train_nnsnip: Parsnip Interface of 'train_nn()'

In kindling: Higher-Level Interface of 'torch' Package to Auto-Train Neural Networks

Parsnip Interface of train_nn()

Description

train_nnsnip() defines a neural network model specification that can be used for classification or regression. It integrates with the tidymodels ecosystem and uses train_nn() as the fitting backend, supporting any architecture expressible via nn_arch() — feedforward, recurrent, convolutional, and beyond.

Usage

train_nnsnip(
  mode = "unknown",
  engine = "kindling",
  hidden_neurons = NULL,
  activations = NULL,
  output_activation = NULL,
  bias = NULL,
  epochs = NULL,
  batch_size = NULL,
  penalty = NULL,
  mixture = NULL,
  learn_rate = NULL,
  optimizer = NULL,
  validation_split = NULL,
  optimizer_args = NULL,
  loss = NULL,
  architecture = NULL,
  flatten_input = NULL,
  early_stopping = NULL,
  device = NULL,
  verbose = NULL,
  cache_weights = NULL
)

Arguments

mode	A single character string for the type of model. Possible values are "unknown", "regression", or "classification".
engine	A single character string specifying what computational engine to use for fitting. Currently only "kindling" is supported.
hidden_neurons	An integer vector for the number of units in each hidden layer. Can be tuned.
activations	A character vector of activation function names for each hidden layer (e.g., "relu", "tanh", "sigmoid"). Can be tuned.
output_activation	A character string for the output activation function. Can be tuned.
bias	Logical for whether to include bias terms. Can be tuned.
epochs	An integer for the number of training iterations. Can be tuned.
batch_size	An integer for the batch size during training. Can be tuned.
penalty	A number for the regularization penalty (lambda). Default 0 (no regularization). Higher values increase regularization strength. Can be tuned.
mixture	A number between 0 and 1 for the elastic net mixing parameter. Default 0 (pure L2/Ridge regularization). 0: Pure L2 regularization (Ridge) 1: Pure L1 regularization (Lasso) ⁠0 < mixture < 1⁠: Elastic net (combination of L1 and L2) Only relevant when penalty > 0. Can be tuned.
learn_rate	A number for the learning rate. Can be tuned.
optimizer	A character string for the optimizer type ("adam", "sgd", "rmsprop"). Can be tuned.
validation_split	A number between 0 and 1 for the proportion of data used for validation. Can be tuned.
optimizer_args	A named list of additional arguments passed to the optimizer. Cannot be tuned — pass via set_engine().
loss	A character string or a valid {torch} function for the loss function ("mse", "mae", "cross_entropy", "bce"). Cannot be tuned — pass via set_engine().
architecture	An nn_arch() object for a custom architecture. Cannot be tuned — pass via set_engine().
flatten_input	Logical or NULL. Controls input flattening. Cannot be tuned — pass via set_engine().
early_stopping	An early_stop() object or NULL. Cannot be tuned — pass via set_engine().
device	A character string for the device to use ("cpu", "cuda", "mps"). If NULL, auto-detects the best available device. Cannot be tuned — pass via set_engine().
verbose	Logical for whether to print training progress. Default FALSE. Cannot be tuned — pass via set_engine().
cache_weights	Logical. If TRUE, stores trained weight matrices in the returned object. Cannot be tuned — pass via set_engine().

Details

This function creates a model specification for a neural network that can be used within tidymodels workflows. The underlying engine is train_nn(), which is architecture-agnostic: when architecture = NULL it falls back to a standard feed-forward network, but any architecture expressible via nn_arch() can be used instead. The model supports:

• Configurable hidden layers and activation functions (default MLP path)

• Custom architectures via nn_arch() (recurrent, convolutional, etc.)

• GPU acceleration (CUDA, MPS, or CPU)

• Hyperparameter tuning integration

• Both regression and classification tasks

When using the default MLP path (no custom architecture), hidden_neurons accepts an integer vector where each element represents the number of neurons in that hidden layer. For example, hidden_neurons = c(128, 64, 32) creates a network with three hidden layers. Pass an nn_arch() object via set_engine() to use a custom architecture instead.

The device parameter controls where computation occurs:

• NULL (default): Auto-detect best available device (CUDA > MPS > CPU)

• "cuda": Use NVIDIA GPU

• "mps": Use Apple Silicon GPU

• "cpu": Use CPU only

When tuning, you can use special tune tokens:

• For hidden_neurons: use tune("hidden_neurons") with a custom range

• For activation: use tune("activation") with values like "relu", "tanh"

Value

A model specification object with class train_nnsnip.

Examples

if (torch::torch_is_installed()) {
    box::use(
        recipes[recipe],
        workflows[workflow, add_recipe, add_model],
        tune[tune],
        parsnip[fit]
    )

    # Model spec
    nn_spec = train_nnsnip(
        mode = "classification",
        hidden_neurons = c(30, 5),
        activations = c("relu", "elu"),
        epochs = 100
    )

    wf = workflow() |>
        add_recipe(recipe(Species ~ ., data = iris)) |>
        add_model(nn_spec)

    fit_wf = fit(wf, data = iris)
} else {
    message("Torch not fully installed — skipping example")
}

kindling documentation built on March 3, 2026, 9:07 a.m.