] Western Europe Western Europe North America Asia/Pacific
## [2277] North America Western Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2281] South America Asia/Pacific North America Asia/Pacific
## [2285] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2289] Western Europe Western Europe South America Asia/Pacific
## [2293] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe North America
## [2297] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [2301] Western Europe Western Europe North America Western Europe
## [2305] South America Western Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [2309] Western Europe North America Western Europe North America
## [2313] North America Asia/Pacific Western Europe North America
## [2317] Western Europe Eastern Europe South America Western Europe
## [2321] North America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [2325] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America
## [2329] North America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [2333] Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe North America
## [2337] Asia/Pacific Western Europe North America North America
## [2341] Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [2345] Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe North America
## [2349] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2353] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [2357] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2361] Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe North America
## [2365] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America
## [2369] Eastern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2373] Asia/Pacific North America Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [2377] Eastern Europe North America North America Western Europe
## [2381] South America Western Europe North America North America
## [2385] South America North America North America Eastern Europe
## [2389] North America North America Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2393] North America Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [2397] Asia/Pacific North America North America Western Europe
## [2401] Asia/Pacific North America Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [2405] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [2409] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [2413] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [2417] Asia/Pacific North America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [2421] South America Western Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [2425] North America Eastern Europe North America South America
## [2429] Western Europe North America Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [2433] Asia/Pacific Western Europe South America Asia/Pacific
## [2437] North America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2441] Western Europe Asia/Pacific North America Asia/Pacific
## [2445] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific South America Eastern Europe
## [2449] Western Europe Western Europe North America North America
## [2453] North America Eastern Europe Western Europe South America
## [2457] North America Eastern Europe Western Europe Western Europe
## [2461] South America South America South America North America
## [2465] Asia/Pacific North America North America Western Europe
## [2469] Eastern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [2473] Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [2477] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2481] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2485] Eastern Europe North America Asia/Pacific North America
## [2489] Western Europe North America Eastern Europe North America
## [2493] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [2497] Western Europe Asia/Pacific South America Eastern Europe
## [2501] Eastern Europe North America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [2505] Western Europe South America North America Asia/Pacific
## [2509] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe South America
## [2513] North America Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [2517] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe Western Europe
## [2521] Western Europe North America Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [2525] Asia/Pacific North America South America North America
## [2529] Asia/Pacific North America Eastern Europe North America
## [2533] Eastern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe North America
## [2537] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [2541] South America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [2545] Western Europe South America Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [2549] Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [2553] Western Europe Asia/Pacific South America North America
## [2557] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific North America Western Europe
## [2561] Western Europe Eastern Europe South America Asia/Pacific
## [2565] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [2569] Asia/Pacific Western Europe North America South America
## [2573] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe North America South America
## [2577] North America Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [2581] Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [2585] North America North America Western Europe North America
## [2589] North America Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [2593] Eastern Europe Western Europe South America South America
## [2597] Western Europe Eastern Europe North America North America
## [2601] Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2605] Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe North America
## [2609] Eastern Europe Western Europe Western Europe North America
## [2613] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [2617] North America Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [2621] North America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [2625] Eastern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2629] Eastern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2633] Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [2637] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America Eastern Europe
## [2641] Eastern Europe North America Western Europe North America
## [2645] Western Europe South America North America North America
## [2649] Asia/Pacific North America North America South America
## [2653] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [2657] Western Europe North America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [2661] Western Europe South America Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [2665] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [2669] South America Western Europe North America North America
## [2673] Western Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific North America
## [2677] Asia/Pacific Western Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [2681] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe North America Western Europe
## [2685] Western Europe North America North America Eastern Europe
## [2689] Eastern Europe North America Asia/Pacific South America
## [2693] North America North America Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [2697] South America North America South America Asia/Pacific
## [2701] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [2705] Asia/Pacific South America North America Eastern Europe
## [2709] North America North America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2713] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Western Europe South America
## [2717] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe North America Asia/Pacific
## [2721] Eastern Europe Western Europe Western Europe South America
## [2725] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe Western Europe
## [2729] Western Europe North America Western Europe South America
## [2733] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe North America
## [2737] Asia/Pacific North America North America Asia/Pacific
## [2741] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [2745] Western Europe Western Europe North America Western Europe
## [2749] Eastern Europe North America South America Eastern Europe
## [2753] North America Western Europe North America Asia/Pacific
## [2757] South America Eastern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [2761] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [2765] Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [2769] North America Western Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2773] Western Europe North America South America Western Europe
## [2777] Eastern Europe North America Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [2781] Western Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [2785] Asia/Pacific Western Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [2789] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe
## [2793] Western Europe North America Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [2797] Eastern Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [2801] Eastern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe South America
## [2805] North America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [2809] Western Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [2813] Eastern Europe North America Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [2817] Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2821] Western Europe Eastern Europe North America North America
## [2825] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2829] Western Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America
## [2833] Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe South America
## [2837] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [2841] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2845] North America North America Eastern Europe North America
## [2849] Western Europe North America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [2853] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2857] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [2861] Western Europe North America Asia/Pacific North America
## [2865] Asia/Pacific South America Western Europe North America
## [2869] Eastern Europe Western Europe North America North America
## [2873] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Western Europe North America
## [2877] North America Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [2881] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe South America
## [2885] North America Asia/Pacific North America North America
## [2889] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe South America Western Europe
## [2893] North America Asia/Pacific North America Eastern Europe
## [2897] Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2901] Asia/Pacific North America North America North America
## [2905] South America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe South America
## [2909] Eastern Europe Western Europe North America Asia/Pacific
## [2913] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2917] Asia/Pacific North America North America Eastern Europe
## [2921] Western Europe North America South America Eastern Europe
## [2925] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America Western Europe
## [2929] Western Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [2933] Asia/Pacific North America Eastern Europe North America
## [2937] Western Europe North America North America Eastern Europe
## [2941] North America North America Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [2945] Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [2949] Eastern Europe North America Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2953] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America Western Europe
## [2957] Asia/Pacific North America South America North America
## [2961] North America Eastern Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2965] South America South America Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [2969] North America