docs/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/concurrent-ruby-1.1.7/README.md

In almost-matching-exactly/R-FLAME: Interpretable Matching for Causal Inference

Concurrent Ruby

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Modern concurrency tools for Ruby. Inspired by Erlang, Clojure, Scala, Haskell, F#, C#, Java, and classic concurrency patterns.

The design goals of this gem are:

• Be an 'unopinionated' toolbox that provides useful utilities without debating which is better or why
• Remain free of external gem dependencies
• Stay true to the spirit of the languages providing inspiration
• But implement in a way that makes sense for Ruby
• Keep the semantics as idiomatic Ruby as possible
• Support features that make sense in Ruby
• Exclude features that don't make sense in Ruby
• Be small, lean, and loosely coupled
• Thread-safety
• Backward compatibility

Contributing

This gem depends on contributions and we appreciate your help. Would you like to contribute? Great! Have a look at issues with looking-for-contributor label. And if you pick something up let us know on the issue.

Thread Safety

Concurrent Ruby makes one of the strongest thread safety guarantees of any Ruby concurrency library, providing consistent behavior and guarantees on all four of the main Ruby interpreters (MRI/CRuby, JRuby, Rubinius, TruffleRuby).

Every abstraction in this library is thread safe. Specific thread safety guarantees are documented with each abstraction.

It is critical to remember, however, that Ruby is a language of mutable references. No concurrency library for Ruby can ever prevent the user from making thread safety mistakes (such as sharing a mutable object between threads and modifying it on both threads) or from creating deadlocks through incorrect use of locks. All the library can do is provide safe abstractions which encourage safe practices. Concurrent Ruby provides more safe concurrency abstractions than any other Ruby library, many of which support the mantra of "Do not communicate by sharing memory; instead, share memory by communicating". Concurrent Ruby is also the only Ruby library which provides a full suite of thread safe and immutable variable types and data structures.

We've also initiated discussion to document memory model of Ruby which would provide consistent behaviour and guarantees on all four of the main Ruby interpreters (MRI/CRuby, JRuby, Rubinius, TruffleRuby).

Features & Documentation

The primary site for documentation is the automatically generated API documentation which is up to date with latest release. This readme matches the master so may contain new stuff not yet released.

We also have a IRC (gitter).

Versioning

• concurrent-ruby uses Semantic Versioning
• concurrent-ruby-ext has always same version as concurrent-ruby
• concurrent-ruby-edge will always be 0.y.z therefore following point 4 applies "Major version zero (0.y.z) is for initial development. Anything may change at any time. The public API should not be considered stable." However we additionally use following rules:
  • Minor version increment means incompatible changes were made
  • Patch version increment means only compatible changes were made

General-purpose Concurrency Abstractions

• Async: A mixin module that provides simple asynchronous behavior to a class. Loosely based on Erlang's gen_server.
• ScheduledTask: Like a Future scheduled for a specific future time.
• TimerTask: A Thread that periodically wakes up to perform work at regular intervals.
• Promises: Unified implementation of futures and promises which combines features of previous Future, Promise, IVar, Event, dataflow, Delay, and (partially) TimerTask into a single framework. It extensively uses the new synchronization layer to make all the features non-blocking and lock-free, with the exception of obviously blocking operations like #wait, #value. It also offers better performance.

Thread-safe Value Objects, Structures, and Collections

Collection classes that were originally part of the (deprecated) thread_safe gem:

• Array A thread-safe subclass of Ruby's standard Array.
• Hash A thread-safe subclass of Ruby's standard Hash.
• Set A thread-safe subclass of Ruby's standard Set.
• Map A hash-like object that should have much better performance characteristics, especially under high concurrency, than Concurrent::Hash.
• Tuple A fixed size array with volatile (synchronized, thread safe) getters/setters.

Value objects inspired by other languages:

• Maybe A thread-safe, immutable object representing an optional value, based on Haskell Data.Maybe.

Structure classes derived from Ruby's Struct:

• ImmutableStruct Immutable struct where values are set at construction and cannot be changed later.
• MutableStruct Synchronized, mutable struct where values can be safely changed at any time.
• SettableStruct Synchronized, write-once struct where values can be set at most once, either at construction or any time thereafter.

Thread-safe variables:

• Agent: A way to manage shared, mutable, asynchronous, independent state. Based on Clojure's Agent.
• Atom: A way to manage shared, mutable, synchronous, independent state. Based on Clojure's Atom.
• AtomicBoolean A boolean value that can be updated atomically.
• AtomicFixnum A numeric value that can be updated atomically.
• AtomicReference An object reference that may be updated atomically.
• Exchanger A synchronization point at which threads can pair and swap elements within pairs. Based on Java's Exchanger.
• MVar A synchronized single element container. Based on Haskell's MVar and Scala's MVar.
• ThreadLocalVar A variable where the value is different for each thread.
• TVar A transactional variable implementing software transactional memory (STM). Based on Clojure's Ref.

Java-inspired ThreadPools and Other Executors

• See the thread pool overview, which also contains a list of other Executors available.

Thread Synchronization Classes and Algorithms

• CountDownLatch A synchronization object that allows one thread to wait on multiple other threads.
• CyclicBarrier A synchronization aid that allows a set of threads to all wait for each other to reach a common barrier point.
• Event Old school kernel-style event.
• ReadWriteLock A lock that supports multiple readers but only one writer.
• ReentrantReadWriteLock A read/write lock with reentrant and upgrade features.
• Semaphore A counting-based locking mechanism that uses permits.
• AtomicMarkableReference

Deprecated

Deprecated features are still available and bugs are being fixed, but new features will not be added.

