intcal.data: plot the IntCal20 data
In Maarten14C/IntCal: Radiocarbon Calibration Curves
intcal.data R Documentation
plot the IntCal20 data
Description
plot the C14 ages underpinning the IntCal20/Marine20/SHCal20 calibration curves
Usage
intcal.data(
cal1,
cal2,
cc1 = "IntCal20",
cc2 = NA,
calcurve.data = "IntCal20",
select.sets = c(),
BCAD = FALSE,
cal.lab = NA,
cal.rev = FALSE,
c14.lab = NA,
c14.lim = NA,
c14.rev = FALSE,
ka = FALSE,
cc1.col = rgb(0, 0, 1, 0.5),
cc1.fill = rgb(0, 0, 1, 0.2),
cc2.col = rgb(0, 0.5, 0, 0.5),
cc2.fill = rgb(0, 0.5, 0, 0.2),
data.cols = c(),
data.pch = c(1, 2, 5, 6, 15:19),
pch.cex = 0.5,
legend.loc = "topleft",
legend.ncol = 2,
legend.cex = 0.7,
cc.legend = "bottomright",
bty = "l",
...
)
Arguments
cal1
First calendar year for the plot
cal2
Last calendar year for the plot
cc1
Name of the calibration curve. Can be "IntCal20", "Marine20", "SHCal20", or for the previous curves "IntCal13", "Marine13" or "SHCal13".
cc2
Optional second calibration curve to plot. Can be "IntCal20", "Marine20", "SHCal20", or for the previous curves "IntCal13", "Marine13" or "SHCal13". Defaults to nothing, NA.
calcurve.data
Which dataset to use. Defaults to calcurve.data="IntCal20", but can also be calcurve.data="SHCal20". Note that Marine20 is based on IntCal20 and a marine carbon cycle model.
select.sets
Which datasets to plot. Defaults to all datasets within the selected period.
BCAD
The calendar scale of graphs and age output-files is in cal BP (calendar or calibrated years before the present, where the present is AD 1950) by default, but can be changed to BC/AD using BCAD=TRUE.
cal.lab
The labels for the calendar axis (default age.lab="cal BP" or "BC/AD" if BCAD=TRUE), or to age.lab="kcal BP" etc. if ka=TRUE.
cal.rev
Reverse the calendar axis.
c14.lab
Label for the C-14 axis. Defaults to 14C BP (or 14C kBP if ka=TRUE).
c14.lim
Axis limits for the C-14 axis. Calculated automatically by default.
c14.rev
Reverse the C-14 axis.
ka
Use kcal BP (and C14 kBP).
cc1.col
Colour of the calibration curve (outline).
cc1.fill
Colour of the calibration curve (fill).
cc2.col
Colour of the calibration curve (outline), if activated (default cc2=NA).
cc2.fill
Colour of the calibration curve (fill), if activated (default cc2=NA).
data.cols
colours of the data points. Defaults to R's colours 1 to 8 (black, red, green, darkblue, lightblue, purple, orange, and grey)
data.pch
Symbols of the data points. Defaults to R's symbols 1, 2, 5, 6, and 15 to 19 (open circle, open upward triangle, open diamond, open downward triangle, closed square, closed circle, closed upward triangle, closed diamond)
pch.cex
Size of the data symbols. Defaults to 0.5.
legend.loc
Location of the data legend. Defaults to topleft. Set to NA for no plotting.
legend.ncol
Number of columns of the data legend.
legend.cex
Size of the legend. Defaults to 0.7.
cc.legend
Location of the legend for the calibration curve(s).
bty
Box type around the plot. Defaults to "l"-shaped.
...
Any additional optional plotting parameters.
Details
These datasets were downloaded from Intcal.org. All data have both uncertainties in C14 age and on the calendar scale. For trees this is the sample thickness (e.g., 10 years or 1 year).
The name of each dataset starts with a lower-case letter which indicates their nature (t = tree-rings, l = lake sediment, c = coral, m = marine sediment, s = speleothem), followed by either the radiocarbon laboratory's placename or the lastname of the main author. Most of the tree-ring datasets are dated at calendar year precision; tSeattle (references 1-2), tBelfast (3-5), tWaikato (4-7), tGroningen (8-10), tHeidelberg (11-14), tPretoria (16), tIrvine (17-20), tGalimberti (21), tMannheim (22-25), tAix (26-27), tAarhus (22, 28-30), tManningKromer (31-32), tVienna (33-34), tTokyo (35-39), tArizona (40), tMiyake (41), tPearson (22, 41-45), and tZurich (22-23, 25, 41, 43, 46-49). Horizontal error bars for these series indicate the numbers of rings in the samples (e.g., 10 tree-rings; 1-yr samples do not have error bars).
Additionally, there are some floating tree-ring datasets with imprecisely known calendar ages; tAdolphy (50) and tTurney (51-52). For these and the following datasets, horizontal error bars indicate their 1 sd calendar age uncertainties.