Eastern Europe North America Western Europe
## [2973] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe North America
## [2977] South America Eastern Europe North America North America
## [2981] Asia/Pacific South America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [2985] Western Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [2989] Western Europe South America Western Europe Western Europe
## [2993] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [2997] South America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [3001] South America Asia/Pacific Western Europe Western Europe
## [3005] Western Europe North America North America North America
## [3009] Eastern Europe Western Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [3013] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific North America
## [3017] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Western Europe North America
## [3021] Western Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America
## [3025] Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe North America
## [3029] Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe North America
## [3033] South America North America Western Europe North America
## [3037] North America Asia/Pacific North America South America
## [3041] North America North America South America Eastern Europe
## [3045] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [3049] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific South America Eastern Europe
## [3053] Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe North America
## [3057] Eastern Europe South America North America Western Europe
## [3061] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [3065] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [3069] Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe
## [3073] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe South America Western Europe
## [3077] Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [3081] North America Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [3085] North America Western Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [3089] North America North America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [3093] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America Western Europe
## [3097] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America North America
## [3101] North America South America South America Asia/Pacific
## [3105] Western Europe Western Europe South America North America
## [3109] North America Eastern Europe Western Europe Western Europe
## [3113] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [3117] Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific South America
## [3121] Eastern Europe South America Western Europe Western Europe
## [3125] North America Asia/Pacific Western Europe Western Europe
## [3129] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America North America
## [3133] Western Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe South America
## [3137] North America Eastern Europe Western Europe Western Europe
## [3141] Asia/Pacific South America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [3145] Asia/Pacific North America North America Asia/Pacific
## [3149] South America North America Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [3153] Eastern Europe Western Europe North America North America
## [3157] Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe
## [3161] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [3165] North America North America South America Asia/Pacific
## [3169] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [3173] Asia/Pacific Western Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [3177] North America Western Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [3181] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [3185] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [3189] Western Europe Western Europe South America Western Europe
## [3193] North America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [3197] South America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [3201] Western Europe Asia/Pacific North America Asia/Pacific
## [3205] North America North America Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [3209] North America Asia/Pacific South America Eastern Europe
## [3213] Asia/Pacific North America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [3217] Western Europe South America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [3221] North America Western Europe Eastern Europe North America
## [3225] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [3229] South America Asia/Pacific North America South America
## [3233] North America Eastern Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [3237] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [3241] Asia/Pacific North America Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [3245] North America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [3249] North America North America Eastern Europe North America
## [3253] North America North America Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [3257] North America Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [3261] Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe
## [3265] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [3269] North America North America North America North America
## [3273] Western Europe Asia/Pacific South America Asia/Pacific
## [3277] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [3281] Eastern Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [3285] Western Europe Western Europe North America North America
## [3289] Eastern Europe North America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [3293] Western Europe Eastern Europe North America North America
## [3297] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [3301] Asia/Pacific Western Europe North America Western Europe
## [3305] Eastern Europe Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [3309] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [3313] North America Eastern Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [3317] North America North America North America Asia/Pacific
## [3321] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [3325] North America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe North America
## [3329] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [3333] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Western Europe South America
## [3337] North America Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [3341] South America Asia/Pacific South America South America
## [3345] North America Western Europe North America North America
## [3349] North America South America South America Asia/Pacific
## [3353] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America
## [3357] North America Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe
## [3361] Eastern Europe Western Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [3365] South America North America North America Asia/Pacific
## [3369] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America Eastern Europe
## [3373] North America Eastern Europe Western Europe North America
## [3377] South America Western Europe North America Western Europe
## [3381] Western Europe North America Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [3385] Western Europe Asia/Pacific North America North America
## [3389] North America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America
## [3393] South America North America Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [3397] North America North America North America Western Europe
## [3401] North America Western Europe Western Europe South America
## [3405] Eastern Europe Western Europe South America Western Europe
## [3409] Asia/Pacific North America Western Europe Western Europe
## [3413] North America North America Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [3417] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific North America
## [3421] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe North America
## [3425] North America Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [3429] Western Europe Eastern Europe North America South America
## [3433] North America North America Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [3437] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America North America
## [3441] Western Europe North America Western Europe Western Europe
## [3445] North America Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America
## [3449] Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [3453] Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [3457] South America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [3461] Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe Western Europe
## [3465] Western Europe North America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [3469] Western Europe North America Western Europe South America
## [3473] North America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [3477] Western Europe Western Europe South America Asia/Pacific
## [3481] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [3485] South America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [3489] Asia/Pacific Western Europe South America Eastern Europe
## [3493] Asia/Pacific North America North America Western Europe
## [3497] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [3501] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America
## [3505] South America Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [3509] North America South America North America Western Europe
## [3513] Asia/Pacific South America Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [3517] North America Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe
## [3521] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe South America North America
## [3525] Asia/Pacific Western Europe South America North America
## [3529] Western Europe Eastern Europe North America Asia/Pacific
## [3533] Western Europe Asia/Pacific North America North America
## [3537] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America
## [3541] Western Europe North America North America South America
## [3545] North America Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America
## [3549] Western Europe Asia/Pacific North America Western Europe
## [3553] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Eastern Europe North America
## [3557] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [3561] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific North America
## [3565] South America Western Europe North America Western Europe
## [3569] South America North America North America North America
## [3573] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America
## [3577] North America Western Europe Asia/Pacific North America
## [3581] North America Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America
## [3585] North America Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [3589] Eastern Europe North America North America Western Europe
## [3593] Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe North America
## [3597] Western Europe Eastern Europe North America Western Europe
## [3601] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [3605] Asia/Pacific North America South America North America
## [3609] Asia/Pacific North America North America North America
## [3613] Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [3617] South America North America Eastern Europe North America
## [3621] Asia/Pacific North America North America North America
## [3625] South America Western Europe North America Asia/Pacific
## [3629] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America
## [3633] North America North America North America North America
## [3637] Western Europe North America Western Europe South America
## [3641] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe North America Western Europe
## [3645] Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe South America
## [3649] South America Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [3653] South America North America South America North America
## [3657] Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe