runMDS: Perform MDS on cell-level data

In Alanocallaghan/scater: Single-Cell Analysis Toolkit for Gene Expression Data in R

Perform MDS on cell-level data

Description

Perform multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) on cells, based on the data in a SingleCellExperiment object.

Usage

calculateMDS(x, ...)

## S4 method for signature 'ANY'
calculateMDS(
  x,
  FUN = dist,
  ncomponents = 2,
  ntop = 500,
  subset_row = NULL,
  scale = FALSE,
  transposed = FALSE,
  keep_dist = FALSE,
  ...
)

## S4 method for signature 'SummarizedExperiment'
calculateMDS(x, ..., exprs_values = "logcounts", assay.type = exprs_values)

## S4 method for signature 'SingleCellExperiment'
calculateMDS(
  x,
  ...,
  exprs_values = "logcounts",
  dimred = NULL,
  n_dimred = NULL,
  assay.type = exprs_values
)

runMDS(x, ..., altexp = NULL, name = "MDS")

Arguments

x	For calculateMDS, a numeric matrix of log-expression values where rows are features and columns are cells. Alternatively, a SummarizedExperiment or SingleCellExperiment containing such a matrix. For runMDS, a SingleCellExperiment object.
...	For the calculateMDS generic, additional arguments to pass to specific methods. For the SummarizedExperiment and SingleCellExperiment methods, additional arguments to pass to the ANY method. For runMDS, additional arguments to pass to calculateMDS.
FUN	A function that accepts a numeric matrix as its first argument, where rows are samples and columns are features; and returns a distance structure such as that returned by dist or a full symmetric matrix containing the dissimilarities.
ncomponents	Numeric scalar indicating the number of MDS?g dimensions to obtain.
ntop	Numeric scalar specifying the number of features with the highest variances to use for dimensionality reduction.
subset_row	Vector specifying the subset of features to use for dimensionality reduction. This can be a character vector of row names, an integer vector of row indices or a logical vector.
scale	Logical scalar, should the expression values be standardized?
transposed	Logical scalar, is x transposed with cells in rows?
keep_dist	Logical scalar indicating whether the dist object calculated by FUN should be stored as ‘dist’ attribute of the matrix returned/stored by calculateMDS or runMDS.
exprs_values	Alias to assay.type.
assay.type	Integer scalar or string indicating which assay of x contains the expression values.
dimred	String or integer scalar specifying the existing dimensionality reduction results to use.
n_dimred	Integer scalar or vector specifying the dimensions to use if dimred is specified.
altexp	String or integer scalar specifying an alternative experiment containing the input data.
name	String specifying the name to be used to store the result in the reducedDims of the output.

Details

The function cmdscale is used internally to compute the MDS components with eig = TRUE. The eig and GOF fields of the object returned by cmdscale are stored as attributes “eig” and “GOF” of the MDS matrix calculated.

Value

For calculateMDS, a matrix is returned containing the MDS coordinates for each cell (row) and dimension (column).

For runMDS, a modified x is returned that contains the MDS coordinates in reducedDim(x, name).

Feature selection

This section is relevant if x is a numeric matrix of (log-)expression values with features in rows and cells in columns; or if x is a SingleCellExperiment and dimred=NULL. In the latter, the expression values are obtained from the assay specified by assay.type.

The subset_row argument specifies the features to use for dimensionality reduction. The aim is to allow users to specify highly variable features to improve the signal/noise ratio, or to specify genes in a pathway of interest to focus on particular aspects of heterogeneity.

If subset_row=NULL, the ntop features with the largest variances are used instead. We literally compute the variances from the expression values without considering any mean-variance trend, so often a more considered choice of genes is possible, e.g., with scran functions. Note that the value of ntop is ignored if subset_row is specified.

If scale=TRUE, the expression values for each feature are standardized so that their variance is unity. This will also remove features with standard deviations below 1e-8.

Using reduced dimensions

If x is a SingleCellExperiment, the method can be applied on existing dimensionality reduction results in x by setting the dimred argument. This is typically used to run slower non-linear algorithms (t-SNE, UMAP) on the results of fast linear decompositions (PCA). We might also use this with existing reduced dimensions computed from a priori knowledge (e.g., gene set scores), where further dimensionality reduction could be applied to compress the data.

The matrix of existing reduced dimensions is taken from reducedDim(x, dimred). By default, all dimensions are used to compute the second set of reduced dimensions. If n_dimred is also specified, only the first n_dimred columns are used. Alternatively, n_dimred can be an integer vector specifying the column indices of the dimensions to use.

When dimred is specified, no additional feature selection or standardization is performed. This means that any settings of ntop, subset_row and scale are ignored.

If x is a numeric matrix, setting transposed=TRUE will treat the rows as cells and the columns as the variables/diemnsions. This allows users to manually pass in dimensionality reduction results without needing to wrap them in a SingleCellExperiment. As such, no feature selection or standardization is performed, i.e., ntop, subset_row and scale are ignored.

Using alternative Experiments

This section is relevant if x is a SingleCellExperiment and altexp is not NULL. In such cases, the method is run on data from an alternative SummarizedExperiment nested within x. This is useful for performing dimensionality reduction on other features stored in altExp(x, altexp), e.g., antibody tags.

Setting altexp with assay.type will use the specified assay from the alternative SummarizedExperiment. If the alternative is a SingleCellExperiment, setting dimred will use the specified dimensionality reduction results from the alternative. This option will also interact as expected with n_dimred.

Note that the output is still stored in the reducedDims of the output SingleCellExperiment. It is advisable to use a different name to distinguish this output from the results generated from the main experiment's assay values.

Author(s)

Aaron Lun, based on code by Davis McCarthy

See Also

cmdscale, to perform the underlying calculations.

dist for the function used as default to calculate the dist object.

plotMDS, to quickly visualize the results.

Examples

example_sce <- mockSCE()
example_sce <- logNormCounts(example_sce)

example_sce <- runMDS(example_sce)
reducedDimNames(example_sce)
head(reducedDim(example_sce))

Alanocallaghan/scater documentation built on July 18, 2024, 10:58 p.m.