mifa
is an R package that implements multiple imputation of covariance
matrices to allow to perform factor analysis on incomplete data. It
works as follows:
Impute missing values multiple times using Multivariate Imputation with Chained Equations (MICE) from the mice package.
Combine the covariance matrices of the imputed data sets into a single covariance matrix using Rubin’s rules[1]
Use the combined covariance matrix for exploratory factor analysis.
mifa
also provides two types of confidence intervals for the variance
explained by different numbers of principal components: Fieller
confidence intervals (parametric) for larger samples[2] and
bootstrapped confidence intervals (nonparametric) for smaller
samples.[3]
For more information about the method, see:
Nassiri, V., Lovik, A., Molenberghs, G., Verbeke, G. (2018). On using multiple imputation for exploratory factor analysis of incomplete data. Behavior Research Methods 50, 501–517. doi: 10.3758/s13428-017-1013-4
Note: The paper was accompanied by an implementation in R, and this package emerged from it. The repository appears to have been abandoned by the authors, but you can still find it here.
You can install mifa
from GitHub
with:
# install.packages("devtools")
devtools::install_github("teebusch/mifa")
For this example we use the bfi
data set from the psych
package. It
contains 2,800 subjects’ answers to 25 personality self-report items and
3 demographic variables (sex, education, and age). Each of the 25
personality questions is meant to tap into one of the “Big 5”
personality factors, as indicated by their names: Openness,
Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, , Extraversion,
Neuroticism. There are missing responses for most items. Instead of
dropping the incomplete cases from the analysis, we will use mifa
to
impute them, and then perform a factor analysis on the imputed
covariance matrix.
First, we use mifa()
to impute the covariance matrix and get an idea
how many factors we should use. We use the cov_vars
argument to tell
mifa
to use gender
, education
, and age
for the imputations, but
exclude them from the covariance matrix:
library(mifa)
library(psych)
mi <- mifa(
data = bfi,
cov_vars = -c(gender, education, age),
n_pc = 2:8,
ci = "fieller",
print = FALSE
)
mi
#> Imputed covariance matrix of 25 variables
#>
#> Variable: A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 O1 O2 O3 O4 O5
#> N Imputed: 16 27 26 19 16 21 24 20 26 16 23 16 25 9 21 22 21 11 36 29 22 0 28 14 20
#>
#> Number of MICE imputations: 5
#> Additional variables used for imputations:
#> gender education age
#>
#> Cumulative proportion of variance explained by n principal components:
#>
#> n prop Fieller CI
#> 2 0.33 [0.32, 0.34]
#> 3 0.41 [0.40, 0.42]
#> 4 0.48 [0.47, 0.49]
#> 5 0.54 [0.53, 0.55]
#> 6 0.59 [0.58, 0.59]
#> 7 0.62 [0.61, 0.63]
#> 8 0.66 [0.65, 0.66]
It looks like the first 5 principal components explain more than half of
the variance in the responses, so we perform a factor analysis with 5
factors, using the fa()
function from the psych
package. We can get
the imputed covariance matrix of our data from mi$cov_combined
. From
there on, it’s business as usual.
fit <- fa(mi$cov_combined, n.obs = nrow(bfi), nfactors = 5)
The factor diagram shows that the five factors correspond nicely to the 5 types of questions:
fa.diagram(fit)
We can add the factor scores to the original data, in order to explore group differences. Because we need complete data to calculate factor scores, we first impute a single data set with mice:
data_imp <- mice::complete(mice::mice(bfi, 1, print = FALSE))
fct_scores <- data.frame(factor.scores(data_imp[, 1:25], fit)$scores)
data_imp <- data.frame(
Gender = factor(data_imp$gender),
Extraversion = fct_scores$MR1,
Neuroticism = fct_scores$MR2,
Conscientious = fct_scores$MR3,
Openness = fct_scores$MR4,
Agreeableness = fct_scores$MR5
)
levels(data_imp$Gender) <- c("Male", "Female")
Then we can visualize the group differences:
library(ggplot2)
library(tidyr)
data_imp2 <- tidyr::pivot_longer(data_imp, -Gender, "factor")
ggplot(data_imp2) +
geom_density(aes(value, linetype = Gender)) +
facet_wrap(~ factor, nrow = 2) +
theme(legend.position = c(.9, .1))
[1] Rubin D. B. Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys (2004). John Wiley & Sons.
[2] Fieller, E. C. (1954). Some problems in interval estimation. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological): 175-185.
[3] Shao, J. & Sitter, R. R. (1996). Bootstrap for imputed survey data. Journal of the American Statistical Association 91.435 (1996): 1278-1288. doi: 10.1080/01621459.1996.10476997
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