Beside trees, other datasets include lake sediment (lSuigestu, 53-54), corals (cBard 55-56, cFairbanks 57, cCutler 58 and cDurand 61, marine sediment (mCariaco 59-60, 62-63, mBard 64-65) and speleothems (sSouthon 66-67, sHoffman 68, sBeck 69).
The southern hemisphere calibration curve SHCal20 is mostly modelled on IntCal20, but it contains datasets from the southern hemisphere; tPretoria (70), tWaikato (72-75), tBelfast (76-67), tSydney (78-80), tLivermore (81), tArizona, tIrvineWaikato and tZurich (82-83).
Value
A plot of the IntCal curve and the underlying data, as well as (invisibly) the data themselves
References
[1]Stuiver, M, and Braziunas, TF. 1993. Sun, ocean, climate and atmospheric 14CO2: an evaluation of causal and spectral relationships. Holocene 3: 289-305.
[2] Stuiver, M, Reimer, PJ, Braziunas, TF. 1998. High-precision radiocarbon age calibration for terrestrial and marine samples. Radiocarbon 40:1127-1151.
[3] McCormac FG, Bayliss A, Baillie MGL, Brown DM. 2004. Radiocarbon calibration in the Anglo-Saxon period: AD 495-725. Radiocarbon 46(3):1123-5.
[4] McCormac, FG, Hogg, AG, Higham, TFG, Lynch-Stieglitz, J, Broecker, WS, Baillie, MGL, Palmer, J, Xiong, L, Pilcher, JR, Brown, D, Hoper, ST, 1998. Temporal variation in the interhemispheric C-14 offset. Geophysical Research Letters 25, 1321-1324.
[5] Pearson, G. W., Pilcher, J. R., Baillie, M. G. L., Corbett, D. M., and Qua, F. (1986). High-Precision C-14 Measurement of Irish Oaks to Show the Natural C-14 Variations from AD 1840 to 5210 BC Radiocarbon 28: 911-934.
[6] Hogg, A. G., McCormac, F. G., Higham, T. F. G., Reimer, P. J., Baillie, M. G. L., and Palmer, J. G. (2002). High-precision radiocarbon measurements of contemporaneous tree-ring dated wood from the British Isles and New Zealand: AD 1850-950. Radiocarbon 44: 633-640.
[7] Hogg, A., Palmer, J., Boswijk, G., Reimer, P., and Brown, D. (2009). Investigating the interhemispheric C-14 offset in the 1st millennium AD and assessment of laboratory bias and calibration errors. Radiocarbon 51, 1177-1186.
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[15] Hua, Q., Barbetti, M., Fink, D., Kaiser, K. F., Friedrich, M., Kromer, B., Levchenko, V. A., Zoppi, U., Smith, A. M., and Bertuch, F. (2009). Atmospheric 14C variations derived from tree rings during the early Younger Dryas. Quaternary Science Reviews 28, 2982-2990.
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[34] Steier, P, Dellinger, F, Kutschera, W, Priller, A, Rom, W, and Wild, E M, 2004 Pushing the precision limit of 14C AMS, Radiocarbon, 46, 5-17
[35] Ozaki, H, Imamura, M, Matsuzaki, H, Mitsutani, T, 2007. Radiocarbon in 9th to 5th century BC tree-ring samples from the Ouban 1 archaeological site, Hiroshima, Japan. Radiocarbon 49, 473-479.
[36] The origin of the farming in the Yayoi Period and East Asia: Establishment of High-Precision Chronology by carbon 14 age analysis. National Museum of Japanese History Edited by Toyohiro Nishimoto, 524p, 2009. (in Japanese, final progress report of JSPS Grant-in-Aids (16GS0118))
[37] Sakamoto, M, Imamura, M, van der Plicht, J, Mitsutani, T, Sahara, M, 2003. Radiocarbon calibration for Japanese wood samples. Radiocarbon 45, 81-89.
[38] Okuno, M, Hakozaki, M, Miyake, F, Kimura, K, Masuda, K, Sakamoto, M, Hong, W, Yatsuzuka, S, Nakamura, T, 2018. Chronological significance of d14C spike and precise age determination of the B-Tm Tephra, China/ North Korea, 23rd International Radiocarbon Conference, Trondheim, Norway.
[39] Sakamoto, M, Hakozaki, M, Nakao, N, Nakatsuka, T, 2017. Fine structure and reproducibility of radiocarbon ages of middle to early modern Japanese tree rings. Radiocarbon 59, 1907-1917.
[40] Jull, AT, Panyushkina, I, Miyake, F, Masuda, K, Nakamura, T, Mitsutani, T, Lange, TE, Cruz, RJ, Baisan, C, Janovics, R, 2018. More Rapid 14 C Excursions in the Tree-Ring Record: A Record of Different Kind of Solar Activity at About 800 BC? Radiocarbon 60, 1237-1248.