North America
## [3661] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe North America Western Europe
## [3665] South America Western Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [3669] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [3673] North America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [3677] Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [3681] South America Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [3685] Asia/Pacific South America South America North America
## [3689] North America Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [3693] North America South America North America Eastern Europe
## [3697] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [3701] Asia/Pacific Western Europe North America North America
## [3705] North America Eastern Europe South America Eastern Europe
## [3709] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe
## [3713] Eastern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [3717] North America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [3721] North America Western Europe South America Eastern Europe
## [3725] Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe North America
## [3729] North America Western Europe Eastern Europe North America
## [3733] Eastern Europe Western Europe North America Asia/Pacific
## [3737] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Eastern Europe South America
## [3741] North America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [3745] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe South America
## [3749] Western Europe South America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [3753] Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific North America
## [3757] Western Europe South America North America North America
## [3761] Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [3765] North America North America North America Asia/Pacific
## [3769] North America Asia/Pacific South America Western Europe
## [3773] South America North America Eastern Europe South America
## [3777] Western Europe North America South America Asia/Pacific
## [3781] Western Europe Western Europe North America Western Europe
## [3785] Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe
## [3789] Western Europe Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [3793] South America North America Asia/Pacific South America
## [3797] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe North America
## [3801] Asia/Pacific South America North America Western Europe
## [3805] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe South America North America
## [3809] Eastern Europe North America North America North America
## [3813] South America Western Europe Eastern Europe North America
## [3817] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [3821] Western Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific North America
## [3825] Western Europe North America Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [3829] Eastern Europe South America South America Western Europe
## [3833] Western Europe Asia/Pacific South America North America
## [3837] North America Eastern Europe North America North America
## [3841] North America Eastern Europe Western Europe North America
## [3845] South America Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [3849] Eastern Europe North America Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [3853] Western Europe South America North America Eastern Europe
## [3857] North America Eastern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [3861] North America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [3865] Eastern Europe North America North America Asia/Pacific
## [3869] Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [3873] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [3877] North America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [3881] Western Europe North America North America Western Europe
## [3885] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [3889] South America Eastern Europe Western Europe North America
## [3893] North America Western Europe North America North America
## [3897] Western Europe North America North America Asia/Pacific
## [3901] Western Europe North America Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [3905] Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe Western Europe
## [3909] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific North America North America
## [3913] North America Western Europe Western Europe North America
## [3917] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [3921] Asia/Pacific South America Asia/Pacific North America
## [3925] Western Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe South America
## [3929] North America Western Europe North America South America
## [3933] North America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe South America
## [3937] Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [3941] Western Europe Eastern Europe North America North America
## [3945] Eastern Europe North America Western Europe North America
## [3949] Western Europe North America Asia/Pacific North America
## [3953] North America Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [3957] Western Europe Asia/Pacific North America Asia/Pacific
## [3961] Western Europe Western Europe South America Eastern Europe
## [3965] North America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [3969] Asia/Pacific South America North America Western Europe
## [3973] North America Eastern Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [3977] North America Western Europe Eastern Europe South America
## [3981] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific South America Eastern Europe
## [3985] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [3989] North America Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [3993] Eastern Europe North America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [3997] South America North America North America Asia/Pacific
## [4001] Eastern Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [4005] North America Eastern Europe Western Europe North America
## [4009] North America Western Europe South America South America
## [4013] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [4017] Western Europe South America Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [4021] North America Western Europe North America North America
## [4025] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America North America
## [4029] Eastern Europe North America Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [4033] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [4037] North America North America North America Asia/Pacific
## [4041] Eastern Europe North America North America North America
## [4045] Western Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [4049] Asia/Pacific North America Western Europe Western Europe
## [4053] Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [4057] Western Europe South America Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [4061] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Western Europe North America
## [4065] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [4069] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific North America North America
## [4073] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [4077] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America Western Europe
## [4081] Western Europe Western Europe South America Asia/Pacific
## [4085] Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe North America
## [4089] Eastern Europe South America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [4093] North America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [4097] Western Europe North America Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [4101] Eastern Europe Western Europe Western Europe North America
## [4105] Eastern Europe North America North America Eastern Europe
## [4109] Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe North America
## [4113] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [4117] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific North America
## [4121] South America Western Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [4125] Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [4129] Western Europe North America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [4133] Western Europe North America Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [4137] Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [4141] South America South America North America Asia/Pacific
## [4145] Asia/Pacific North America North America Asia/Pacific
## [4149] Western Europe South America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [4153] South America Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [4157] North America North America North America Asia/Pacific
## [4161] Asia/Pacific North America Asia/Pacific North America
## [4165] Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe South America
## [4169] North America Western Europe South America North America
## [4173] Western Europe South America North America North America
## [4177] North America Asia/Pacific Western Europe North America
## [4181] North America Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [4185] Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe North America
## [4189] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [4193] Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [4197] Western Europe North America Western Europe North America
## [4201] Eastern Europe North America North America South America
## [4205] North America Eastern Europe Western Europe South America
## [4209] South America North America North America North America
## [4213] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Eastern Europe South America
## [4217] Western Europe North America Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [4221] Western Europe North America Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [4225] Western Europe North America Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [4229] South America South America Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [4233] North America Eastern Europe North America North America
## [4237] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe South America
## [4241] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [4245] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific South America Eastern Europe
## [4249] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America North America
## [4253] North America Western Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [4257] South America South America Asia/Pacific North America
## [4261] South America North America Western Europe North America
## [4265] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Western Europe North America
## [4269] North America North America North America Eastern Europe
## [4273] North America North America Eastern Europe North America
## [4277] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific South America Eastern Europe
## [4281] Western Europe North America North America South America
## [4285] Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe North America
## [4289] North America North America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [4293] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [4297] Western Europe Eastern Europe North America Asia/Pacific
## [4301] Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe North America
## [4305] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Western Europe North America
## [4309] Asia/Pacific North America Western Europe North America
## [4313] Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe North America
## [4317] North America Asia/Pacific North America Asia/Pacific
## [4321] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America Eastern Europe
## [4325] North America Asia/Pacific North America Eastern Europe
## [4329] Western Europe South America North America Western Europe
## [4333] Eastern Europe North America Western Europe North America
## [4337] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [4341] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [4345] North