R/data-daycare_fines.R

In OpenIntroStat/openintro: Datasets and Supplemental Functions from 'OpenIntro' Textbooks and Labs

#' Daycare fines
#'
#' Researchers tested the deterrence hypothesis which predicts that the
#' introduction of a penalty will reduce the occurrence of the behavior subject
#' to the fine, with the condition that the fine leaves everything else
#' unchanged by instituting a fine for late pickup at daycare centers.
#' For this study, they worked with 10 volunteer daycare centers that did not
#' originally impose a fine to parents for picking up their kids late.
#' They randomly selected 6 of these daycare centers and instituted a monetary
#' fine (of a considerable amount) for picking up children late and then removed it.
#' In the remaining 4 daycare centers no fine was introduced.
#' The study period was divided into four: before the fine (weeks 1–4), the first
#' 4 weeks with the fine (weeks 5-8), the entire period with the fine (weeks 5–16),
#' and the after fine period (weeks 17-20). Throughout the study, the number of kids
#' who were picked up late was recorded each week for each daycare. The study
#' found that the number of late-coming parents increased significantly when the
#' fine was introduced, and no reduction occurred after the fine was removed.
#'
#' @name daycare_fines
#' @docType data
#' @format A data frame with 200 observations on the following 7 variables.
#' \describe{
#'   \item{center}{Daycare center id.}
#'   \item{group}{Study group: `test` (fine instituted) or `control` (no fine).}
#'   \item{children}{Number of children at daycare center.}
#'   \item{week}{Week of study.}
#'   \item{late_pickups}{Number of late pickups for a given week and daycare center.}
#'   \item{study_period_4}{Period of study, divided into 4 periods:
#'   `before fine`, `first 4 weeks with fine`, `last 8 weeks with fine`, `after fine`}
#'   \item{study_period_3}{Period of study, divided into 4 periods:
#'   `before fine`, `with fine`, `after fine`}
#'   }
#' @source Gneezy, Uri, and Aldo Rustichini. "A fine is a price."
#' The Journal of Legal Studies 29, no. 1 (2000): 1-17.
#' @keywords datasets
#' @examples
#'
#' library(dplyr)
#' library(tidyr)
#' library(ggplot2)
#'
#' # The following tables roughly match results presented in Table 2 of the source article
#' # The results are only off by rounding for some of the weeks
#' daycare_fines |>
#'   group_by(center, study_period_4) |>
#'   summarise(avg_late_pickups = mean(late_pickups), .groups = "drop") |>
#'   pivot_wider(names_from = study_period_4, values_from = avg_late_pickups)
#'
#' daycare_fines |>
#'   group_by(center, study_period_3) |>
#'   summarise(avg_late_pickups = mean(late_pickups), .groups = "drop") |>
#'   pivot_wider(names_from = study_period_3, values_from = avg_late_pickups)
#'
#' # The following plot matches Figure 1 of the source article
#' daycare_fines |>
#'   group_by(week, group) |>
#'   summarise(avg_late_pickups = mean(late_pickups), .groups = "drop") |>
#'   ggplot(aes(x = week, y = avg_late_pickups, group = group, color = group)) +
#'   geom_point() +
#'   geom_line()
"daycare_fines"