[41] Miyake F., Jull A.J.T., Panyushkina I.P., Wacker L., Salzer M., Baisan C., Lange T., Cruz R., Masuda K., Nakamura T. 2017. Large 14C excursion in 5480 BC indicates an abnormal sun in the mid-Holocene. PNAS Physical Sciences - Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences 114 (3), doi:10.1073/pnas.161314411
[42] Pearson, C.L., Brewer, P.W., Brown, D., Heaton, T.J., Hodgins, G.W., Jull, A.T., Lange, T. and Salzer, M.W., (2018). Annual radiocarbon record indicates 16th century BCE date for the Thera eruption. Science advances, 4(8), p.eaar8241.
[43] Pearson, CL, Wacker, L, Bayliss, A, Brown, DM, Salzer, M, Brewer, PW, Bollhalder, S, Boswijk, G, Hodgins, GWL, Annual variation in atmospheric 14C between 1700 BC and 1480 BC: Radiocarbon: this issue
[44] Jull A.J.T., Panyushkina I.P., Lange T.E., Kukarskih V.V., Clark K.J., Myglan V.S., Salzer M., Burr G.S., Leavitt S.L. Excursions in the 14C record at AD 774-775 from tree rings from Russia and America.2014. Geophysical Research Letters 41 (8): 3004-3010. 10.1002/2014GL059874
[45] Miyake F., Masuda K., Nakamura T., Kimura K., Hakozaki M., Jull A.T., Lange T., Cruz R., Panyushkina I.P., Baisan C., Salzer M. 2017. Search for annual 14C excursions in the past. Radiocarbon 59 (2): 315-320. DOI: 10.1017/RDC.2016.54
[46] Wacker et al. in prep
[47] Sookdeo, A, Kromer, B, Adolphi, F, Beer, J, Brehm, N, Buntgen, U, Christl, M, Eglinton, TI, Friedrich, M, Guidobaldi, G, Helle, G, Nievergelt, D, Pauly, M, Reinig, F, Tegel, W, Treydte, K, Synal, H-A, Wacker, L, submitted. There Goes the Sun: 14C in trees reveals reduced solar activity during the Younger Dryas. Nature Geoscience.
[48] Buntgen, Ulf, et al, (2018),'Tree rings reveal globally coherent signature of cosmogenic radiocarbon events in 774 and 993 CE'. Nature Communications 9, 3605
[49] Bayliss et al. in prep
[50] Adolphi, F., R. Muscheler, M. Friedrich, D. Guttler, L. Wacker, S. Talamo and B. Kromer (2017). 'Radiocarbon calibration uncertainties during the last deglaciation: Insights from new floating tree-ring chronologies.' Quaternary Science Reviews 170: 98-108.
[51] Turney CS, Palmer J, Ramsey CB, Adolphi F, Muscheler R, Hughen KA, Staff RA, Jones RT, Thomas ZA, Fogwill CJ. 2016. High-precision dating and correlation of ice, marine and terrestrial sequences spanning Heinrich Event 3: Testing mechanisms of interhemispheric change using New Zealand ancient kauri (Agathis australis). Quaternary Science Reviews 137:126-34.
[52] Turney, C.S.M., Fifield, L.K., Hogg, A.G., Palmer, J.G., K., H., Baillie, M.G.L., Galbraith, R., Ogden, J., Lorrey, A., Tims, S.G., Jones, R.T., 2010. Using New Zealand kauri (Agathis australis) to test the synchronicity of abrupt climate change during the Last Glacial Interval (60,000-11,700 years ago). Quaternary Science Reviews 29, 3677-3682.
[53] Bronk Ramsey, C, Staff, RA, Bryant, CL, Brock, F, Kitagawa, H, van der Plicht, J, Schlolaut, G, Marshall, MH, Brauer, A, Lamb, HF, Payne, RL, Tarasov, PE, Haraguchi, T, Gotanda, K, Yonenobu, H, Yokoyama, Y, Tada, R, Nakagawa, T, 2012. A Complete Terrestrial Radiocarbon Record for 11.2 to 52.8 kyr BP. Science 338, 370-374.
[54] Gordon Schlolaut, Richard A Staff, Michael H Marshall, Achim Brauer, Christopher Bronk Ramsey, Henry F Lamb, Takeshi Nakagawa, 2018, An extended and revised Lake Suigetsu varve chronology from ~50 to ~10 ka BP based on detailed sediment micro-facies analyses, Quaternary Science Reviews 200, 351-366
[55] Bard, E, Hamelin, B, Fairbanks, RG, Zindler, A. 1990. Calibration of the 14C timescale over the past 30,000 years using mass spectrometric U-Th ages from Barbados corals. Nature 345: 405-410.
[56] Bard, E, Arnold, M, Hamelin, B, Tisnerat-Laborde, N, Cabioch, G, 1998. Radiocarbon calibration by means of mass spectrometric Th- 230/U-234 and C-14 ages of corals: An updated database including samples from Barbados, Mururoa and Tahiti. Radiocarbon 40, 1085-1092.
[57] Fairbanks, RG, Mortlock, RA, Chiu, TC, Cao, L, Kaplan, A, Guilderson, TP, Fairbanks, TW, Bloom, AL, Grootes, PM & Nadeau, MJ. 2005. Radiocarbon calibration curve spanning 0 to 50,000 years BP based on paired Th-230/U-234/U-238 and C-14 dates on pristine corals. Quaternary Science Reviews 24(16-17): 1781-96.