America Western Europe Asia/Pacific North America
## [4349] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific North America
## [4353] Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe North America
## [4357] Asia/Pacific North America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [4361] North America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [4365] North America Eastern Europe North America South America
## [4369] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America Eastern Europe
## [4373] Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [4377] South America Western Europe North America Western Europe
## [4381] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [4385] Western Europe North America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [4389] North America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America
## [4393] North America Western Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [4397] North America Asia/Pacific Western Europe North America
## [4401] Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [4405] Eastern Europe Western Europe Western Europe North America
## [4409] Western Europe Asia/Pacific North America North America
## [4413] North America South America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [4417] South America North America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [4421] Eastern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe North America
## [4425] Eastern Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [4429] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific North America
## [4433] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [4437] Asia/Pacific South America Western Europe North America
## [4441] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [4445] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America South America
## [4449] Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [4453] Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe North America
## [4457] Western Europe North America Western Europe Western Europe
## [4461] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe South America Western Europe
## [4465] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America Asia/Pacific
## [4469] South America Western Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [4473] South America North America Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [4477] Western Europe Asia/Pacific North America Asia/Pacific
## [4481] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific South America North America
## [4485] Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [4489] North America Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [4493] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe South America North America
## [4497] North America Asia/Pacific Western Europe North America
## [4501] North America Eastern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [4505] North America Asia/Pacific South America Asia/Pacific
## [4509] Eastern Europe North America Western Europe Western Europe
## [4513] Western Europe North America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [4517] North America South America North America Western Europe
## [4521] North America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America
## [4525] South America Asia/Pacific North America Western Europe
## [4529] Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [4533] North America Asia/Pacific North America South America
## [4537] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific South America South America
## [4541] Western Europe Asia/Pacific North America Western Europe
## [4545] North America South America Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [4549] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [4553] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [4557] Western Europe North America North America Western Europe
## [4561] Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [4565] Eastern Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [4569] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [4573] South America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [4577] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe North America
## [4581] Asia/Pacific South America North America North America
## [4585] North America North America Eastern Europe North America
## [4589] North America North America Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [4593] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe North America
## [4597] Western Europe North America North America North America
## [4601] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [4605] Eastern Europe Western Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [4609] South America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [4613] Eastern Europe Western Europe South America North America
## [4617] Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe North America
## [4621] Asia/Pacific North America Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [4625] North America North America North America North America
## [4629] Asia/Pacific North America Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [4633] South America Asia/Pacific South America Eastern Europe
## [4637] North America Eastern Europe Western Europe Western Europe
## [4641] South America South America South America Asia/Pacific
## [4645] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America Asia/Pacific
## [4649] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [4653] North America North America Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [4657] Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [4661] North America Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [4665] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific South America
## [4669] Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [4673] North America Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [4677] South America South America North America Western Europe
## [4681] North America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [4685] Asia/Pacific Western Europe North America North America
## [4689] Western Europe North America Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [4693] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [4697] Asia/Pacific Western Europe North America Asia/Pacific
## [4701] Eastern Europe Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe
## [4705] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [4709] Eastern Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [4713] Western Europe Western Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [4717] Western Europe Eastern Europe North America North America
## [4721] North America Asia/Pacific Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [4725] North America North America Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [4729] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [4733] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [4737] North America Asia/Pacific Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [4741] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Western Europe North America
## [4745] North America Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [4749] North America Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [4753] Eastern Europe North America Western Europe Western Europe
## [4757] Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [4761] Western Europe South America Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [4765] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [4769] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific North America Asia/Pacific
## [4773] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [4777] Western Europe North America Western Europe North America
## [4781] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe North America
## [4785] North America North America Asia/Pacific North America
## [4789] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [4793] Western Europe South America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [4797] North America North America Western Europe Western Europe
## [4801] Western Europe North America Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [4805] Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [4809] Western Europe Eastern Europe North America North America
## [4813] Eastern Europe North America North America North America
## [4817] North America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe North America
## [4821] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe North America
## [4825] Western Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [4829] North America Eastern Europe Western Europe Western Europe
## [4833] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [4837] North America Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [4841] Western Europe Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [4845] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [4849] Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [4853] North America Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific North America
## [4857] Eastern Europe North America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
## [4861] North America Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific
## [4865] Eastern Europe North America Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [4869] South America Western Europe Western Europe North America
## [4873] North America Western Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [4877] Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe Asia/Pacific
## [4881] Asia/Pacific North America Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [4885] North America Western Europe North America North America
## [4889] Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [4893] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [4897] North America North America Asia/Pacific South America
## [4901] South America North America South America Western Europe
## [4905] Western Europe Western Europe North America Eastern Europe
## [4909] Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific North America
## [4913] North America North America North America Eastern Europe
## [4917] Eastern Europe Western Europe North America Western Europe
## [4921] Western Europe Asia/Pacific North America Eastern Europe
## [4925] Asia/Pacific Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [4929] South America South America Eastern Europe North America
## [4933] Asia/Pacific South America Western Europe Western Europe
## [4937] Eastern Europe North America Asia/Pacific North America
## [4941] Asia/Pacific South America Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [4945] Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific North America Western Europe
## [4949] North America South America Asia/Pacific Western Europe
## [4953] North America Eastern Europe North America Western Europe
## [4957] North America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe
## [4961] Eastern Europe South America South America Western Europe
## [4965] Eastern Europe Eastern Europe North America Western Europe
## [4969] North America North America Western Europe Western Europe
## [4973] Asia/Pacific South America Western Europe South America
## [4977] Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe North America
## [4981] South America Western Europe Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe
## [4985] Western Europe Eastern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [4989] Western Europe Eastern Europe Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific
## [4993] Western Europe North America Western Europe Eastern Europe
## [4997] Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe Western Europe
## 5 Levels: Asia/Pacific Eastern Europe North America ... Western Europe
class(demog.data$REGION)
## [1] "factor"
levels(demog.data$REGION) # <-- we need to convert this to a factor
## [1] "Asia/Pacific" "Eastern Europe" "North America" "South America"
## [5] "Western Europe"
Default factor ordering upon coercion of vectors into factors
If a character vector is coerced into a factor, the default ordering is lexicographical.
