pcd: Describe panel count observations

In pcdreg: Semiparametric Regression for Panel Count Data

Describe panel count observations

Description

Creates the response object used on the left hand side of a pcdreg() formula, in the same spirit as survival::Surv().

Usage

pcd(id, time, time2, count)

Arguments

id	Subject identifier. May be numeric, character or a factor; rows sharing an identifier are treated as one subject.
time	Examination time in the three argument form, or the start of the interval in the four argument form.
time2	The end of the interval in the four argument form; the event count in the three argument form.
count	Number of events observed since the previous examination. Use NA on rows that only record a change in a covariate rather than an examination. Omitted in the three argument form.

Details

There are two forms, distinguished by the number of arguments. Which one you need depends on a single question: does any covariate change value during follow-up?

pcd(id, time, count) is for data with one row per examination, which is all that time-invariant covariates need. Interval starts are filled in as the previous examination time of the same subject, with the first interval starting at zero.

pcd(id, tstart, tstop, count) is the counting process form, needed as soon as a covariate moves. Each row gives an interval ⁠(tstart, tstop]⁠ over which the covariates in that row are constant, exactly as for a time-varying survival::coxph() fit. The count column distinguishes the two kinds of row:

• a number means the row ends at an examination, and that many events occurred since the previous examination;

• NA means the row ends at a covariate change rather than an examination.

There is no separate event indicator; the presence or absence of a count is the indicator.

Value

An object of class "pcd": a numeric matrix with columns id, tstart, tstop, count and exam, carrying the original identifier labels in the "labels" attribute. Missing counts are stored as count = 0 with exam = 0, so that the response contains no NA and na.action handling applies to the covariates alone.

Counts are increments, not totals

count must be the number of events since the previous examination, \Delta N_{ij}, not the running total N_i(T_{ij}). Data recorded cumulatively must be differenced within subject first. This is not something the package can detect for you, and getting it wrong inflates the event count and biases the coefficients rather than raising an error. A quick check after fitting is that fit$nevent matches the number of events you believe you have. See vignette("data-preparation") for the conversion.

What the data must satisfy

Checked before any arithmetic, naming the offending subject when a check fails:

• follow-up starts at time zero, since the models integrate from there;

• intervals within a subject are contiguous, with no gaps or overlaps;

• no subject has two rows ending at the same time;

• every subject has at least one examination;

• counts are non-negative whole numbers.

Row order is irrelevant: the data are sorted internally. Identifiers may be numeric, character or factor, and need not be consecutive.

A subject's follow-up ends at their last examination, because the likelihood runs only over j = 1, \ldots, J_i. Rows lying entirely beyond it carry no information and are dropped, with a message saying how many. A censoring row appended after the final visit is the usual reason for seeing it.

See Also

pcdreg() and vignette("data-preparation") for converting data into this shape.

Examples

# One row per examination: subject 1 seen at 0.5 and 1.2 with 2 then 0
# events, subject 2 seen once at 0.8 with 3.
pcd(c(1, 1, 2), c(0.5, 1.2, 0.8), c(2, 0, 3))

# Counting process form. Subject 1's covariates change at t = 0.9, part way
# through the examination interval (0.5, 1.2], so that interval needs two
# rows: the first ends at the change and carries NA, the second ends at the
# examination and carries its count.
pcd(
  id     = c(1, 1, 1, 2),
  time   = c(0.0, 0.5, 0.9, 0.0),
  time2  = c(0.5, 0.9, 1.2, 0.8),
  count  = c(2, NA, 0, 3)
)

# Used on the left hand side of a formula, which is how you will normally
# meet it.
set.seed(1)
d <- sim_pcd(40)
fit <- pcdreg(pcd(id, tstart, tstop, count) ~ x1 + x2, data = d)
c(subjects = fit$n, examinations = fit$nexam, events = fit$nevent)

pcdreg documentation built on Nov. 10, 2026, 5:09 p.m.