In jennybc/googlesheets: Manage Google Spreadsheets from R

suppressPackageStartupMessages(library("dplyr"))
library("xml2")
library("stringr")
## I want to use unexported functions here
devtools::load_all(pkg = "~/research/googlesheets/")
#library("googlesheets")

if(!file.exists(".httr-oauth")) {
  ## look for .httr-oauth in pwd (assuming pwd is googlesheets) or one level up
  ## (assuming pwd is googlesheets/data-for-demo
  pwd <- getwd()
  one_up <- pwd %>% dirname()
  HTTR_OAUTH <- c(one_up, pwd) %>% file.path(".httr-oauth")
  HTTR_OAUTH <- HTTR_OAUTH[HTTR_OAUTH %>% file.exists()]

  if(length(HTTR_OAUTH) > 0) {
    HTTR_OAUTH <- HTTR_OAUTH[1]
    file.copy(from = HTTR_OAUTH, to = ".httr-oauth", overwrite = TRUE)
  }
}

We need better documentation of what we can get our hands on via the different feeds. Here we go.

Spreadsheets feed

`entry` nodes are where it's at

The most useful info from the spreadsheet feed consists of the entry nodes, one per sheet.

the_url <- "https://spreadsheets.google.com/feeds/spreadsheets/private/full"
req <- gsheets_GET(the_url)

ns <- xml_ns_rename(xml_ns(req$content), d1 = "feed")
entries <- req$content %>% 
  xml_find_all(".//feed:entry", ns) %>% 
  xml_path()
length(entries)
req$content %>%
  xml_find_first(entries[1])

The entry nodes have same structure for each sheet, which we explore via the first entry = sheet. What is all this stuff?

id is a URL.
updated is date-time of last update (not clear exactly what that means)
category seems utterly useless to me.
title/text and content/text both give the sheet's title. Below we confirm they are redundant.
The 3 links are arguably the most valuable stuff. Much study of those below.
author/name and author/email are self-explanatory.

Sheet title

Is the info in title/text identical to that in content/text?

title_stuff <-
  data_frame(text = req$content %>%
               xml_find_all(".//feed:entry//feed:title", ns) %>% 
               xml_text(),
             content = req$content %>%
               xml_find_all(".//feed:entry//feed:content", ns) %>% 
               xml_text())
title_stuff
with(title_stuff, identical(text, content))

YES. At least for this set of sheets.

Let's set the names for entries to the sheet titles.

names(entries) <- title_stuff$text

Marshall all links returned by the spreadsheets feed

Each entry node has an id element containing a URL plus 3 additional nodes named link. I gather all 4 into a tbl_df for systematic exploration

jfun <- function(x) { # gymnastics required for one sheet's worth of links
  x <- req$content %>% xml_find_first(x)
  links <- x %>% 
    xml_find_all("feed:link", ns) %>% 
    lapply(xml_attrs) %>% 
    lapply(as.list) %>%
    lapply(as_data_frame) %>% 
    bind_rows() %>% 
    mutate(source = "content/entry/link")
  links %>%
    rbind(data.frame(rel = NA, type = NA,
                     href = x %>% xml_find_first("feed:id", ns) %>% xml_text(),
                     source = "content/entry/id")) %>% 
    mutate(feed = "ss",
           sheet_title = x %>% xml_find_first("feed:title", ns) %>% xml_text()) %>% 
    select(sheet_title, feed, source, href, rel, type)
}
links <- entries %>% lapply(jfun) %>% 
  bind_rows()

Are the "self" and `id` links the same?

links %>%
  filter(rel == "self" | source == "content/entry/id") %>%
  group_by(sheet_title) %>%
  summarize(query = n_distinct(href) == 1) %>%
  `[[`("query") %>%
  all

YES, they are exactly the same, at least for these sheets.

Structure of the "self" link

links %>%
  filter(rel == "self") %>%
  `[[`("href") %>%
  str_split_fixed("//*", n = 7)

Here's what I see:

https://spreadsheets.google.com/feeds/spreadsheets/private/full/KEY

Structure of the worksheets feed

I happen to know that the worksheets feed is the link with attribute "rel" equal to http://schemas.google.com/spreadsheets/2006#worksheetsfeed.

links %>%
  filter(str_detect(rel, "2006#worksheetsfeed")) %>%
  `[[`("href") %>%
  str_split_fixed("//*", n = 7)

Here's what I see:

https://spreadsheets.google.com/feeds/worksheets/KEY/VISIBILITY/FOO

where VISIBILITY always equals private when URL comes from the spreadsheets feed and FOO is values when user has only read permission and full when user is also allowed to write.

Structure of the "alternate" link

Note: I arranged the rows here for clarity.

links %>%
  filter(rel == "alternate") %>%
  arrange(href) %>% 
  `[[`("href") %>%
  str_split_fixed("//*", n = 6)

We've got more variety here, due to old sheets vs new. Note that, in addition to the obvious difference in domain and overall URL structure, the old sheets present an alternative key in the "alternate" link (verified explicitly below).