levels(factor(demog.data$REGION))
## [1] "Asia/Pacific" "Eastern Europe" "North America" "South America"
## [5] "Western Europe"
# Indeed, Alphabetical ordering
all.equal(levels(factor(demog.data$REGION)),
levels(factor(demog.data$REGION, c("Asia/Pacific",
"Eastern Europe",
"North America",
"South America",
"Western Europe"))))
## [1] TRUE
Dictating the order of a factor manually
Suppose the following order is desired. E.g., we wish to see Eastern/Western Europe and North/South America to be ordered together.
levels(factor(demog.data$REGION, c("Asia/Pacific",
"Eastern Europe",
"Western Europe",
"North America",
"South America")))
## [1] "Asia/Pacific" "Eastern Europe" "Western Europe" "North America"
## [5] "South America"
Dictating order programmatically
Suppose we wish to order categories by their frequency. The base::order function returns a permutation which rearranges its first argument into ascending or descending order.
# We really want to order these by frequency...
data.frame(original.order = levels(factor(demog.data$REGION)),
original.frequency = data.frame(table(demog.data$REGION))$Freq,
map=order(table(demog.data$REGION)),
new.order=levels(factor(demog.data$REGION))[order(table(demog.data$REGION))])
## original.order original.frequency map new.order
## 1 Asia/Pacific 1013 4 South America
## 2 Eastern Europe 1098 1 Asia/Pacific
## 3 North America 1224 2 Eastern Europe
## 4 South America 375 3 North America
## 5 Western Europe 1290 5 Western Europe
Let's declare two new column vector, REGION2, REGION3:
demog.data$REGION2 <- factor(demog.data$REGION, c("Asia/Pacific",
"Eastern Europe",
"North America",
"South America",
"Western Europe")[order(table(demog.data$REGION))])
demog.data$REGION3 <- factor(demog.data$REGION, c("Asia/Pacific",
"Eastern Europe",
"North America",
"South America",
"Western Europe")[rev(order(table(demog.data$REGION)))])
Altogether now...
Here we use gridExtra::grid.arrange to juxtapose ggplot objects.
p1 <- ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=REGION)) + geom_bar() + coord_flip()
p2 <- ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=REGION2)) + geom_bar() + coord_flip()
p3 <- ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=REGION3)) + geom_bar() + coord_flip()
grid.arrange(p1 + labs(title="Default ordering - alphabetical"),
p2 + labs(title="Ordered by frequency"),
p3 + labs(title="Ordered by Frequency & reversed"), ncol=1)
Bar charts from summarized data
Suppose instead of beginning with subject level data, we begin with aggregated summaries.
# Note the use of dplyr::rename to rename columns
demog.data.table.original <- data.frame(table(demog.data$REGION))
demog.data.table.renamed <- demog.data.table.original %>% rename(REGION = Var1)
demog.data.table.original
## Var1 Freq
## 1 Asia/Pacific 1013
## 2 Eastern Europe 1098
## 3 North America 1224
## 4 South America 375
## 5 Western Europe 1290
demog.data.table.renamed
## REGION Freq
## 1 Asia/Pacific 1013
## 2 Eastern Europe 1098
## 3 North America 1224
## 4 South America 375
## 5 Western Europe 1290
ggplot(data=demog.data.table.renamed, aes(x=REGION, y=Freq)) + geom_bar(stat="identity")
Suppose we want relative frequency bar chart
demog.data.table.original$prop <- demog.data.table.original$Freq/sum(demog.data.table.original$Freq)
ggplot(data=demog.data.table.original, aes(x=Var1, y=prop)) + geom_bar(stat="identity")
Challenge: Manipulate the limits and tick marks so this graphic's y-axis extends to 0.3 and shows tick marks at 0, 0.025, 0.05, ..., 0.30.
A punched up version - barchart by region and gender
Items to note:
- ggplot2::aes links the color used to fill in bars to Var2 (SEX)
- ggplot2::geom_bar takes position = "dodge", contrast this with the default: position="stack"
- ggplot2::geom_text is employed to add frequency counts
- scales::percent_format is used to add % signs on axis. The scales packages is a good package to review!
- ggplot2::scale_fill_manual is used to manipulate the colors used to fill bars
- ggplot2::theme is used to manipulate the position of the legend
demog.data.table <- data.frame(table(demog.data$REGION, demog.data$SEX))
demog.data.table$prop <- demog.data.table$Freq/sum(demog.data.table$Freq)
p1 <- ggplot(data = demog.data.table, aes(x = Var1, y = prop, fill = Var2)) +
geom_bar(stat = "identity", position = "dodge") +
coord_flip() +
geom_text(position=position_dodge(width=1), size = 5,
aes(y=prop+.02, label=paste(" n = ", Freq, sep = "")))+
scale_y_continuous(limits = c(0,.3), breaks = seq(0,1,.05), labels = percent_format()) +
scale_fill_manual(values = c("blue", "brown")) +
labs(y = "Proportion", x = "Region", fill = "Gender", title="Barchart of Region and Gender")+
theme(legend.position= "bottom")
p1
Plotting parametric functions
Base R approach
Here's base R's graphics::curve function in action. It provides a graphic and if assigned to an objects, returns a list.
curve(expr = dnorm(x), from=-6, to=6, n=1001)
temp <- curve(expr = dnorm(x), from=-6, to=6, n=1001)
class(temp)
## [1] "list"
str(temp)
## List of 2
## $ x: num [1:1001] -6 -5.99 -5.98 -5.96 -5.95 ...
## $ y: num [1:1001] 6.08e-09 6.53e-09 7.01e-09 7.54e-09 8.09e-09 ...
The list readily converts to a data.frame which is needed for a ggplot graphic.
