connectivity
v0.1.5
The goal of connectivity is to make the importing/cleaning, analyzing, and visualizing of NIRS data recipe based. That is, we will use a simple recipe to take our individual NIRS files and make clear, concise analyses with interpretable output. Our approach uses a Granger-Causality-type approach using linear mixed effects models.
You can install the GitHub version of connectivity
with:
remotes::install_github("tysonstanley/connectivity")
The receipe is as follows:
import_nirs()
)get_connectivity()
)effectsize_viz()
or brain_viz()
)The import_nirs()
function depends on a files structure that looks
something like:
-- P07
|__onset.txt
|__P07_brodExtract.csv
|__P07_HBA_Probe1_Oxy.csv
|__P07_HBA_Probe2_Oxy.csv
-- P08
|__onset.txt
|__P08_brodExtract.csv
|__P08_HBA_Probe1_Oxy.csv
|__P08_HBA_Probe2_Oxy.csv
-- P09
|__onset.txt
|__P09_brodExtract.csv
|__P09_HBA_Probe1_Oxy.csv
|__...
where each participant has its own folder with the data within that folder. Other files can be within the individual folders, but the ones shown are required.
In our data (not currently provided), we have 5 regions that we are
interested in that are mapped out in the *brod.csv
files. To inform on
what region goes with which channel from the Probe files, we use the
import function like so:
library(connectivity)
path <- "~/Box/Stuttering Writing Group/PhoneCallsControl/"
data <- import_nirs(path,
stg = 22, ipl = c(39, 40), ifg = c(44, 45), sma = 6, m1 = 4)
where we are interested in the following regions:
The stg = 22, ipl = c(30, 40), ...
correspond to regions (the name of
the region) and the number refers to the number in the *brod.csv
file.
This creates a nested tibble called data
that looks like this:
data
#> # A tibble: 7 x 2
#> participant probe_data
#> <chr> <list>
#> 1 P01 <tibble [22,239 × 67]>
#> 2 P03 <tibble [23,204 × 67]>
#> 3 P04 <tibble [22,936 × 67]>
#> 4 P05 <tibble [20,056 × 67]>
#> 5 P06 <tibble [30,114 × 67]>
#> 6 P07 <tibble [25,305 × 67]>
#> 7 P16 <tibble [23,486 × 67]>
The probe_data
variable contains all the NIRS information about the
corresponding participant. We need to make sure that the data still have
the “regions” attribute with the names of the regions that you are
interested in. This information is used in the next step.
## Subset the data to just resting and assign to `rest`
rest <- data
rest$probe_data = purrr::map(rest$probe_data, ~.x %>% filter(task == "rest"))
## Make sure `rest` still contains information on the regions in the data
attr(rest, "regions")
#> [1] "stg" "ipl" "ifg" "sma" "m1"
From here, we can do our connectivity analyses, which will run a series
of linear mixed effects models. If we specify a group variable, the
models will include a region by group interaction. Here, we are only
going to use the “resting” task for these analyses (that we created
above). The get_connectivity()
function runs the linear mixed models
and provides us with a tibble where it shows us our outcome (outcome
),
the predictor region (rowname
), the effect size estimate (est
), and
the p-value (pvalue
).
