README.md

In plssem: Complex Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling

plssem

The goal of the plssem package is to allow the estimation of complex Structural Equation Models (SEMs) using the PLS-SEM framework. This package expands the PLS-SEM (and PLSc-SEM) framework to handle categorical data, non-linear models, and multilevel structures.

plssem is currently under development. The end goal is to allow the estimation of non-linear multilevel PLS-SEM (and PLSc-SEM) models with ordinal/categorical data.

Installation

The package currently needs to be installed from GitHub. Currently, it also depends on the latest development version of modsem.

devtools::install_github("kss2k/modsem")
devtools::install_github("kss2k/plssem")

Examples

Linear Model with Continuous Data

library(plssem)
library(modsem)

tpb <- '
# Outer Model (Based on Hagger et al., 2007)
  ATT =~ att1 + att2 + att3 + att4 + att5
  SN =~ sn1 + sn2
  PBC =~ pbc1 + pbc2 + pbc3
  INT =~ int1 + int2 + int3
  BEH =~ b1 + b2

# Inner Model (Based on Steinmetz et al., 2011)
  INT ~ ATT + SN + PBC
  BEH ~ INT + PBC
'

fit <- pls(tpb, TPB, bootstrap = TRUE)
summary(fit)

Linear Model with Ordered Data

tpb <- '
# Outer Model (Based on Hagger et al., 2007)
  ATT =~ att1 + att2 + att3 + att4 + att5
  SN =~ sn1 + sn2
  PBC =~ pbc1 + pbc2 + pbc3
  INT =~ int1 + int2 + int3
  BEH =~ b1 + b2

# Inner Model (Based on Steinmetz et al., 2011)
  INT ~ ATT + SN + PBC
  BEH ~ INT + PBC
'

fit <- pls(tpb, TPB_Ordered, bootstrap = TRUE)
summary(fit)

Multilevel Random Slopes Model with Continuous Data

syntax <- "
  X =~ x1 + x2 + x3
  Z =~ z1 + z2 + z3
  Y =~ y1 + y2 + y3
  W =~ w1 + w2 + w3
  Y ~ X + Z + (1 + X + Z | cluster)
  W ~ X + Z + (1 + X + Z | cluster)
"

fit <- pls(syntax, data = randomSlopes, bootstrap = TRUE)
summary(fit)

Multilevel Random Slopes Model with Ordered Data

syntax <- "
  X =~ x1 + x2 + x3
  Z =~ z1 + z2 + z3
  Y =~ y1 + y2 + y3
  W =~ w1 + w2 + w3
  Y ~ X + Z + (1 + X + Z | cluster)
  W ~ X + Z + (1 + X + Z | cluster)
"

fit <- pls(syntax, data = randomSlopesOrdered, bootstrap = TRUE)
summary(fit)

Multilevel Random Intercepts Model with Continuous Data

syntax <- '
  f =~ y1 + y2 + y3
  f ~ x1 + x2 + x3 + w1 + w2 + (1 | cluster)
'

fit <- pls(syntax, data = randomIntercepts, bootstrap = TRUE)
summary(fit)

Multilevel Random Intercepts Model with Ordered Data

syntax <- '
  f =~ y1 + y2 + y3
  f ~ x1 + x2 + x3 + w1 + w2 + (1 | cluster)
'

fit <- pls(syntax, data = randomInterceptsOrdered, bootstrap = TRUE)
summary(fit)

Interaction Model with Continuous Data

m <- '
  X =~ x1 + x2 + x3
  Z =~ z1 + z2 + z3
  Y =~ y1 + y2 + y3

  Y ~ X + Z + X:Z
'

fit <- pls(m, modsem::oneInt, bootstrap = TRUE)
summary(fit)

Interaction Model with Ordered Data

m <- '
  X =~ x1 + x2 + x3
  Z =~ z1 + z2 + z3
  Y =~ y1 + y2 + y3

  Y ~ X + Z + X:Z
'

fit <- pls(m, oneIntOrdered, bootstrap = TRUE)
summary(fit)

TODO

1. Fix mismatching thresholds in bootstrapping (R/bootstrap.R, line 30)

plssem documentation built on March 23, 2026, 5:08 p.m.