[58] Cutler, KB, Gray, SC, Burr, GS, Edwards, RL, Taylor, FW, Cabioch, G, Beck, JW, Cheng, H, and Moore, J. 2004. Radiocarbon calibration to 50 kyr BP with paired 14C and 230Th dating of corals from Vanuatu and Papua New Guinea. Radiocarbon 46: 1127-1160.
[59] Hughen, KA, Southon, JR, Lehman, SJ, Overpeck, JT, 2000. Synchronous radiocarbon and climate shifts during the last deglaciation. Science 290, 1951-1954.
[60] Hughen, KA, Southon, JR, Bertrand, CJH, Frantz, B, Zermeno, P. 2004. Cariaco Basin calibration update: revisions to calendar and 14C chronologies for core PL07-58PC. Radiocarbon 46: 1161-1187.
[61] Durand, N, Deschamps, P, Bard, E, Hamelin, B, Camoin, G, Thomas, AL, Henderson, GM, Yokoyama, Y, Matsuzaki, H. 2013. Comparison of 14C and U-Th in corals from IODP #310 cores offshore Tahiti. Radiocarbon 55 (4), 1947-1974.
[62] Hughen, K, Southon, J, Lehman, S, Bertrand, C, Turnbull, J, 2006. Marine-derived 14C calibration and activity record for the past 50,000 years updated from the Cariaco Basin. Quaternary Science Reviews 25, 3216-3227.
[63] Hughen, K, Heaton, TJ. Updated Cariaco Basin 14C Calibration Dataset from 0-60k BP, in prep
[64] Bard, E, Rostek, F, Menot-Combes, G, 2004. Radiocarbon calibration beyond 20,000 14C yr B.P. by means of planktonic foraminifera of the Iberian Margin. Quaternary Research 61, 204-214.
[65] Edouard Bard, Guillemette Menot, Frauke Rostek, Laetitia Licari, Philipp Boening,R Lawrence Edwards, Hai Cheng, Yongjin Wang, Timothy J Heaton, (2013) 'Radiocarbon calibration/comparison records based on marine sediments from the Pakistan and Iberian margins', Radiocarbon, Vol 55, Nr 4, 2013, p 1999-2019
[66] Southon J, Noronha AL, Cheng H, Edwards RL, Wang YJ. (2012). A high-resolution record of atmospheric C-14 based on Hulu Cave speleothem H82. Quaternary Science Reviews 33:32-41
[67] Cheng H, Edwards RL, Southon J, Matsumoto K, Feinberg JM, Sinha A, Zhou W, Li H, Li X, Xu Y. 2018. Atmospheric 14C/12C changes during the last glacial period from Hulu Cave. Science 362(6420):1293-7
[68] Dirk L. Hoffmann, J. Warren Beck, David A. Richards, Peter L. Smart, Joy S. Singarayer, Tricia Ketchmark, Chris J. Hawkesworth. 2010. Towards radiocarbon calibration beyond 28 ka using speleothems from the Bahamas,Earth and Planetary Science Letters,289:1-10.
[69] J. Warren Beck, David A. Richards, R. Lawrence Edwards, Bernard W. Silverman, Peter L. Smart, Douglas J. Donahue, Sofia Hererra-Osterheld, George. S. Burr, Leal Calsoyas, A. J. Timothy Jull, Dana Biddulph. 2001. Extremely Large Variations of Atmospheric 14C Concentration During the Last Glacial Period Science 292:2453
[70] Vogel et al. 1993. Pretoria calibration curve for short-lived samples, 1930-3350 BC. Radiocarbon 35: 73-85.
[71] Stuiver, Braziunas 1998. Anthropogenic and solar components of hemispheric 14C. Geophysical Research Letters 25: 329-332.
[72] Hogg et al. 2002 High-precision radiocarbon measurements of contemporaneous tree-ring dated wood from the British Isles and New Zealand: AD 1850-950. Radiocarbon 44: 633-640.
[73] McCormac et al. 1998. Temporal variation in the interhemispheric C-14 offset. Geophysical Research Letters 25: 1321-1324.
[74] Hogg et al. 2011 High-precision radiocarbon measurements of tree-ring dated wood from New Zealand: 195 BC-AD 995. Radiocarbon 53, 3: 529-542.
[75] Hogg et al. 2013 Is there any evidence for regional 14C offsets in the Southern Hemisphere? \Sexpr[results=rd]{tools:::Rd_expr_doi("10.2458/azu_js_rc.v55i2.16104")}
[76] Hogg et al. 2002 High-precision radiocarbon measurements of contemporaneous tree-ring dated wood from the British Isles and New Zealand: AD 1850-950. Radiocarbon 44: 633-640.
[77] McCormac et al. 1998. Temporal variation in the interhemispheric C-14 offset. Geophysical Research Letters 25: 1321-1324.