head(data.frame(temp))
the figuRes2::gcurve function
This function is a hack of the graphics::curve function. It suppresses graphic creation, returns a data.frame and optionally provides an additional column to the data.frame called 'category'.
head(figuRes2::gcurve(expr = dnorm(x), from=-6, to=6, n=101, category="Standard Normal"))
## x y category
## 1 -6.00 6.075883e-09 Standard Normal
## 2 -5.88 1.239294e-08 Standard Normal
## 3 -5.76 2.491643e-08 Standard Normal
## 4 -5.64 4.937910e-08 Standard Normal
## 5 -5.52 9.645989e-08 Standard Normal
## 6 -5.40 1.857362e-07 Standard Normal
By using multiple calls to gcurve and using dplyr::bind_rows we can quickly create graphics with multiple functions.
Note the use of color within ggplot2::aes.
my.df <- rbind(
gcurve(expr = dnorm(x), from=-6, to=6, n=101, category="N(0, 1)"),
gcurve(expr = dnorm(x, -1, 1), from=-6, to=6, n=101, category="N(-1, 1)"),
gcurve(expr = dnorm(x, 1, 1), from=-6, to=6, n=101, category="N(1, 1)"))
ggplot(data=my.df, aes(x=x, y=y, color=category))+geom_line()
Here's a punched-up version:
- size = .75 is used within ggplot2::geom_line to manually control the line size
- y-label is suppressed by populating it with a blank character vector.
- the second graphics contrasts this by populated the y-labels with NULL
- note how this increases with width of the figure
- the third graphic uses the argument breaks=NULL in ggplot2::scale_y_continuous to remove tick marks and axis labels. (This maybe helpful when comparing density curves. The y-axis may distract colleagues from appreciating that area under curves is 1 for probability density functions.)
grid.arrange(top='Comparison of labs(y=""), labs(y=NULL), and labs(y=NULL) & scale_y_continuous(breaks=NULL)',
ggplot(data=my.df, aes(x=x, y=y, color=category))+
geom_line(size=.75)+
labs(x="x", y="",
title="Normal Density Functions",
color="Density")+
theme(legend.position="bottom"),
ggplot(data=my.df, aes(x=x, y=y, color=category))+
geom_line(size=.75)+
labs(x="x", y=NULL,
title="Normal Density Functions",
color="Density")+
theme(legend.position="bottom"),
ggplot(data=my.df, aes(x=x, y=y, color=category))+
geom_line(size=.75)+
labs(x="x", y=NULL,
title="Normal Density Functions",
color="Density")+
theme(legend.position="bottom")+
scale_y_continuous(breaks=NULL)
)
Run through betas with a common mean
I'm looking to explore beta distributions that share a common mean.
Things to remember:
Histograms
Let's start from scratch:
head(demog.data)
## CENTREID SUBJID AGE SEX TRTGRP REGION HEIGHT WEIGHT DIABET
## 5699 60016 17380 58 M Treatment Asia/Pacific 165 65.0 1
## 8622 67458 24040 62 M Placebo Western Europe 181 88.0 0
## 11716 58401 30384 63 M Placebo Western Europe 175 77.0 0
## 9633 57867 26373 63 F Placebo Western Europe 159 81.4 0
## 13562 59286 34327 70 M Treatment Western Europe 160 81.3 1
## 4004 59512 13390 80 M Treatment Asia/Pacific 151 62.0 0
## SYSBP DIABP BMI BMI.GRP GFR.GRP HDLC REGION2
## 5699 116 78 23.87511 <25 kg/m2 Mild 1.04 Asia/Pacific
## 8622 132 79 26.86121 25-<30 kg/m2 Mild 1.14 Western Europe
## 11716 140 81 25.14286 25-<30 kg/m2 Normal 1.83 Western Europe
## 9633 165 101 32.19809 >=30 kg/m2 Mild 1.82 Western Europe
## 13562 132 78 31.75781 >=30 kg/m2 Mild 1.30 Western Europe
## 4004 144 83 27.19179 25-<30 kg/m2 Mild 1.38 Asia/Pacific
## REGION3
## 5699 Asia/Pacific
## 8622 Western Europe
## 11716 Western Europe
## 9633 Western Europe
## 13562 Western Europe
## 4004 Asia/Pacific
str(demog.data)
## 'data.frame': 5000 obs. of 17 variables:
## $ CENTREID: int 60016 67458 58401 57867 59286 59512 61504 59325 57028 60016 ...
## $ SUBJID : int 17380 24040 30384 26373 34327 13390 28260 18671 39222 17376 ...
## $ AGE : int 58 62 63 63 70 80 48 66 75 69 ...
## $ SEX : Factor w/ 2 levels "F","M": 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 ...
## $ TRTGRP : Factor w/ 2 levels "Placebo","Treatment": 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 ...
## $ REGION : Factor w/ 5 levels "Asia/Pacific",..: 1 5 5 5 5 1 2 1 3 1 ...
## $ HEIGHT : int 165 181 175 159 160 151 156 152 170 160 ...
## $ WEIGHT : num 65 88 77 81.4 81.3 62 75 57 79 62.7 ...
## $ DIABET : int 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ SYSBP : int 116 132 140 165 132 144 158 169 134 130 ...
