simulate.ets: Simulation from a time series model

In forecast: Forecasting Functions for Time Series and Linear Models

Simulation from a time series model

Description

Returns a time series based on the model object object.

Usage

## S3 method for class 'ets'
simulate(
  object,
  nsim = length(object$x),
  seed = NULL,
  future = TRUE,
  bootstrap = FALSE,
  innov = NULL,
  ...
)

## S3 method for class 'Arima'
simulate(
  object,
  nsim = length(object$x),
  seed = NULL,
  xreg = NULL,
  future = TRUE,
  bootstrap = FALSE,
  innov = NULL,
  lambda = object$lambda,
  ...
)

## S3 method for class 'ar'
simulate(
  object,
  nsim = object$n.used,
  seed = NULL,
  future = TRUE,
  bootstrap = FALSE,
  innov = NULL,
  ...
)

## S3 method for class 'rw_model'
simulate(
  object,
  nsim = length(object$x),
  seed = NULL,
  future = TRUE,
  bootstrap = FALSE,
  innov = NULL,
  lambda = object$lambda,
  ...
)

## S3 method for class 'fracdiff'
simulate(
  object,
  nsim = object$n,
  seed = NULL,
  future = TRUE,
  bootstrap = FALSE,
  innov = NULL,
  lambda = object$lambda,
  ...
)

## S3 method for class 'nnetar'
simulate(
  object,
  nsim = length(object$x),
  seed = NULL,
  xreg = NULL,
  future = TRUE,
  bootstrap = FALSE,
  innov = NULL,
  lambda = object$lambda,
  ...
)

## S3 method for class 'modelAR'
simulate(
  object,
  nsim = length(object$x),
  seed = NULL,
  xreg = NULL,
  future = TRUE,
  bootstrap = FALSE,
  innov = NULL,
  lambda = object$lambda,
  ...
)

## S3 method for class 'tbats'
simulate(
  object,
  nsim = length(object$y),
  seed = NULL,
  future = TRUE,
  bootstrap = FALSE,
  innov = NULL,
  ...
)

## S3 method for class 'spline_model'
simulate(
  object,
  nsim = length(object$y),
  seed = NULL,
  future = TRUE,
  bootstrap = FALSE,
  innov = NULL,
  lambda = object$lambda,
  ...
)

Arguments

object	An object representing a fitted time series model. For example, it may be of class ets, Arima, ar, nnetar, etc.
nsim	Number of periods for the simulated series. Ignored if either xreg or innov are not NULL. Otherwise the default is the length of series used to train model (or 100 if no data found).
seed	Either NULL or an integer that will be used in a call to set.seed() before simulating the time series. The default, NULL, will not change the random generator state.
future	Produce sample paths that are future to and conditional on the data in object. Otherwise simulate unconditionally.
bootstrap	Do simulation using resampled errors rather than normally distributed errors or errors provided as innov.
innov	A vector of innovations to use as the error series. Ignored if bootstrap = TRUE. If not NULL, the value of nsim is set to length of innov.
...	Other arguments, not currently used.
xreg	New values of xreg to be used for forecasting. The value of nsim is set to the number of rows of xreg if it is not NULL.
lambda	Box-Cox transformation parameter. If lambda = "auto", then a transformation is automatically selected using BoxCox.lambda. The transformation is ignored if NULL. Otherwise, data transformed before model is estimated.

Details

With simulate.Arima(), the object should be produced by Arima() or auto.arima(), rather than stats::arima(). By default, the error series is assumed normally distributed and generated using stats::rnorm(). If innov is present, it is used instead. If bootstrap = TRUE and innov = NULL, the residuals are resampled instead.

When future = TRUE, the sample paths are conditional on the data. When future = FALSE and the model is stationary, the sample paths do not depend on the data at all. When future = FALSE and the model is non-stationary, the location of the sample paths is arbitrary, so they all start at the value of the first observation.

Value

An object of class ts.

Author(s)

Rob J Hyndman

See Also

ets(), Arima(), auto.arima(), ar(), arfima(), nnetar().

Examples

fit <- ets(USAccDeaths)
plot(USAccDeaths, xlim = c(1973, 1982))
lines(simulate(fit, 36), col = "red")

forecast documentation built on March 18, 2026, 9:07 a.m.