[78] Hua et al. 2009 Atmospheric 14C variations derived from tree rings during the early Younger Dryas. Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 28, 25-26: 2982-2990.
[79] Hua et al. 2004 Radiocarbon in tropical tree rings during the Little Ice Age. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 223-224:489-94.
[80] Hogg et al. 2013 SHCal13 Southern Hemisphere calibration, 0-50,000 cal yr BP. Radiocarbon 55, 2
[81] Zimmerman et al. 2010 Extension of the Southern Hemisphere atmospheric radiocarbon curve, 2120-850 years BP: results from Tasmanian huon pine. Radiocarbon 52, 203: 887-94.
[82] Boentgen et al. 2018 Tree rings reveal globally coherent signature of cosmogenic radiocarbon events in 774 and 993 CE. Nature Communications, 9: 3605. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-06036-0.
[83] Sookdeo et al. 2020 Quality Dating: A well-defined protocol implemented at ETH Zurich for high-precision 14C dates tested on Late Glacial wood. Radiocarbon. \Sexpr[results=rd]{tools:::Rd_expr_doi("10.1017/RDC.2019.132")}
Examples
intcal.data(100, 200)
intcal.data(40e3, 55e3, ka=TRUE)
# plot Suigetsu and Cariaco data only
dat <- intcal.data(20e3, 25e3)
unique(dat$set) # ordered against their appearance in the plot's legend
dat <- intcal.data(20e3, 25e3, selectsets=c(109, 120), data.cols=c(1,2))
Maarten14C/IntCal documentation built on Oct. 11, 2023, 1:25 a.m.
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| intcal.data | R Documentation |
plot the IntCal20 data
Description
plot the C14 ages underpinning the IntCal20/Marine20/SHCal20 calibration curves
Usage
intcal.data(
cal1,
cal2,
cc1 = "IntCal20",
cc2 = NA,
calcurve.data = "IntCal20",
select.sets = c(),
BCAD = FALSE,
cal.lab = NA,
cal.rev = FALSE,
c14.lab = NA,
c14.lim = NA,
c14.rev = FALSE,
ka = FALSE,
cc1.col = rgb(0, 0, 1, 0.5),
cc1.fill = rgb(0, 0, 1, 0.2),
cc2.col = rgb(0, 0.5, 0, 0.5),
cc2.fill = rgb(0, 0.5, 0, 0.2),
data.cols = c(),
data.pch = c(1, 2, 5, 6, 15:19),
pch.cex = 0.5,
legend.loc = "topleft",
legend.ncol = 2,
legend.cex = 0.7,
cc.legend = "bottomright",
bty = "l",
...
)
Arguments
cal1 |
First calendar year for the plot |
cal2 |
Last calendar year for the plot |
cc1 |
Name of the calibration curve. Can be "IntCal20", "Marine20", "SHCal20", or for the previous curves "IntCal13", "Marine13" or "SHCal13". |
cc2 |
Optional second calibration curve to plot. Can be "IntCal20", "Marine20", "SHCal20", or for the previous curves "IntCal13", "Marine13" or "SHCal13". Defaults to nothing, NA. |
calcurve.data |
Which dataset to use. Defaults to |
select.sets |
Which datasets to plot. Defaults to all datasets within the selected period. |
BCAD |
The calendar scale of graphs and age output-files is in cal BP (calendar or calibrated years before the present, where the present is AD 1950) by default, but can be changed to BC/AD using |
cal.lab |
The labels for the calendar axis (default |
cal.rev |
Reverse the calendar axis. |
c14.lab |
Label for the C-14 axis. Defaults to 14C BP (or 14C kBP if ka=TRUE). |
c14.lim |
Axis limits for the C-14 axis. Calculated automatically by default. |
c14.rev |
Reverse the C-14 axis. |
ka |
Use kcal BP (and C14 kBP). |
cc1.col |
Colour of the calibration curve (outline). |
cc1.fill |
Colour of the calibration curve (fill). |
cc2.col |
Colour of the calibration curve (outline), if activated (default cc2=NA). |
cc2.fill |
Colour of the calibration curve (fill), if activated (default cc2=NA). |
data.cols |
colours of the data points. Defaults to R's colours 1 to 8 (black, red, green, darkblue, lightblue, purple, orange, and grey) |
data.pch |
Symbols of the data points. Defaults to R's symbols 1, 2, 5, 6, and 15 to 19 (open circle, open upward triangle, open diamond, open downward triangle, closed square, closed circle, closed upward triangle, closed diamond) |
pch.cex |
Size of the data symbols. Defaults to 0.5. |
legend.loc |
Location of the data legend. Defaults to topleft. Set to NA for no plotting. |
legend.ncol |
Number of columns of the data legend. |
legend.cex |
Size of the legend. Defaults to 0.7. |
cc.legend |
Location of the legend for the calibration curve(s). |
bty |
Box type around the plot. Defaults to "l"-shaped. |
... |
Any additional optional plotting parameters. |
Details