## $ DIABP : int 78 79 81 101 78 83 99 92 86 70 ...
## $ BMI : num 23.9 26.9 25.1 32.2 31.8 ...
## $ BMI.GRP : Factor w/ 4 levels "<25 kg/m2",">=30 kg/m2",..: 1 3 3 2 2 3 2 1 3 1 ...
## $ GFR.GRP : Factor w/ 5 levels "Mild","Missing",..: 1 1 4 1 1 1 4 4 1 4 ...
## $ HDLC : num 1.04 1.14 1.83 1.82 1.3 1.38 1.34 1.76 1.75 1.53 ...
## $ REGION2 : Factor w/ 5 levels "South America",..: 2 5 5 5 5 2 3 2 4 2 ...
## $ REGION3 : Factor w/ 5 levels "Western Europe",..: 4 1 1 1 1 4 3 4 2 4 ...
sort(names(demog.data))
## [1] "AGE" "BMI" "BMI.GRP" "CENTREID" "DIABET" "DIABP"
## [7] "GFR.GRP" "HDLC" "HEIGHT" "REGION" "REGION2" "REGION3"
## [13] "SEX" "SUBJID" "SYSBP" "TRTGRP" "WEIGHT"
Basic historgram
Here's a histogram from heights.
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=HEIGHT)) + geom_histogram()
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## Warning: Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
summary(demog.data$HEIGHT)
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max. NA's
## 121.0 163.0 170.0 169.5 176.0 203.0 12
Investigating the warning message
We see
Warning message: Removed 27 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
# note na.rm = T is needed
max(demog.data$HEIGHT, na.rm=T) - min(demog.data$HEIGHT, na.rm=T)
## [1] 82
median(demog.data$HEIGHT)
## [1] NA
mean(demog.data$HEIGHT)
## [1] NA
median(demog.data$HEIGHT, na.rm=T)
## [1] 170
mean(demog.data$HEIGHT, na.rm=T)
## [1] 169.4918
binwidth options
grid.arrange(top="Comparison of various binwidth values passed to geom_histogram",
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=HEIGHT)) + geom_histogram(binwidth = .5) + ggtitle("binwidth = .5"),
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=HEIGHT)) + geom_histogram(binwidth = 1)+ ggtitle("binwidth = 1"),
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=HEIGHT)) + geom_histogram(binwidth = 2.5)+ ggtitle("binwidth = 2.5"),
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=HEIGHT)) + geom_histogram(binwidth = 25)+ ggtitle("binwidth = 25"),
ncol=2)
## Warning: Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
## Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
## Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
## Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
Understanding color and fill options within the geom_historgram function
Here we demonstrate the difference between color and fill options.
grid.arrange(top="Comparison of various binwidth values passed to geom_histogram when color and fill differ",
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=HEIGHT)) + geom_histogram(binwidth = .5, color="red", fill="blue") + ggtitle("binwidth = .5"),
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=HEIGHT)) + geom_histogram(binwidth = 1, color="red", fill="blue")+ ggtitle("binwidth = 1"),
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=HEIGHT)) + geom_histogram(binwidth = 2.5, color="red", fill="blue")+ ggtitle("binwidth = 2.5"),
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=HEIGHT)) + geom_histogram(binwidth = 25, color="red", fill="blue")+ ggtitle("binwidth = 25"),
ncol=2)
## Warning: Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
## Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
## Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
## Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
Understanding alpha option for controling fill transparency
q <- ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=HEIGHT)) + ggtitle("binwidth = 2.5")
grid.arrange(top="Comparison of various values passed to transparency argument alpha",
q + geom_histogram(binwidth = 2.5, color="red", fill="blue", alpha=0) + labs(subtitle = "alpha = 0"),
q + geom_histogram(binwidth = 2.5, color="red", fill="blue", alpha=.2) + labs(subtitle = "alpha = 0.2"),
q + geom_histogram(binwidth = 2.5, color="red", fill="blue", alpha=.4) + labs(subtitle = "alpha = 0.4"),
q + geom_histogram(binwidth = 2.5, color="red", fill="blue", alpha=.6) + labs(subtitle = "alpha = 0.6"),
q + geom_histogram(binwidth = 2.5, color="red", fill="blue", alpha=.8) + labs(subtitle = "alpha = 0.8"),
q + geom_histogram(binwidth = 2.5, color="red", fill="blue", alpha=1) + labs(subtitle = "alpha = 1.0")
)
## Warning: Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
## Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
## Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
## Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
## Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
## Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
manipulating tick marks with breaks and plot window with limits
q + geom_histogram(binwidth = 2.5, color="red", fill="blue", alpha=.6) +
scale_x_continuous(breaks=seq(0,500,10), limits=c(100,225)) +
scale_y_continuous(breaks=seq(0, 3000, 100)) +
labs(subtitle = "alpha = 0.6", caption="Scaling of axes accomplished with:\nscale_x_continuous(breaks=seq(0,500,10), limits=c(100,225))\nscale_y_continuous(breaks=seq(0, 3000, 250))")
## Warning: Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
## Warning: Removed 2 rows containing missing values (geom_bar).
Histograms with two categories of subjects
It's important to note that these are 'stacked' histograms. It is easy for us to think these are 'overlayed' histograms. In the first graphic, Females occupy the first factor level and we see this results in Males getting plotted first with Females stacked on top. In the second graphic, "Men" occupy the first factor level.
demog.data$SEX <- factor(demog.data$SEX, c("F", "M")) # Alphabetical ordering
demog.data$SEX2 <- factor(demog.data$SEX, c("M", "F")) # Preferred order
table(demog.data$SEX)
##
## F M
## 968 4032
table(demog.data$SEX2)
##
## M F
## 4032 968
grid.arrange(top="Comparison of plots when swapping order of factor levels",
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=HEIGHT, fill=SEX)) +
geom_histogram(bin=2.5),
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=HEIGHT, fill=SEX2)) +
geom_histogram(bin=2.5))
## Warning: Ignoring unknown parameters: bin
## Ignoring unknown parameters: bin
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## Warning: Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## Warning: Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
I.e., transparency is not an issue here.
grid.arrange(top="Comparison of plots when swapping order of factor levels - transparency added",
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=HEIGHT, fill=SEX)) +
geom_histogram(bin=2.5, alpha=.2),
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=HEIGHT, fill=SEX2)) +
geom_histogram(bin=2.5, alpha=.2))
## Warning: Ignoring unknown parameters: bin
## Ignoring unknown parameters: bin
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## Warning: Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## Warning: Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
Histograms with facet_wrap
Note that various options serve to obscure the inherent differences in samples sizes between the two groups.
