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Robert Macarthur和E.O. Wilson 在1964年提出了岛屿生物地理学理论"Equilibrium theory of insular zoogeography",用于量化和预测岛屿系统的生物多样性。理论的基础在于, 岛屿上决定生物多样性的两个过程 --物种的迁入(immigration)和灭绝(extinction)--是可预测的。岛屿离大陆越近,物种迁入率越高;岛屿面积越大,灭绝率越低。而两者的平衡决定了岛屿上物种多样性的高低。
1967年,Macarthur和Wilson在著作"The Theory of Island Biogeography"中扩展了这个理论。Daniel Simberloff 通过佛罗里达红树林岛屿的实验 论证了这个理论;这个理论在生物保育方面也非常重要。 更多关于岛屿生物地理学理论的影响,可详见这篇 2017年的综述.
岛屿上的灭绝率:
$$E = e^{\frac{kS}{A}}-1$$
大陆向岛屿的迁入率:
$$I = e^{\left(-\frac{k}{D}*(S-M)\right)}-1$$
动态平衡时,岛屿上的物种数量:
$$S_{eq} = \frac{AM}{D+A}$$
其中:
library(ggplot2) library(dplyr) library(ecoevoapps) library(patchwork) knitr::opts_chunk$set(echo = FALSE, warning = FALSE)
sidebarLayout( sidebarPanel( sliderInput(inputId = "D1_cn", label = HTML("D<sub>A</sub> (大陆到岛屿A的距离)"), min = 1, max = 8, value = 1), sliderInput(inputId = "D2_cn", label = HTML("D<sub>B</sub> (大陆到岛屿B的距离)"), min = 1, max = 8, value = 4), sliderInput(inputId = "A1_cn", label = HTML("A<sub>A</sub> (岛屿A的面积)"), min = .1, max = 4, value = 1), sliderInput(inputId = "A2_cn", label = HTML("A<sub>B</sub> (岛屿B的面积)"), min = .1, max = 4, value = .5), sliderInput(inputId = "M_cn", label = "M (大陆上的物种数量)", min = 1, max = 100, value = 100), width=4), mainPanel( renderPlot({plot_to_print_cn()}, width = 400, height = 600) ) ) Dvec_cn <- reactive({c(input$D1_cn, input$D2_cn)}) Avec_cn <- reactive({c(input$A1_cn, input$A2_cn)}) plots_cn <- reactive({ ecoevoapps::run_ibiogeo_model(D = Dvec_cn(), A = Avec_cn(), M=input$M_cn, k=0.015) }) map_cn <- reactive({plots_cn()$map}) eq_plot_cn <- reactive({plots_cn()$eq_plot}) plot_to_print_cn <- reactive({ map_cn() / eq_plot_cn() })
"Equilibrium theory of insular zoogeography", Macarthur and Wilson 1964.
"The Theory of Island Biogeography", Macarthur and Wilson 1967.
"Experimental Zoogeography of Islands: The Colonization of Empty Islands", Simberloff and Wilson 1969.
"Island biogeography: Taking the long view of nature’s laboratories", Whittaker et al. 2017.
"Island Biogeography and Conservation: Strategy and Limitations", Diamond et al. 1976.
suppressWarnings(ecoevoapps::print_app_footer(language = "ch"))
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