ctt_alpha: Test-Level Reliability Summary (Cronbach's Alpha)

In irtQ: Unidimensional Item Response Theory Modeling

Test-Level Reliability Summary (Cronbach's Alpha)

Description

Computes a test-level classical test theory (CTT) reliability summary - Cronbach's alpha (both the raw and standardized forms), the standard error of measurement (SEM), and the average item difficulty and discrimination - from scored item response data.

Usage

ctt_alpha(data, item.id = NULL, cats = NULL, correct = FALSE, missing = NA)

Arguments

data	A data frame or matrix of already-scored item responses, with examinees in rows and items in columns. Item scores must range from 0 to cats[j] - 1 for each item j (0/1 for a dichotomous item; 0, 1, 2, ... for a polytomous/partial-credit item).
item.id	A character vector of item identifiers, in the same order as the columns of data. If NULL (default), item IDs are generated automatically as paste0("V", 1:ncol(data)), following the convention used elsewhere in irtQ (e.g., shape_df(), est_irt()). Note that this generated ID does not fall back to colnames(data); pass item.id explicitly to label items using the column names of data or any other identifier scheme.
cats	A numeric vector giving the number of score categories for each item (e.g., 2 for a dichotomous item), following the cats convention used elsewhere in irtQ (see, e.g., shape_df()). If NULL (default), the number of categories for each item is inferred from the observed maximum score in data (i.e., max(data[, j], na.rm = TRUE) + 1); supply cats explicitly whenever the maximum possible score may not have been observed in the sample.
correct	Logical. Both the raw (uncorrected) item-total correlation - where an item (or, in ctt_distr(), a response option/category) is correlated with the total score that includes its own contribution - and the corrected item-total correlation - excluding its own contribution - are always computed and reported as separate columns (see Details/Value). This argument only controls which of the two is used for flagging: if TRUE, flagging (in ctt_item()'s flag column, ctt_alpha()'s summary discrimination figure, and, in ctt_distr(), the crit.distractor check) is based on the corrected value; if FALSE (default), on the raw value.
missing	A value indicating missing responses in data, analogous to the missing argument in est_irt() and score_resp(). Any cell equal to missing is recoded to NA before analysis. Default is NA. Examinees with any remaining missing item response are excluded listwise from all statistics computed by this function.

Details

Two forms of Cronbach's alpha are always computed and reported as separate columns:

Raw alpha (alpha) uses the standard variance-based formula, ⁠alpha = (k / (k - 1)) * (1 - sum(item variances) / total-score variance)⁠, where k is the number of items. This formula is a general reliability coefficient that applies unchanged to dichotomous and polytomous item scores alike, and it reflects the reliability of the actual (unweighted) total score obtained by simply summing the item scores - the score most tests actually use for reporting and decisions. In everyday terms, raw alpha asks: "if every item kept its own natural scale and spread, how consistently do these items agree with each other?"

Standardized alpha (alpha_std) instead first standardizes every item to the same scale (unit variance) before combining them, using the equivalent formula alpha_std = (k * r_bar) / (1 + (k - 1) * r_bar), where r_bar is the average pairwise correlation among all items. In everyday terms, standardized alpha asks: "if every item counted equally regardless of how much it happens to vary in this particular sample, how consistently would these items agree with each other?" Because it removes the influence of any single item's variance, standardized alpha is most useful when items differ substantially in scale or format (e.g., a mix of dichotomous and polytomous items with very different score ranges); when all items share the same scale and format (as with a dichotomous selected-response test scored 0/1), raw and standardized alpha are typically close, and raw alpha remains the more directly interpretable of the two since it matches the reliability of the score actually used in practice. See Cronbach (1951) for the original derivation of coefficient alpha, and Osburn (2000) for a discussion contrasting the raw (covariance-based) and standardized (correlation-based) forms.

The standard error of measurement (SEM) is computed as ⁠SEM = SD(total score) * sqrt(1 - alpha)⁠ (using raw alpha), following the standard CTT relationship between test reliability and measurement precision.

Average difficulty and average discrimination are the simple means of the per-item difficulty and discrimination values computed by ctt_item() (any NA per-item value, e.g. from a constant item, is excluded via na.rm = TRUE). As in ctt_item(), both the raw (uncorrected) and corrected (item-excluded) item-total correlations are always averaged and reported as separate columns. ctt_alpha() itself has no flagging step, so correct has no further effect here beyond being passed through to ctt_item() for internal consistency.

Because mean_difficulty/mean_discrimination_raw/ mean_discrimination_corrected are averaged with na.rm = TRUE, they inherit ctt_item()'s cats-auto-inference caveat: an item whose observed score range never reaches its true maximum (most notably, an item that every examinee scores 0 on) will have its difficulty silently excluded from the average rather than contributing a 0, which can bias the reported mean upward in extreme/degenerate samples. This is unlikely to matter with a reasonably large, non-degenerate sample, but supplying cats explicitly avoids the issue entirely. If every item in data is degenerate in this way, these means will be NaN (mean of an empty/all- NA vector) rather than NA.

Value

A one-row data frame containing:

n_examinee	number of examinees included (after listwise deletion).
n_item	number of items.
alpha	Cronbach's alpha, raw (covariance-based) form.
alpha_std	Cronbach's alpha, standardized (correlation-based) form - equivalent to computing raw alpha after first standardizing every item to unit variance. See Details for when this differs meaningfully from alpha.
sem	the standard error of measurement (based on raw alpha).
mean_difficulty	average item difficulty.
mean_discrimination_raw	average raw (uncorrected) item-total correlation across items.
mean_discrimination_corrected	average corrected (item-excluded) item-total correlation across items.

Author(s)

Hwanggyu Lim [e-mail]

References

Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297-334. \Sexpr[results=rd]{tools:::Rd_expr_doi("10.1007/BF02310555")}.

Osburn, H. G. (2000). Coefficient alpha and related internal consistency reliability coefficients. Psychological Methods, 5(3), 343-355. \Sexpr[results=rd]{tools:::Rd_expr_doi("10.1037/1082-989X.5.3.343")}.

See Also

ctt_item(), score_resp()

irtQ documentation built on Oct. 5, 2026, 5:08 p.m.