post_hocRM: Power analysis of tests of invariance of item parameters...
In tcl: Testing in Conditional Likelihood Context
post_hocRM R Documentation
Power analysis of tests of invariance of item parameters between two groups of persons in binary Rasch model
Description
Returns post hoc power of Wald (W), likelihood ratio (LR), Rao score (RS)
and gradient (GR) test given data and probability of error of first kind \alpha.
The hypothesis to be tested assumes equal item parameters between two predetermined groups
of persons. The alternative states that at least one of the parameters differs between the two
groups.
Usage
post_hocRM(data, x, alpha = 0.05)
Arguments
data
Binary data matrix.
x
A numeric vector of length equal to number of persons containing zeros and ones indicating group membership of the persons.
alpha
Probability of error of first kind.
Details
The power of the tests (Wald, LR, score, and gradient) is determined from the assumption that the
approximate distributions of the four test statistics are from the family of noncentral \chi^2
distributions with df equal to the number of items minus 1 and noncentrality parameter \lambda. In case
of evaluating the post hoc power, \lambda is assumed to be given by the observed value of the test statistic.
Given the probability of the error of the first kind \alpha the post hoc power of the tests can be
determined from \lambda. More details about the distributions of the test statistics and the relationship
between \lambda, power, and sample size can be found in Draxler and Alexandrowicz (2015).
In particular, let q_{\alpha} be the 1- \alpha quantile of the central \chi^2 distribution
with df equal to the number of items minus 1. Then,
power = 1 - F_{df, \lambda} (q_{\alpha}),
where F_{df, \lambda} is the cumulative distribution function of the noncentral \chi^2 distribution
with df equal to the number of items reduced by 1 and \lambda equal to the observed value of the test statistic.
Value
A list of results.
test
A numeric vector of Wald (W), likelihood ratio (LR), Rao score (RS), and gradient (GR) test statistics.
power
Post hoc power value for each test.
global deviation
Observed global deviation from hypothesis to be tested represented by a single number.
It is obtained by dividing the test statistic by the informative sample size. The latter does not include persons
with minimum or maximum person score.
local deviation
CML estimates of free item parameters in both groups of persons (first item parameter set
to 0 in both groups) representing observed deviation from hypothesis to be tested locally per item.
person score distribution in group 1
Relative frequencies of person scores in group 1. Uninformative scores,
i.e., minimum and maximum score, are omitted. Note that the person score distribution does also have an influence on
the power of the tests.
person score distribution in group 2
Relative frequencies of person scores in group 2. Uninformative scores,
i.e., minimum and maximum score, are omitted. Note that the person score distribution does also have an influence on
the power of the tests.
degrees of freedom
Degrees of freedom df.
noncentrality parameter
Noncentrality parameter \lambda of \chi^2 distribution from which power is determined.
It equals observed value of test statistic.
call
The matched call.
References
Draxler, C. (2010). Sample Size Determination for Rasch Model Tests. Psychometrika, 75(4), 708–724.
Draxler, C., & Alexandrowicz, R. W. (2015). Sample Size Determination Within the Scope of Conditional Maximum Likelihood Estimation
with Special Focus on Testing the Rasch Model. Psychometrika, 80(4), 897–919.
Draxler, C., Kurz, A., & Lemonte, A. J. (2020). The Gradient Test and its Finite Sample Size Properties in a Conditional Maximum Likelihood
and Psychometric Modeling Context. Communications in Statistics-Simulation and Computation, 1-19.
Glas, C. A. W., & Verhelst, N. D. (1995a). Testing the Rasch Model. In G. H. Fischer & I. W. Molenaar (Eds.),
Rasch Models: Foundations, Recent Developments, and Applications (pp. 69–95). New York: Springer.
Glas, C. A. W., & Verhelst, N. D. (1995b). Tests of Fit for Polytomous Rasch Models. In G. H. Fischer & I. W. Molenaar (Eds.),
Rasch Models: Foundations, Recent Developments, and Applications (pp. 325-352). New York: Springer.
See Also
sa_sizeRM, and powerRM.
