In graebnerc/DataScienceExercises: Exercises for introductions to R

library(learnr)
library(gradethis)
knitr::opts_chunk$set(echo = FALSE)
gradethis_setup(
  pass.praise = TRUE, fail.hint = FALSE, fail_code_feedback = FALSE,
  fail.encourage = TRUE, maybe_code_feedback = FALSE)

Content quiz

Note that there will be no coding exercises in the exercise sheet, it is 'only' meant to recapitulate the philosophical lecture.*

quiz(
  question(paste0(
    "What were the most fundamental distinction between ",
    "modeling purposes made in the lecture?"), 
    answer(paste0(
      "Prediction and explanation."), 
      correct = TRUE),
    answer("Prediction and exploration."),
    answer("Explaining phenomena vs. generating hypotheses."),
    answer("Explanation and calibration."),
    answer("Testing hypotheses vs. testing conjectures."),
    allow_retry = TRUE, random_answer_order = TRUE),

  question(paste0(
    "What is common to all models?"), 
    answer("They represent a target.", correct = TRUE),
    answer("They can predict future states of a sytem."),
    answer("They are made up of mathematical formulas."),
    answer("They can test hypotheses."),
    answer("They need to be analyzed computationally."),
    allow_retry = TRUE, random_answer_order = TRUE),

  question(paste0(
    "Which of the following steps are part of the hypothetico-deductive method?"),
    answer("Formulate a hypothesis about a law.", correct = TRUE),
    answer("Use the deductive-nomological method to derive a prediction.", correct = TRUE),
    answer("Test a prediction empirically.", correct = TRUE),
    answer("Accept/falsify the hypothesis.", correct = TRUE),
    answer("Delineating useful hypotheses."),
    answer("Selecting the best model for the present purpose."),
    answer("Test the auxiliary assumptions."),
    allow_retry = TRUE, random_answer_order = TRUE),

  question("What is the role of models within the hypothetico-deductive method?",
    answer("Models are the means to derive and test predictions.", correct = TRUE),
    answer("Devices to test the auxiliary assumptions of the hypotheses."),
    answer("Tools to delineate the hypotheses in the first place."),
    answer("Models have no place in the HDM."),
    answer("Tools to turn predictions into explanations."),
    allow_retry = TRUE, random_answer_order = TRUE),

  question(paste0(
    "What does the concept of 'Fallibilism' refers to?"),
    answer(paste0("The fact that we can never be 100% certain " ,
                  "about the validity of currently unrejected hypothesis."), 
           correct = TRUE),
    answer(paste0("The conviction that we can never verify, but only falsify ",
                  "hypotheses.")),
    answer("The process of falsifying a hypotheses."),
    answer(paste0("The idea that a single theory is never enough to understand a ",
                  "social phenomenon.")),
    allow_retry = TRUE, random_answer_order = TRUE),

  question(paste0(
    "What is the task of models in the context of exploratory analysis?"),
    answer("To generate new hypotheses.", correct = TRUE),
    answer("To test existing hypotheses."),
    answer("To derive predictions from explanations."),
    answer("To derive explanations from predictions."),
    answer(paste0("To identify the right indicators for the measurement",
                  "of certain theoretical concepts.")),
    allow_retry = TRUE, random_answer_order = TRUE),

  question(paste0(
    "When do we speak of a spurious relationship between two variables?"),
    answer(paste0("If the two variables are correlated with each other, ",
                  "but there is no causal mechanism connecting them."), 
           correct = TRUE),
    answer(paste0("When there is a causal relationship, which remains ",
                  "invisible due to other counter-acting causal relationships.")),
    answer(paste0("When we are unable to identify a correlation relationship, ",
                  "which is actually there.")),
    answer(paste0("When the data suggest a causal relationships where this is ",
                  "very implausible from a theoretical viewpoint.")),
    answer("When the correlation between two variables is unstable over time."),
    allow_retry = TRUE, random_answer_order = TRUE)
)