glycan_structure: Create a Glycan Structure Vector

In glyrepr: Representation for Glycan Compositions and Structures

Create a Glycan Structure Vector

Description

glycan_structure() creates an efficient glycan structure vector for storing and processing glycan molecular structures. The function employs hash-based deduplication mechanisms, making it suitable for glycoproteomics, glycomics analysis, and glycan structure comparison studies.

Usage

glycan_structure(...)

is_glycan_structure(x)

Arguments

...	igraph graph objects to be converted to glycan structures, or existing glycan structure vectors. Supports mixed input of multiple objects.
x	An object to check or convert.

Value

A glyrepr_structure class glycan structure vector object.

Data Structure Overview

A glycan structure vector is a vctrs vector with an additional S3 class glyrepr_structure.

Each glycan structure must satisfy the following constraints:

Graph Structure Requirements

• An ordinary structure must be a directed outward tree (reducing end as root).

• A structure with floating parts must be one annotated forest containing exactly one main outward tree and one outward tree per floating part.

• Floating substituents add graph metadata but no vertices or edges.

• Must have a graph attribute anomer in the format "a1" or "b1"

  • Unknown parts can be represented with "?", e.g., "?1", "a?", "??"

• May have a graph attribute alditol, containing one logical value. Missing attributes are treated as FALSE and canonicalized explicitly.

Node Attributes

• mono: Monosaccharide names, must be known monosaccharide types

  • Generic names: Hex, HexNAc, dHex, NeuAc, etc.

  • Concrete names: Glc, Gal, Man, GlcNAc, etc.

  • Generic and concrete names may be mixed

  • NA values are not allowed

• sub: Substituent information

  • Single substituent format: "xY" (x = position, Y = substituent name), e.g., "2Ac", "3S"

  • Ambiguous substituent positions use slash-separated alternatives, e.g., "4/6S", "3/4/6Ac"

  • Multiple substituents separated by commas and ordered by position, e.g., "3Me,4Ac", "2S,6P"

  • Unknown substituent positions can be repeated, e.g., "?Me,?S"

  • No substituents represented by empty string ""

Edge Attributes

• linkage: Glycosidic linkage information in format "a/bX-Y"

  • Standard format: e.g., "b1-4", "a2-3"

  • Unknown positions allowed: "a1-?", "b?-3", "??-?"

  • Partially unknown positions: "a1-3/6", "a1-3/6/9"

  • NA values are not allowed

Floating Parts

Floating parts are disconnected substructures whose attachment to the main tree is not fully localized. They are declared by the floating_parts graph attribute, a list with one entry per floating component. Each entry contains:

• root: the integer vertex index of the floating component root.

• nodes: all integer vertex indices in the floating component, ordered as the component appears in the complete IUPAC-condensed sequence.

• linkage: the virtual linkage from that root to its unresolved parent.

• parents: integer vertex indices outside the floating component. An empty integer vector means that all feasible nodes outside the component are candidates.

Canonical graphs always contain nodes. For backward compatibility, input graphs may omit it; glycan_structure() derives the component membership before validation and stores nodes in the canonical result.

During canonicalization, a floating part with exactly one effective candidate parent is attached to that parent as an ordinary graph edge. Attachments between floating components merge their nodes metadata and can resolve further singleton domains. Only unresolved attachments retain floating metadata, where the virtual attachment is metadata rather than an edge and contributes to the canonical structure key.

Floating Substituents

A floating substituent has known chemistry but an unresolved parent residue. It is declared by the floating_substituents graph attribute, a list with one entry per substituent. Each entry contains:

• substituent: one canonical substituent token such as "6S", "4/6Ac", or "?Me".

• parents: integer residue vertex indices in the complete structure. An empty integer vector means that all feasible residue nodes are candidates.

A singleton candidate is normalized into the corresponding vertex's sub attribute. Candidate parents must permit a conflict-free assignment of occupied carbon positions. Floating-part assignments must also be acyclic and connect every floating component to the main tree.

Node and Edge Order

For an ordinary tree, the indices of vertices and linkages correspond directly to their order in the printed IUPAC-condensed string. For example, for the glycan ⁠Man(a1-3)[Man(a1-6)]Man(b1-4)GlcNAc(b1-4)GlcNAc(b1-⁠, the vertices are "Man", "Man", "Man", "GlcNAc", "GlcNAc", and the linkages are "a1-3", "a1-6", "b1-4", "b1-4".

For a floating structure, floating-component vertices and edges precede the main tree, exactly as their brace-enclosed components precede the main glycan in the complete IUPAC-condensed string. Parent indices written inside braces and stored in floating_parts$parents or floating_substituents$parents use this same global order. Substituent blocks contribute no vertex indices. A virtual floating attachment is not an edge, and a floating substituent is not a vertex.

NA Support

Glycan structure vectors support NA values for representing missing or unknown structures:

• Create with glycan_structure(NA) or glycan_structure(NULL)

• Combine with valid structures: c(struct1, NA, struct2)

• Convert from character: as_glycan_structure(c("Glc(a1-", NA))

• smap functions skip NA elements gracefully

• is.na() returns TRUE for NA elements

Naming Support

Glycan structure vectors can have names, which are preserved during operations. This is particularly useful when working with the glymotif package.

Character conversion

A glycan structure vector is not a character vector. Use as.character() to explicitly convert it to IUPAC-condensed strings when needed.

Examples

library(igraph)

# Example 1: Create a simple glycan structure GlcNAc(b1-4)GlcNAc
graph <- make_graph(~ 1-+2)  # Create graph with two monosaccharides
V(graph)$mono <- c("GlcNAc", "GlcNAc")  # Set monosaccharide types
V(graph)$sub <- ""  # No substituents
E(graph)$linkage <- "b1-4"  # b1-4 glycosidic linkage
graph$anomer <- "a1"  # a anomeric carbon

# Create glycan structure vector
simple_struct <- glycan_structure(graph)
print(simple_struct)

# Example 2: Use predefined glycan core structures
n_core <- n_glycan_core()  # N-glycan core structure
o_core1 <- o_glycan_core_1()  # O-glycan Core 1 structure

# Example 3: Create complex structure with substituents
complex_graph <- make_graph(~ 1-+2-+3)
V(complex_graph)$mono <- c("GlcNAc", "Gal", "Neu5Ac")
V(complex_graph)$sub <- c("", "", "")  # Add substituents as needed
E(complex_graph)$linkage <- c("b1-4", "a2-3")
complex_graph$anomer <- "b1"

complex_struct <- glycan_structure(complex_graph)
print(complex_struct)

# Example 4: Parse a floating part with explicit candidate parents
floating <- as_glycan_structure(
  "{Neu5Ac(a2-3)|2,3}Gal(b1-3)[Gal(b1-4)]GlcNAc(a1-"
)
structure_floating_parts(floating)

# Example 5: Parse a substituent with two candidate residues
floating_sub <- as_glycan_structure(
  "{6S|1,2}Gal(a1-3)Glc(a1-3)Man(a1-"
)
get_structure_graphs(floating_sub)$floating_substituents

# Example 6: Check if object is a glycan structure
is_glycan_structure(simple_struct)  # TRUE
is_glycan_structure(graph)          # FALSE

glyrepr documentation built on Sept. 22, 2026, 5:09 p.m.