• ~~Future: An asynchronous operation that produces a value.~~ Replaced by Promises.
  • ~~.dataflow: Built on Futures, Dataflow allows you to create a task that will be scheduled when all of its data dependencies are available.~~ Replaced by Promises.
• ~~Promise: Similar to Futures, with more features.~~ Replaced by Promises.
• ~~Delay Lazy evaluation of a block yielding an immutable result. Based on Clojure's delay.~~ Replaced by Promises.
• ~~IVar Similar to a "future" but can be manually assigned once, after which it becomes immutable.~~ Replaced by Promises.

Edge Features

These are available in the concurrent-ruby-edge companion gem.

These features are under active development and may change frequently. They are expected not to keep backward compatibility (there may also lack tests and documentation). Semantic versions will be obeyed though. Features developed in concurrent-ruby-edge are expected to move to concurrent-ruby when final.

• Actor: Implements the Actor Model, where concurrent actors exchange messages. Status: Partial documentation and tests; depends on new future/promise framework; stability is good.
• Channel: Communicating Sequential Processes (CSP). Functionally equivalent to Go channels with additional inspiration from Clojure core.async. Status: Partial documentation and tests.
• LazyRegister
• LockFreeLinkedSet Status: will be moved to core soon.
• LockFreeStack Status: missing documentation and tests.
• Promises::Channel A first in first out channel that accepts messages with push family of methods and returns messages with pop family of methods. Pop and push operations can be represented as futures, see #pop_op and #push_op. The capacity of the channel can be limited to support back pressure, use capacity option in #initialize. #pop method blocks ans #pop_op returns pending future if there is no message in the channel. If the capacity is limited the #push method blocks and #push_op returns pending future.

• Cancellation The Cancellation abstraction provides cooperative cancellation.

  The standard methods Thread#raise of Thread#kill available in Ruby are very dangerous (see linked the blog posts bellow). Therefore concurrent-ruby provides an alternative.

  • https://jvns.ca/blog/2015/11/27/why-rubys-timeout-is-dangerous-and-thread-dot-raise-is-terrifying/
  • http://www.mikeperham.com/2015/05/08/timeout-rubys-most-dangerous-api/
  • http://blog.headius.com/2008/02/rubys-threadraise-threadkill-timeoutrb.html

  It provides an object which represents a task which can be executed, the task has to get the reference to the object and periodically cooperatively check that it is not cancelled. Good practices to make tasks cancellable: check cancellation every cycle of a loop which does significant work, do all blocking actions in a loop with a timeout then on timeout check cancellation and if ok block again with the timeout Throttle A tool managing concurrency level of tasks. ErlangActor Actor implementation which precisely matches Erlang actor behaviour. Requires at least Ruby 2.1 otherwise it's not loaded. * WrappingExecutor A delegating executor which modifies each task before the task is given to the target executor it delegates to.

Supported Ruby versions

• MRI 2.0 and above
• JRuby 9000
• TruffleRuby are supported.
• Any Ruby interpreter that is compliant with Ruby 2.0 or newer.

Actually we still support mri 1.9.3 and jruby 1.7.27 but we are looking at ways how to drop the support. Java 8 is preferred for JRuby but every Java version on which JRuby 9000 runs is supported.

The legacy support for Rubinius is kept but it is no longer maintained, if you would like to help please respond to #739.

Usage

Everything within this gem can be loaded simply by requiring it:

require 'concurrent'

Requiring only specific abstractions from Concurrent Ruby is not yet supported.

To use the tools in the Edge gem it must be required separately:

require 'concurrent-edge'

If the library does not behave as expected, Concurrent.use_stdlib_logger(Logger::DEBUG) could help to reveal the problem.

Installation

gem install concurrent-ruby

or add the following line to Gemfile:

gem 'concurrent-ruby', require: 'concurrent'

and run bundle install from your shell.

Edge Gem Installation

The Edge gem must be installed separately from the core gem:

gem install concurrent-ruby-edge

or add the following line to Gemfile:

gem 'concurrent-ruby-edge', require: 'concurrent-edge'

and run bundle install from your shell.

C Extensions for MRI

Potential performance improvements may be achieved under MRI by installing optional C extensions. To minimise installation errors the C extensions are available in the concurrent-ruby-ext extension gem. concurrent-ruby and concurrent-ruby-ext are always released together with same version. Simply install the extension gem too:

gem install concurrent-ruby-ext

or add the following line to Gemfile:

gem 'concurrent-ruby-ext'

and run bundle install from your shell.

In code it is only necessary to

require 'concurrent'

The concurrent-ruby gem will automatically detect the presence of the concurrent-ruby-ext gem and load the appropriate C extensions.

Note For gem developers

No gems should depend on concurrent-ruby-ext. Doing so will force C extensions on your users. The best practice is to depend on concurrent-ruby and let users to decide if they want C extensions.

Maintainers

• Petr Chalupa (lead maintainer, point-of-contact)
• Jerry D'Antonio (creator)
• Chris Seaton

Special Thanks to

• Brian Durand for the ref gem
• Charles Oliver Nutter for the atomic and thread_safe gems
• thedarkone for the thread_safe gem

and to the past maintainers

• Michele Della Torre
• Paweł Obrok
• Lucas Allan

and to Ruby Association for sponsoring a project "Enhancing Ruby’s concurrency tooling" in 2018.

License and Copyright

Concurrent Ruby is free software released under the MIT License.

The Concurrent Ruby logo was designed by David Jones. It is Copyright © 2014 Jerry D'Antonio. All Rights Reserved.

almost-matching-exactly/R-FLAME documentation built on Jan. 4, 2022, 8:31 a.m.