Examples
## Not run:
# Numerical example for post hoc power analysis for Rasch Model
y <- eRm::raschdat1
n <- nrow(y) # sample size
x <- c( rep(0,n/2), rep(1,n/2) ) # binary covariate
res <- post_hocRM(data = y, x = x, alpha = 0.05)
# > res
# $test
# W LR RS GR
# 29.241 29.981 29.937 30.238
#
# $power
# W LR RS GR
# 0.890 0.900 0.899 0.903
#
# $`observed global deviation`
# W LR RS GR
# 0.292 0.300 0.299 0.302
#
# $`observed local deviation`
# I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 I7 I8 I9 I10 I11
# group1 1.039 0.693 2.790 2.404 1.129 1.039 0.864 1.039 2.790 2.244
# group2 2.006 0.945 2.006 3.157 1.834 0.690 0.822 1.061 2.689 2.260
# I12 I13 I14 I15 I16 I17 I18 I19 I20 I21
# group1 1.412 3.777 3.038 1.315 2.244 1.039 1.221 2.404 0.608 0.608
# group2 0.945 2.962 4.009 1.171 2.175 1.472 2.091 2.344 1.275 0.690
# I22 I23 I24 I25 I26 I27 I28 I29 I30
# group1 0.438 0.608 1.617 3.038 0.438 1.617 2.100 2.583 0.864
# group2 0.822 1.275 1.565 2.175 0.207 1.746 1.746 2.260 0.822
#
# $`person score distribution in group 1`
#
# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
# 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.06 0.02 0.10 0.10 0.06 0.10 0.12 0.08 0.12 0.12
# 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
# 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
# 27 28 29
# 0.00 0.00 0.00
#
# $`person score distribution in group 2`
#
# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
# 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
# 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
# 0.08 0.12 0.10 0.16 0.06 0.04 0.10 0.12 0.08 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.08
# 27 28 29
# 0.00 0.00 0.00
#
# $`degrees of freedom`
# [1] 29
#
# $`noncentrality parameter`
# W LR RS GR
# 29.241 29.981 29.937 30.238
#
# $call
# post_hocRM(alpha = 0.05, data = y, x = x)
## End(Not run)
tcl documentation built on Sept. 17, 2024, 1:08 a.m.
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| post_hocRM | R Documentation |
Power analysis of tests of invariance of item parameters between two groups of persons in binary Rasch model
Description
Returns post hoc power of Wald (W), likelihood ratio (LR), Rao score (RS)
and gradient (GR) test given data and probability of error of first kind \alpha.
The hypothesis to be tested assumes equal item parameters between two predetermined groups
of persons. The alternative states that at least one of the parameters differs between the two
groups.
Usage
post_hocRM(data, x, alpha = 0.05)
Arguments
data |
Binary data matrix. |
x |
A numeric vector of length equal to number of persons containing zeros and ones indicating group membership of the persons. |
alpha |
Probability of error of first kind. |
Details
The power of the tests (Wald, LR, score, and gradient) is determined from the assumption that the
approximate distributions of the four test statistics are from the family of noncentral \chi^2
distributions with df equal to the number of items minus 1 and noncentrality parameter \lambda. In case
of evaluating the post hoc power, \lambda is assumed to be given by the observed value of the test statistic.
Given the probability of the error of the first kind \alpha the post hoc power of the tests can be
determined from \lambda. More details about the distributions of the test statistics and the relationship
between \lambda, power, and sample size can be found in Draxler and Alexandrowicz (2015).
In particular, let q_{\alpha} be the 1- \alpha quantile of the central \chi^2 distribution
with df equal to the number of items minus 1. Then,
power = 1 - F_{df, \lambda} (q_{\alpha}),
where F_{df, \lambda} is the cumulative distribution function of the noncentral \chi^2 distribution
with df equal to the number of items reduced by 1 and \lambda equal to the observed value of the test statistic.