These datasets were downloaded from Intcal.org. All data have both uncertainties in C14 age and on the calendar scale. For trees this is the sample thickness (e.g., 10 years or 1 year). The name of each dataset starts with a lower-case letter which indicates their nature (t = tree-rings, l = lake sediment, c = coral, m = marine sediment, s = speleothem), followed by either the radiocarbon laboratory's placename or the lastname of the main author. Most of the tree-ring datasets are dated at calendar year precision; tSeattle (references 1-2), tBelfast (3-5), tWaikato (4-7), tGroningen (8-10), tHeidelberg (11-14), tPretoria (16), tIrvine (17-20), tGalimberti (21), tMannheim (22-25), tAix (26-27), tAarhus (22, 28-30), tManningKromer (31-32), tVienna (33-34), tTokyo (35-39), tArizona (40), tMiyake (41), tPearson (22, 41-45), and tZurich (22-23, 25, 41, 43, 46-49). Horizontal error bars for these series indicate the numbers of rings in the samples (e.g., 10 tree-rings; 1-yr samples do not have error bars). Additionally, there are some floating tree-ring datasets with imprecisely known calendar ages; tAdolphy (50) and tTurney (51-52). For these and the following datasets, horizontal error bars indicate their 1 sd calendar age uncertainties. Beside trees, other datasets include lake sediment (lSuigestu, 53-54), corals (cBard 55-56, cFairbanks 57, cCutler 58 and cDurand 61, marine sediment (mCariaco 59-60, 62-63, mBard 64-65) and speleothems (sSouthon 66-67, sHoffman 68, sBeck 69). The southern hemisphere calibration curve SHCal20 is mostly modelled on IntCal20, but it contains datasets from the southern hemisphere; tPretoria (70), tWaikato (72-75), tBelfast (76-67), tSydney (78-80), tLivermore (81), tArizona, tIrvineWaikato and tZurich (82-83).
Value
A plot of the IntCal curve and the underlying data, as well as (invisibly) the data themselves
References
[1]Stuiver, M, and Braziunas, TF. 1993. Sun, ocean, climate and atmospheric 14CO2: an evaluation of causal and spectral relationships. Holocene 3: 289-305.
[2] Stuiver, M, Reimer, PJ, Braziunas, TF. 1998. High-precision radiocarbon age calibration for terrestrial and marine samples. Radiocarbon 40:1127-1151.
[3] McCormac FG, Bayliss A, Baillie MGL, Brown DM. 2004. Radiocarbon calibration in the Anglo-Saxon period: AD 495-725. Radiocarbon 46(3):1123-5.
[4] McCormac, FG, Hogg, AG, Higham, TFG, Lynch-Stieglitz, J, Broecker, WS, Baillie, MGL, Palmer, J, Xiong, L, Pilcher, JR, Brown, D, Hoper, ST, 1998. Temporal variation in the interhemispheric C-14 offset. Geophysical Research Letters 25, 1321-1324.
[5] Pearson, G. W., Pilcher, J. R., Baillie, M. G. L., Corbett, D. M., and Qua, F. (1986). High-Precision C-14 Measurement of Irish Oaks to Show the Natural C-14 Variations from AD 1840 to 5210 BC Radiocarbon 28: 911-934.
[6] Hogg, A. G., McCormac, F. G., Higham, T. F. G., Reimer, P. J., Baillie, M. G. L., and Palmer, J. G. (2002). High-precision radiocarbon measurements of contemporaneous tree-ring dated wood from the British Isles and New Zealand: AD 1850-950. Radiocarbon 44: 633-640.
[7] Hogg, A., Palmer, J., Boswijk, G., Reimer, P., and Brown, D. (2009). Investigating the interhemispheric C-14 offset in the 1st millennium AD and assessment of laboratory bias and calibration errors. Radiocarbon 51, 1177-1186.
[8] de Jong, A. F. M., Becker, B., and Mook, W. G. (1986). High-precision calibration of the radiocarbon time scale, 3930-3230 cal BC. Radiocarbon 28: 939-941.
[9] de Jong, AFM, Becker, B, Mook, WG, 1989. Corrected calibration of the radiocarbon time scale. Radiocarbon 31:201-210.
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[11] Kaiser, K. F., M. Friedrich, C. Miramont, B. Kromer, M. Sgier, M. Schaub, I. Boeren, S. Remmele, S. Talamo, F. Guibal and O. Sivan (2012). 'Challenging process to make the Lateglacial tree-ring chronologies from Europe absolute-an inventory.' Quaternary Science Reviews 36: 78-90.
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[13] Kromer, B., Manning, S.W., Kuniholm, P.I., Newton, M.W., Spurk, M. & Levin, I. 2001. Regional 14CO2 offsets in the troposphere: magnitude, mechanisms, and consequences. Science 294: 2529-2532.
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[15] Hua, Q., Barbetti, M., Fink, D., Kaiser, K. F., Friedrich, M., Kromer, B., Levchenko, V. A., Zoppi, U., Smith, A. M., and Bertuch, F. (2009). Atmospheric 14C variations derived from tree rings during the early Younger Dryas. Quaternary Science Reviews 28, 2982-2990.