grid.arrange(top="Comparison of facet_wrap scales options",
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=HEIGHT, fill=SEX)) +
geom_histogram(bin=2.5, alpha=.2) + facet_wrap(~SEX) + ggtitle("facet_wrap default"),
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=HEIGHT, fill=SEX)) +
geom_histogram(bin=2.5, alpha=.2) + facet_wrap(~SEX, scales="free_x") + ggtitle('scales="free_x"'),
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=HEIGHT, fill=SEX)) +
geom_histogram(bin=2.5, alpha=.2) + facet_wrap(~SEX, scales="free_y") + ggtitle('scales="free_y"'),
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=HEIGHT, fill=SEX)) +
geom_histogram(bin=2.5, alpha=.2) + facet_wrap(~SEX, scales="free") + ggtitle('scales="free"'), ncol=2)
## Warning: Ignoring unknown parameters: bin
## Ignoring unknown parameters: bin
## Ignoring unknown parameters: bin
## Ignoring unknown parameters: bin
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## Warning: Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## Warning: Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## Warning: Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## Warning: Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
grid.arrange(top="Comparison of facet_wrap scales options with single column of facets imposed",
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=HEIGHT, fill=SEX)) +
geom_histogram(bin=2.5, alpha=.2) + facet_wrap(~SEX, ncol=1) + ggtitle("facet_wrap default, ncol=1"),
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=HEIGHT, fill=SEX)) +
geom_histogram(bin=2.5, alpha=.2) + facet_wrap(~SEX, scales="free_x", ncol=1) + ggtitle('scales="free_x", ncol=1'),
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=HEIGHT, fill=SEX)) +
geom_histogram(bin=2.5, alpha=.2) + facet_wrap(~SEX, scales="free_y", ncol=1) + ggtitle('scales="free_y", ncol=1'),
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=HEIGHT, fill=SEX)) +
geom_histogram(bin=2.5, alpha=.2) + facet_wrap(~SEX, scales="free", ncol=1) + ggtitle('scales="free", ncol=1'), ncol=2)
## Warning: Ignoring unknown parameters: bin
## Ignoring unknown parameters: bin
## Ignoring unknown parameters: bin
## Ignoring unknown parameters: bin
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## Warning: Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## Warning: Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## Warning: Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## Warning: Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
HOMEWORK!!! Go look online for solution - how do you create a relative frequency histogram??
Boxplot
Let's build up a boxplot towards a standard.
get.whiskers <- function(dframe) {
bplot <- boxplot(dframe$RESPONSE ~ dframe$CATEGORY, plot = F)
whiskers <- with(bplot,
data.frame(CATEGORY = names,
LOWER = stats[1, ],
MEDIAN = stats[3, ],
UPPER = stats[5, ],
N=n))
return(whiskers)
}
whiskers <- get.whiskers(dframe = demog.data %>% select(SUBJID, TRTGRP, BMI) %>% rename(RESPONSE=BMI, CATEGORY=TRTGRP ))
demog.data %>% select(SUBJID, TRTGRP, BMI) %>% ggplot(aes(x=TRTGRP, y = BMI, shape=TRTGRP, fill=TRTGRP)) + geom_boxplot()
## Warning: Removed 14 rows containing non-finite values (stat_boxplot).
demog.data %>% select(SUBJID, TRTGRP, BMI) %>% ggplot(aes(x=TRTGRP, y = BMI, shape=TRTGRP, fill=TRTGRP)) +
geom_boxplot(outlier.size = 3, outlier.colour = alpha("black", 0.2))+
stat_summary(fun = mean, geom = "point",
shape = c(21, 22),
size = 3, bg = "white") +
scale_fill_manual(values = c("red", "blue")) +
scale_x_discrete(breaks = levels(demog.data$TRTGRP),
labels = paste(levels(demog.data$TRTGRP),"\n n = ", whiskers$N)) +
scale_y_continuous(limits = c(0,100), breaks = seq(0,100,10)) +
geom_text(data = whiskers %>% rename(TRTGRP=CATEGORY) %>% mutate(x=as.numeric(as.factor(TRTGRP)) - .5), aes(x = x, y = MEDIAN, label = round(MEDIAN, 2)),
size = 5) +
theme(legend.position= "bottom")+ labs(fill="Treatment Group")+
labs(y = TeX(paste0("BMI kg/", "$m^{2}$")),
x = "Treatment Group",
fill = "Treatment Group",
shape = "Treatment Group",
title=TeX(paste0("Boxplot of BMI kg/", "$m^{2}$")),
caption="The median value is displayed to the left of each boxplot.")
## Warning: Removed 14 rows containing non-finite values (stat_boxplot).
## Warning: Removed 14 rows containing non-finite values (stat_summary).
Violin plots behave very similarly to boxplots
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=factor(""), y=HEIGHT)) + geom_violin()
## Warning: Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_ydensity).
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=factor(""), y=HEIGHT)) + geom_violin() + labs(x="All Patients", y="Height")
## Warning: Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_ydensity).
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=SEX, y=HEIGHT, fill=BMI.GRP)) + geom_violin()
## Warning: Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_ydensity).
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=SEX, y=HEIGHT, fill=SEX)) + geom_violin() + facet_wrap(~REGION)
## Warning: Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_ydensity).
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=SEX, y=HEIGHT, fill=SEX)) + geom_violin() + facet_wrap(~REGION, nrow=1)
## Warning: Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_ydensity).
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=SEX, y=HEIGHT, fill=SEX)) + geom_violin() + facet_wrap(BMI.GRP~REGION)
## Warning: Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_ydensity).
ggplot(data=demog.data, aes(x=SEX, y=HEIGHT, fill=SEX)) + geom_violin() + facet_grid(REGION~BMI.GRP)
## Warning: Removed 12 rows containing non-finite values (stat_ydensity).
Problems: need to reorder levels of BMI.GRP
- Need to suppress the missing group
- Need to move the legend to make better use of real estate
- This chunk of code is to get the superscripts into labels
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