Value
A list of results.
test |
A numeric vector of Wald (W), likelihood ratio (LR), Rao score (RS), and gradient (GR) test statistics. |
power |
Post hoc power value for each test. |
global deviation |
Observed global deviation from hypothesis to be tested represented by a single number. It is obtained by dividing the test statistic by the informative sample size. The latter does not include persons with minimum or maximum person score. |
local deviation |
CML estimates of free item parameters in both groups of persons (first item parameter set to 0 in both groups) representing observed deviation from hypothesis to be tested locally per item. |
person score distribution in group 1 |
Relative frequencies of person scores in group 1. Uninformative scores, i.e., minimum and maximum score, are omitted. Note that the person score distribution does also have an influence on the power of the tests. |
person score distribution in group 2 |
Relative frequencies of person scores in group 2. Uninformative scores, i.e., minimum and maximum score, are omitted. Note that the person score distribution does also have an influence on the power of the tests. |
degrees of freedom |
Degrees of freedom |
noncentrality parameter |
Noncentrality parameter |
call |
The matched call. |
References
Draxler, C. (2010). Sample Size Determination for Rasch Model Tests. Psychometrika, 75(4), 708–724.
Draxler, C., & Alexandrowicz, R. W. (2015). Sample Size Determination Within the Scope of Conditional Maximum Likelihood Estimation with Special Focus on Testing the Rasch Model. Psychometrika, 80(4), 897–919.
Draxler, C., Kurz, A., & Lemonte, A. J. (2020). The Gradient Test and its Finite Sample Size Properties in a Conditional Maximum Likelihood and Psychometric Modeling Context. Communications in Statistics-Simulation and Computation, 1-19.
Glas, C. A. W., & Verhelst, N. D. (1995a). Testing the Rasch Model. In G. H. Fischer & I. W. Molenaar (Eds.), Rasch Models: Foundations, Recent Developments, and Applications (pp. 69–95). New York: Springer.
Glas, C. A. W., & Verhelst, N. D. (1995b). Tests of Fit for Polytomous Rasch Models. In G. H. Fischer & I. W. Molenaar (Eds.), Rasch Models: Foundations, Recent Developments, and Applications (pp. 325-352). New York: Springer.
See Also
sa_sizeRM, and powerRM.
Examples
## Not run:
# Numerical example for post hoc power analysis for Rasch Model
y <- eRm::raschdat1
n <- nrow(y) # sample size
x <- c( rep(0,n/2), rep(1,n/2) ) # binary covariate
res <- post_hocRM(data = y, x = x, alpha = 0.05)
# > res
# $test
# W LR RS GR
# 29.241 29.981 29.937 30.238
#
# $power
# W LR RS GR
# 0.890 0.900 0.899 0.903
#
# $`observed global deviation`
# W LR RS GR
# 0.292 0.300 0.299 0.302
#
# $`observed local deviation`
# I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 I7 I8 I9 I10 I11
# group1 1.039 0.693 2.790 2.404 1.129 1.039 0.864 1.039 2.790 2.244
# group2 2.006 0.945 2.006 3.157 1.834 0.690 0.822 1.061 2.689 2.260
# I12 I13 I14 I15 I16 I17 I18 I19 I20 I21
# group1 1.412 3.777 3.038 1.315 2.244 1.039 1.221 2.404 0.608 0.608
# group2 0.945 2.962 4.009 1.171 2.175 1.472 2.091 2.344 1.275 0.690
# I22 I23 I24 I25 I26 I27 I28 I29 I30
# group1 0.438 0.608 1.617 3.038 0.438 1.617 2.100 2.583 0.864
# group2 0.822 1.275 1.565 2.175 0.207 1.746 1.746 2.260 0.822
#
# $`person score distribution in group 1`
#
# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
# 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.06 0.02 0.10 0.10 0.06 0.10 0.12 0.08 0.12 0.12
# 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
# 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
# 27 28 29
# 0.00 0.00 0.00
#
# $`person score distribution in group 2`
#
# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
# 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
# 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
# 0.08 0.12 0.10 0.16 0.06 0.04 0.10 0.12 0.08 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.08
# 27 28 29
# 0.00 0.00 0.00
#
# $`degrees of freedom`
# [1] 29
#
# $`noncentrality parameter`
# W LR RS GR
# 29.241 29.981 29.937 30.238
#
# $call
# post_hocRM(alpha = 0.05, data = y, x = x)
## End(Not run)
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