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[41] Miyake F., Jull A.J.T., Panyushkina I.P., Wacker L., Salzer M., Baisan C., Lange T., Cruz R., Masuda K., Nakamura T. 2017. Large 14C excursion in 5480 BC indicates an abnormal sun in the mid-Holocene. PNAS Physical Sciences - Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences 114 (3), doi:10.1073/pnas.161314411
[42] Pearson, C.L., Brewer, P.W., Brown, D., Heaton, T.J., Hodgins, G.W., Jull, A.T., Lange, T. and Salzer, M.W., (2018). Annual radiocarbon record indicates 16th century BCE date for the Thera eruption. Science advances, 4(8), p.eaar8241.
[43] Pearson, CL, Wacker, L, Bayliss, A, Brown, DM, Salzer, M, Brewer, PW, Bollhalder, S, Boswijk, G, Hodgins, GWL, Annual variation in atmospheric 14C between 1700 BC and 1480 BC: Radiocarbon: this issue
[44] Jull A.J.T., Panyushkina I.P., Lange T.E., Kukarskih V.V., Clark K.J., Myglan V.S., Salzer M., Burr G.S., Leavitt S.L. Excursions in the 14C record at AD 774-775 from tree rings from Russia and America.2014. Geophysical Research Letters 41 (8): 3004-3010. 10.1002/2014GL059874
[45] Miyake F., Masuda K., Nakamura T., Kimura K., Hakozaki M., Jull A.T., Lange T., Cruz R., Panyushkina I.P., Baisan C., Salzer M. 2017. Search for annual 14C excursions in the past. Radiocarbon 59 (2): 315-320. DOI: 10.1017/RDC.2016.54
[46] Wacker et al. in prep
[47] Sookdeo, A, Kromer, B, Adolphi, F, Beer, J, Brehm, N, Buntgen, U, Christl, M, Eglinton, TI, Friedrich, M, Guidobaldi, G, Helle, G, Nievergelt, D, Pauly, M, Reinig, F, Tegel, W, Treydte, K, Synal, H-A, Wacker, L, submitted. There Goes the Sun: 14C in trees reveals reduced solar activity during the Younger Dryas. Nature Geoscience.
[48] Buntgen, Ulf, et al, (2018),'Tree rings reveal globally coherent signature of cosmogenic radiocarbon events in 774 and 993 CE'. Nature Communications 9, 3605
[49] Bayliss et al. in prep
[50] Adolphi, F., R. Muscheler, M. Friedrich, D. Guttler, L. Wacker, S. Talamo and B. Kromer (2017). 'Radiocarbon calibration uncertainties during the last deglaciation: Insights from new floating tree-ring chronologies.' Quaternary Science Reviews 170: 98-108.
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[54] Gordon Schlolaut, Richard A Staff, Michael H Marshall, Achim Brauer, Christopher Bronk Ramsey, Henry F Lamb, Takeshi Nakagawa, 2018, An extended and revised Lake Suigetsu varve chronology from ~50 to ~10 ka BP based on detailed sediment micro-facies analyses, Quaternary Science Reviews 200, 351-366
[55] Bard, E, Hamelin, B, Fairbanks, RG, Zindler, A. 1990. Calibration of the 14C timescale over the past 30,000 years using mass spectrometric U-Th ages from Barbados corals. Nature 345: 405-410.
[56] Bard, E, Arnold, M, Hamelin, B, Tisnerat-Laborde, N, Cabioch, G, 1998. Radiocarbon calibration by means of mass spectrometric Th- 230/U-234 and C-14 ages of corals: An updated database including samples from Barbados, Mururoa and Tahiti. Radiocarbon 40, 1085-1092.
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[58] Cutler, KB, Gray, SC, Burr, GS, Edwards, RL, Taylor, FW, Cabioch, G, Beck, JW, Cheng, H, and Moore, J. 2004. Radiocarbon calibration to 50 kyr BP with paired 14C and 230Th dating of corals from Vanuatu and Papua New Guinea. Radiocarbon 46: 1127-1160.
[59] Hughen, KA, Southon, JR, Lehman, SJ, Overpeck, JT, 2000. Synchronous radiocarbon and climate shifts during the last deglaciation. Science 290, 1951-1954.
[60] Hughen, KA, Southon, JR, Bertrand, CJH, Frantz, B, Zermeno, P. 2004. Cariaco Basin calibration update: revisions to calendar and 14C chronologies for core PL07-58PC. Radiocarbon 46: 1161-1187.
[61] Durand, N, Deschamps, P, Bard, E, Hamelin, B, Camoin, G, Thomas, AL, Henderson, GM, Yokoyama, Y, Matsuzaki, H. 2013. Comparison of 14C and U-Th in corals from IODP #310 cores offshore Tahiti. Radiocarbon 55 (4), 1947-1974.
