introdution-psda"
In psda: Polygonal Symbolic Data Analysis

knitr::opts_chunk$set(
  collapse = TRUE,
  comment = "#>"
)

library(psda)

title: "Introduction to psda" author: "Wagner Silva, Renata Souza and Francisco Cysneiros" date: "November 28, 2019" output: pdf_document: default html_document: default

This vignette document is a brief tutorial for psda 1.3.2. Descriptive, auxiliary a modeling functions are presented and applied an example.

Data Science is fundamental to handle and extract knowledge about the data. Silva et al. [1] presented the Symbolic Polygonal Data Analysis as an approach to this task. The psda package is a toolbox to transform number in knowledge. We highlight some important characteristics of the package:

It constructs symbolic polygonal data from classical data;
It calculates symbolic polygonal descriptive measures;
It models symbolic polygonal data through a symbolic polygonal linear regression model.

WNBA 2014 Data

Women national basketball american (WNBA) dataset is used to demostrate the funcionality of the package. It has classical data with dimension 4022 by 6.

library(psda)
library(ggplot2)
data(wnba2014)
dta <- wnba2014

To construct the symbolic polygonal variables we need to have a class, i.e. a categorical variable. Then, we use the player_id variable

dta$player_id <- factor(dta$player_id)
head(dta)

Next, we can obtain the center and radius of the polygon through the paggreg function. The only argument necessary is a dataset which has the first column as a factor (the class). From head function we can show the first six symbolic polygonal individuals in center and radius representation.

center_radius <- paggreg(dta)
head(center_radius$center, 6)
head(center_radius$radius, 6)

To construct the polygons it is necessary define the number of sides disered. We use as an example a pentagon, i.e. polygons with five vertices. The construction of polygons is given by psymbolic function that need of an object of the class paggregated and the number of vertices. To exemplify, we use the head function to show the first three individuals of the team_pts polygonal variable.

v <- 5 
polygonal_variables <- psymbolic(center_radius, v)
head(polygonal_variables$team_pts, 3)

Descriptive Measures

After to obtain the symbolic polygonal data we can start to extract knowledge of this type of data through polygonal descriptive measure. Some of this measures are bi-dimensionals, because indicate the relation with the dimensions of the polygons [1]. In this vignette we present the mean, variance, covariance and correlation as can be seen below:

## symbolic polygonal mean
pmean(polygonal_variables$team_pts)
pmean(polygonal_variables$opp_pts)

## symbolic polygonal variance
pvar(polygonal_variables$team_pts)
pvar(polygonal_variables$opp_pts)

## symbolic polygonal covariance
pcov(polygonal_variables$team_pts)
pcov(polygonal_variables$opp_pts)

## symbolic polygonal correlation
pcorr(polygonal_variables$team_pts) 
pcorr(polygonal_variables$opp_pts)

The construction of symbolic polygonal scatterplot is done through ggplot2 package, including all modification. From pplot we use a symbolic polygonal variable to plot the scatterplot. The graphic is a powerful tool to understand the data, for example, in this case, we can observe a pentagon with a radius greater than all. This can indicate outliers.

Visualization

pplot(polygonal_variables$team_pts) + labs(x = 'Dimension 1', y = 'Dimension 2') +
theme_bw()

Modeling

To explain the behavior of a team_pts polygonal variable across fgaat, minutes, efficiency and opp_ptspolygonal variable, we use the polygonal linear regression model plr. The function needs of a formula and an environment containing the symbolic polygonal variables.

fit <- plr(team_pts ~ fgatt + minutes + efficiency + opp_pts, data = polygonal_variables)

The summary function is a method of plr. A summary of the polygonal linear regression model is showed from this method. In details, we can observe the quartile of the residuals, estimates of the parameters and its standard deviation. Besides, the statistical of test and the p-value is displayed.

s <- summary(fit)
s

We plot the residuals of the model from plot and the histogram.

plot(fit$residuals, ylab = 'Residuals')
hist(fit$residuals, xlab = 'Residuals', prob = T, main = '')

The fitted values to the model can be accessed from fitted method. The arguments are: (i) model that is an object of the class plr; (ii) a boolean, named polygon, if TRUE the output is the predicted polygons, otherwise, a vector with dimension 2n x 1 is computed, the first n individuals indicate the fitted center and the last the radius; (iii) vertices should be the number of vertices of the polygon selected previously. Besides, we print the first three fitted polygons and plot all from pplot.

fitted_polygons <- fitted(fit, polygon = T, vertices = v)
head(fitted_polygons, 3)

pplot(fitted_polygons) + labs(x = 'Dimension 1', y = 'Dimension 2') +
theme_bw()

Silva et al.[1] proposed a performance measure to evaluate the fit of model from root mean squared error for area, named rmsea. We can calculate from function rmsea as follow below.

rmsea(fitted_polygons, polygonal_variables$team_pts)

References

[1] Silva, W.J.F., Souza, R.M.C.R., Cysneiros, F.J.A. Polygonal data analysis: A new framework in symbolic data analysis, Knowledge Based Systems, 163 (2019). 26-35, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950705118304052.