fits <- get_connectivity(rest, covariates = c("(1 | participant)"))
fits
#> outcome rowname est pvalue
#> 1 stg ipl -0.0012854233 4.098717e-02
#> 2 stg ifg 0.0010528857 2.175877e-01
#> 3 stg sma 0.0018098305 2.400770e-02
#> 4 stg m1 -0.0001314380 8.288871e-01
#> 5 stg lag 0.5951213771 0.000000e+00
#> 6 ipl stg 0.0068348462 5.309958e-12
#> 7 ipl ifg -0.0035143519 1.620990e-02
#> 8 ipl sma 0.0044339404 9.635422e-04
#> 9 ipl m1 0.0010296516 3.050960e-01
#> 10 ipl lag 0.5523334334 0.000000e+00
#> 11 ifg stg -0.0009576724 6.260133e-02
#> 12 ifg ipl -0.0010242724 5.790339e-02
#> 13 ifg sma 0.0053455916 7.133882e-14
#> 14 ifg m1 -0.0030414322 3.975775e-09
#> 15 ifg lag 0.5315290144 0.000000e+00
#> 16 sma stg 0.0008315454 4.110240e-02
#> 17 sma ipl 0.0018432310 1.563944e-05
#> 18 sma ifg 0.0069252798 6.357022e-27
#> 19 sma m1 0.0034547031 1.960396e-17
#> 20 sma lag 0.2008891863 0.000000e+00
#> 21 m1 stg -0.0014515723 9.122225e-03
#> 22 m1 ipl -0.0038264659 6.296958e-11
#> 23 m1 ifg -0.0017079992 4.328194e-02
#> 24 m1 sma 0.0085802104 1.031991e-27
#> 25 m1 lag 0.2522870952 0.000000e+00
In this case, this fits
object has all the estimates from the various
models and their corresopnding p-values (based on Satterthwaite
approximation to degrees of freedom). The est
variable shows us the
effect size for each variable. This effect size is the average
individuals standardized coefficient (similar to a partial correlation).
(Note that lag
is the 1 lag of the outcome variable and so its effect
sizes will almost always be really big and is generally not of direct
interest).
We can visualize these results in two main ways:
Here, we quickly show both.
Notably, both approaches use ggplot2
and can be adjusted with
ggplot2
functions.
This shows the size of the effects as simple line graphs as shown below.
effectsize_viz(fits)
The brain visuals are the most flexible visualization. At its simplest, it shows the regions of interest on the side view of the brain.
brain_viz(fits)
To control the colors of the circles and lines, use any of the ggplot2
scale_color_*
functions and remove unnecessary legends with theme()
:
brain_viz(fits) +
scale_color_viridis_d() +
theme(legend.position = "none")
You can also color the lines based on other information. For example, we
may want to color the lines based on whether it is bigger than some
specified effect size. To do this, we will create a data frame from the
fits
object from get_connectivity()
function.
coloring <- fits %>%
mutate(coloring = case_when(est > .001 ~ 1,
est <= .001 ~ 0) %>% factor())
brain_viz(fits, colors = coloring) +
scale_color_viridis_d() +
theme(legend.position = "none")
#> Joining, by = c("outcome", "rowname", "est", "pvalue")
For these brain visuals, there is a built-in list of regions with
corresponding x
and y
values that fit this diagram.
connectivity::regions_side
#> # A tibble: 8 x 3
#> x y region
#> <dbl> <dbl> <chr>
#> 1 5 4.5 stg
#> 2 7 7 ipl
#> 3 3 6 ifg
#> 4 4 9.7 sma
#> 5 4.9 8 m1
#> 6 1 8.6 mpc
#> 7 0 6.8 dpcl
#> 8 0 9.3 dpcr
However, if you want to add your own, you can. You need to make sure the
names you give the regions in the import_nirs()
function matches the
names in the regions and that this regions
data frame has the names
x
, y
, and region
. For example, let’s say we are only interested in
three of these regions now. We could use the following regs
data frame
to adjust not only what is shown but where they are shown. Importantly,
the values for the x
and y
are bound between 0 and 10 (0 being the
left/bottom and 10 being right/top) and so this example is extreme.
regs <- tibble::tribble(
~x, ~y, ~region,
1, 1, "stg",
5, 9, "ipl",
9, 1, "ifg"
)
brain_viz(fits, regs = regs)
In addition to this side diagram (view = "side"
), the other built-in
images include a top view (view = "top"
), an angled left side (view =
"left"
), and an angled right side (view = "right"
). [1]
This package is designed to import/clean, analyze, and visualize a specific set of data. If your data do not follow the general outline shown above, then this package will likely throw errors. It is still in heavy development. Contact t.barrett@aggiemail.usu.edu for questions or comments.
view = "top"
has functionality that allows each
probe to be different sides of the brain.Add the following code to your website.
For more information on customizing the embed code, read Embedding Snippets.