[62] Hughen, K, Southon, J, Lehman, S, Bertrand, C, Turnbull, J, 2006. Marine-derived 14C calibration and activity record for the past 50,000 years updated from the Cariaco Basin. Quaternary Science Reviews 25, 3216-3227.
[63] Hughen, K, Heaton, TJ. Updated Cariaco Basin 14C Calibration Dataset from 0-60k BP, in prep
[64] Bard, E, Rostek, F, Menot-Combes, G, 2004. Radiocarbon calibration beyond 20,000 14C yr B.P. by means of planktonic foraminifera of the Iberian Margin. Quaternary Research 61, 204-214.
[65] Edouard Bard, Guillemette Menot, Frauke Rostek, Laetitia Licari, Philipp Boening,R Lawrence Edwards, Hai Cheng, Yongjin Wang, Timothy J Heaton, (2013) 'Radiocarbon calibration/comparison records based on marine sediments from the Pakistan and Iberian margins', Radiocarbon, Vol 55, Nr 4, 2013, p 1999-2019
[66] Southon J, Noronha AL, Cheng H, Edwards RL, Wang YJ. (2012). A high-resolution record of atmospheric C-14 based on Hulu Cave speleothem H82. Quaternary Science Reviews 33:32-41
[67] Cheng H, Edwards RL, Southon J, Matsumoto K, Feinberg JM, Sinha A, Zhou W, Li H, Li X, Xu Y. 2018. Atmospheric 14C/12C changes during the last glacial period from Hulu Cave. Science 362(6420):1293-7
[68] Dirk L. Hoffmann, J. Warren Beck, David A. Richards, Peter L. Smart, Joy S. Singarayer, Tricia Ketchmark, Chris J. Hawkesworth. 2010. Towards radiocarbon calibration beyond 28 ka using speleothems from the Bahamas,Earth and Planetary Science Letters,289:1-10.
[69] J. Warren Beck, David A. Richards, R. Lawrence Edwards, Bernard W. Silverman, Peter L. Smart, Douglas J. Donahue, Sofia Hererra-Osterheld, George. S. Burr, Leal Calsoyas, A. J. Timothy Jull, Dana Biddulph. 2001. Extremely Large Variations of Atmospheric 14C Concentration During the Last Glacial Period Science 292:2453
[70] Vogel et al. 1993. Pretoria calibration curve for short-lived samples, 1930-3350 BC. Radiocarbon 35: 73-85.
[71] Stuiver, Braziunas 1998. Anthropogenic and solar components of hemispheric 14C. Geophysical Research Letters 25: 329-332.
[72] Hogg et al. 2002 High-precision radiocarbon measurements of contemporaneous tree-ring dated wood from the British Isles and New Zealand: AD 1850-950. Radiocarbon 44: 633-640.
[73] McCormac et al. 1998. Temporal variation in the interhemispheric C-14 offset. Geophysical Research Letters 25: 1321-1324.
[74] Hogg et al. 2011 High-precision radiocarbon measurements of tree-ring dated wood from New Zealand: 195 BC-AD 995. Radiocarbon 53, 3: 529-542.
[75] Hogg et al. 2013 Is there any evidence for regional 14C offsets in the Southern Hemisphere? \Sexpr[results=rd]{tools:::Rd_expr_doi("10.2458/azu_js_rc.v55i2.16104")}
[76] Hogg et al. 2002 High-precision radiocarbon measurements of contemporaneous tree-ring dated wood from the British Isles and New Zealand: AD 1850-950. Radiocarbon 44: 633-640.
[77] McCormac et al. 1998. Temporal variation in the interhemispheric C-14 offset. Geophysical Research Letters 25: 1321-1324.
[78] Hua et al. 2009 Atmospheric 14C variations derived from tree rings during the early Younger Dryas. Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 28, 25-26: 2982-2990.
[79] Hua et al. 2004 Radiocarbon in tropical tree rings during the Little Ice Age. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 223-224:489-94.
[80] Hogg et al. 2013 SHCal13 Southern Hemisphere calibration, 0-50,000 cal yr BP. Radiocarbon 55, 2
[81] Zimmerman et al. 2010 Extension of the Southern Hemisphere atmospheric radiocarbon curve, 2120-850 years BP: results from Tasmanian huon pine. Radiocarbon 52, 203: 887-94.
[82] Boentgen et al. 2018 Tree rings reveal globally coherent signature of cosmogenic radiocarbon events in 774 and 993 CE. Nature Communications, 9: 3605. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-06036-0. [83] Sookdeo et al. 2020 Quality Dating: A well-defined protocol implemented at ETH Zurich for high-precision 14C dates tested on Late Glacial wood. Radiocarbon. \Sexpr[results=rd]{tools:::Rd_expr_doi("10.1017/RDC.2019.132")}
Examples
intcal.data(100, 200)
intcal.data(40e3, 55e3, ka=TRUE)
# plot Suigetsu and Cariaco data only
dat <- intcal.data(20e3, 25e3)
unique(dat$set) # ordered against their appearance in the plot's legend
dat <- intcal.data(20e3, 25e3, selectsets=c(109, 120), data.cols=c(1,2))
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