View source: R/equivalence_test.R
equivalence_test | R Documentation |
Perform a Test for Practical Equivalence for Bayesian and frequentist models.
equivalence_test(x, ...)
## Default S3 method:
equivalence_test(x, ...)
## S3 method for class 'data.frame'
equivalence_test(
x,
range = "default",
ci = 0.95,
rvar_col = NULL,
verbose = TRUE,
...
)
## S3 method for class 'stanreg'
equivalence_test(
x,
range = "default",
ci = 0.95,
effects = c("fixed", "random", "all"),
component = c("location", "all", "conditional", "smooth_terms", "sigma",
"distributional", "auxiliary"),
parameters = NULL,
verbose = TRUE,
...
)
## S3 method for class 'brmsfit'
equivalence_test(
x,
range = "default",
ci = 0.95,
effects = c("fixed", "random", "all"),
component = c("conditional", "zi", "zero_inflated", "all"),
parameters = NULL,
verbose = TRUE,
...
)
x |
Vector representing a posterior distribution. Can also be a
|
... |
Currently not used. |
range |
ROPE's lower and higher bounds. Should be
In multivariate models, |
ci |
The Credible Interval (CI) probability, corresponding to the proportion of HDI, to use for the percentage in ROPE. |
rvar_col |
A single character - the name of an |
verbose |
Toggle off warnings. |
effects |
Should results for fixed effects, random effects or both be returned? Only applies to mixed models. May be abbreviated. |
component |
Should results for all parameters, parameters for the conditional model or the zero-inflated part of the model be returned? May be abbreviated. Only applies to brms-models. |
parameters |
Regular expression pattern that describes the parameters
that should be returned. Meta-parameters (like |
Documentation is accessible for:
For Bayesian models, the Test for Practical Equivalence is based on the
"HDI+ROPE decision rule" (Kruschke, 2014, 2018) to check whether
parameter values should be accepted or rejected against an explicitly
formulated "null hypothesis" (i.e., a ROPE). In other words, it checks the
percentage of the 89%
HDI that is the null region (the ROPE). If
this percentage is sufficiently low, the null hypothesis is rejected. If this
percentage is sufficiently high, the null hypothesis is accepted.
Using the ROPE and the HDI, Kruschke (2018)
suggests using the percentage of the 95%
(or 89%
, considered more stable)
HDI that falls within the ROPE as a decision rule. If the HDI
is completely outside the ROPE, the "null hypothesis" for this parameter is
"rejected". If the ROPE completely covers the HDI, i.e., all most credible
values of a parameter are inside the region of practical equivalence, the
null hypothesis is accepted. Else, it’s undecided whether to accept or
reject the null hypothesis. If the full ROPE is used (i.e., 100%
of the
HDI), then the null hypothesis is rejected or accepted if the percentage
of the posterior within the ROPE is smaller than to 2.5%
or greater than
97.5%
. Desirable results are low proportions inside the ROPE (the closer
to zero the better).
Some attention is required for finding suitable values for the ROPE limits
(argument range
). See 'Details' in rope_range()
for further information.
Multicollinearity: Non-independent covariates
When parameters show strong correlations, i.e. when covariates are not
independent, the joint parameter distributions may shift towards or
away from the ROPE. In such cases, the test for practical equivalence may
have inappropriate results. Collinearity invalidates ROPE and hypothesis
testing based on univariate marginals, as the probabilities are conditional
on independence. Most problematic are the results of the "undecided"
parameters, which may either move further towards "rejection" or away
from it (Kruschke 2014, 340f).
equivalence_test()
performs a simple check for pairwise correlations
between parameters, but as there can be collinearity between more than two variables,
a first step to check the assumptions of this hypothesis testing is to look
at different pair plots. An even more sophisticated check is the projection
predictive variable selection (Piironen and Vehtari 2017).
A data frame with following columns:
Parameter
The model parameter(s), if x
is a model-object. If x
is a vector, this column is missing.
CI
The probability of the HDI.
ROPE_low
, ROPE_high
The limits of the ROPE. These values are identical for all parameters.
ROPE_Percentage
The proportion of the HDI that lies inside the ROPE.
ROPE_Equivalence
The "test result", as character. Either "rejected", "accepted" or "undecided".
HDI_low
, HDI_high
The lower and upper HDI limits for the parameters.
There is a print()
-method with a digits
-argument to control
the amount of digits in the output, and there is a
plot()
-method
to visualize the results from the equivalence-test (for models only).
Kruschke, J. K. (2018). Rejecting or accepting parameter values in Bayesian estimation. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 1(2), 270-280. \Sexpr[results=rd]{tools:::Rd_expr_doi("10.1177/2515245918771304")}
Kruschke, J. K. (2014). Doing Bayesian data analysis: A tutorial with R, JAGS, and Stan. Academic Press
Piironen, J., & Vehtari, A. (2017). Comparison of Bayesian predictive methods for model selection. Statistics and Computing, 27(3), 711–735. \Sexpr[results=rd]{tools:::Rd_expr_doi("10.1007/s11222-016-9649-y")}
library(bayestestR)
equivalence_test(x = rnorm(1000, 0, 0.01), range = c(-0.1, 0.1))
equivalence_test(x = rnorm(1000, 0, 1), range = c(-0.1, 0.1))
equivalence_test(x = rnorm(1000, 1, 0.01), range = c(-0.1, 0.1))
equivalence_test(x = rnorm(1000, 1, 1), ci = c(.50, .99))
# print more digits
test <- equivalence_test(x = rnorm(1000, 1, 1), ci = c(.50, .99))
print(test, digits = 4)
model <- rstanarm::stan_glm(mpg ~ wt + cyl, data = mtcars)
equivalence_test(model)
# multiple ROPE ranges - asymmetric, symmetric, default
equivalence_test(model, range = list(c(10, 40), c(-5, -4), "default"))
# named ROPE ranges
equivalence_test(model, range = list(wt = c(-5, -4), `(Intercept)` = c(10, 40)))
# plot result
test <- equivalence_test(model)
plot(test)
equivalence_test(emmeans::emtrends(model, ~1, "wt", data = mtcars))
model <- brms::brm(mpg ~ wt + cyl, data = mtcars)
equivalence_test(model)
bf <- BayesFactor::ttestBF(x = rnorm(100, 1, 1))
# equivalence_test(bf)
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