data_observed: Represent observed causal data

In multibias: Multiple Bias Analysis in Causal Inference

Represent observed causal data

Description

data_observed combines the observed dataframe with specific identification of the columns corresponding to the exposure, outcome, and confounders. It is an essential input of the multibias_adjust() function.

Usage

data_observed(data, bias, exposure, outcome, confounders = NULL)

Arguments

data	Dataframe for bias analysis.
bias	String type(s) of bias distorting the effect of the exposure on the outcome. Can choose from a subset of the following: "uc", "em", "om", "sel". These correspond to uncontrolled confounding, exposure misclassification, outcome misclassification, and selection bias, respectively.
exposure	String name of the column in data corresponding to the exposure variable.
outcome	String name of the column in data corresponding to the outcome variable.
confounders	String name(s) of the column(s) in data corresponding to the confounding variable(s).

Value

An object of class data_observed containing:

data	A dataframe with the selected columns
bias	The type(s) of bias present
exposure	The name of the exposure variable
outcome	The name of the outcome variable
confounders	The name(s) of the confounder variable(s)

Examples

df <- data_observed(
  data = df_uc,
  bias = "uc",
  exposure = "X_bi",
  outcome = "Y_bi",
  confounders = c("C1", "C2", "C3")
)

multibias documentation built on April 21, 2026, 1:06 a.m.