Here's what I see:

new Sheets:
https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/KEY/edit

old Sheets:
"https://spreadsheets.google.com/ccc?key=ALT_KEY"

Summary of structure and content of spreadsheets feed links

id = "self" link:
https://spreadsheets.google.com/feeds/spreadsheets/VISIBILITY/PROJECTION/KEY
VISIBILITY = {private (always in spreadsheets feed?), public}
PROJECTION = {full (default), basic}

worksheets feed:
https://spreadsheets.google.com/feeds/worksheets/KEY/VISIBILITY/PERMISSION
VISIBILITY = {private (always in spreadsheets feed?), public}
PERMISSION = {full (read and write), values (read only)}

"alternate" link, new sheets:
https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/KEY/edit

"alternate" link, old sheets:
https://spreadsheets.google.com/ccc?key=ALT_KEY

New variables for old sheets vs new, sheet permissions

Create new variables to hold info about whether a sheet is old or new and whether current user is allowed to read only or to read and write.

version_df <- links %>%
  filter(rel == "alternate") %>%
  transmute(sheet_title,
            version = ifelse(grepl("^https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d",
                                   href), "new", "old"))
perm_df <- links %>%
  filter(str_detect(rel, "2006#worksheetsfeed")) %>%
  transmute(sheet_title,
            perm = ifelse(grepl("values", href), "r", "rw"))
links <- links %>%
  left_join(version_df) %>%
  left_join(perm_df)

Extract the keys in the links

Store the keys in these links as a variable.

links <- links %>%
  mutate(link_key = extract_key_from_url(href))

Hypothesis: all link keys are uniform for a new sheet ("self" = id agrees with worksheets feed agrees with "alternate").

links %>%
  filter(version == "new") %>%
  group_by(sheet_title) %>%
  summarize(query = n_distinct(link_key) == 1) %>%
  `[[`("query") %>%
  all

Hypothesis: The "self" and worksheets feed keys agree for an old sheet but differ from the "alternate" key.

links %>%
  filter(rel %>% str_detect("2006#worksheetsfeed|self|alternate")) %>%
  group_by(sheet_title) %>%
  summarize(query = n_distinct(link_key), version = first(version)) %>%
  group_by(version) %>%
  summarize(min = min(query), max = max(query))

This "alternate" key -- only defined for old sheets and only available through the "alternate" link found in the spreadsheets feed -- is ultimately useful to us for any operations that require the Drive API. Empirically, I note it can also be extracted from the URL seen in the browser when visiting such a sheet.

Capture the "alternate" key for old sheets

Formalize this notion of the (default) key versus the "alternate" key, which is only defined for old sheets and is damned hard to get.

alt_keys <- links %>%
  filter(rel == "alternate") %>%
  group_by(sheet_title) %>%
  transmute(alt_key = ifelse(version == "new", NA_character_, link_key))
sheet_keys <- links %>%
  filter(rel == "self") %>%
  group_by(sheet_title) %>%
  transmute(sheet_key = link_key)
links <- links %>%
  left_join(alt_keys) %>%
  left_join(sheet_keys)

Summary of the spreadsheets feed

Note the keys shown below are truncated! Wanted to fit more variables and show that alt_key is NA for new Sheets and that alt_key != sheet_key for old Sheets.

links %>%
  glimpse

links %>%
  filter(source == "content/entry/id") %>% 
  #arrange(version, perm, sheet_title) %>% 
  mutate(sheet_title = substr(sheet_title, 1, 15),
         sheet_key = substr(sheet_key, 1, 15),
         alt_key = substr(alt_key, 1, 15)) %>% 
  select(sheet_title, perm, version, sheet_key, alt_key)

Worksheets feed

Now we turn to the worksheets feed. Hand-picked 4 example sheets: all possible combinations of new vs old sheets and sheets for which I do and do not have write permission.

example_sheets <- c("unitables2010final copy", "ari copy",
                    "WI15 ARCHY 499", "^Gapminder$")
examples <- example_sheets %>%
  gs_ls() %>% 
  arrange(version, perm)
examples %>%
  select(sheet_title, version, perm)

Get the worksheets feed for each example sheet. Use sheet names to name the resulting list. Get overview of all the feeds and the first one as an example.

req_list <- examples$ws_feed %>%
  lapply(gsheets_GET)
#names(req_list) <- substr(examples$sheet_title, 1, 12)
names(req_list) <- examples$sheet_title
req_list %>% str(max.level = 1)
req_list[[1]] %>% str(max.level = 1)
ns_ws <- xml_ns_rename(xml_ns(req_list[[1]]$content), d1 = "feed")

A worksheet feed request returns 9 components:

url is the URL of the worksheets feed itself (this is true by definition; it's an httr thing)
status_code, date, times are semi-self-explanatory and/or off-topic
headers + all_headers, cookies, request call for some inspection (below)
content is, of course, where it's really at (next subsection)

I have executed and inspected the below but it's not very interesting, nor is it related to our inventory of links. Remove chunk option eval = FALSE if you want to bring it back.

req_list %>% lapply(`[[`, "cookies")
req_list %>% lapply(`[[`, "headers")
req_list %>% lapply(`[[`, "all_headers")
req_list %>% lapply(`[[`, "request")

Content from the worksheets feed

It is convenient to create a named list holding just the content.

content <- req_list %>%
  lapply(`[[`,"content")
content %>% str(max.level = 1)
#xml2::xml_structure(content[[1]])
content[[1]]
content %>% lapply(xml_children) %>% lapply(length)

Interesting! There is variability in the number of nodes. What varies?

f <- . %>% xml_children %>% xml_name
possible_nodes <- content %>% lapply(f) %>% unlist() %>% unique()
g <- . %>% xml_children %>% xml_name %>%
  factor(levels = possible_nodes) %>% table

#knitr::kable(sapply(content, g))
knitr::kable(sapply(content, g), format = "html",
             table.attr = "style='width:30%;'")

The variation is in the multiplicity of link and entry elements. We pursue that below, but let's inspect the more boring components before we move on. We can predict what some of this stuff is based on what we saw in the spreadsheets feed. I'm also going to check if the info here agrees with the spreadsheets feed.

f <- function(x, xpath) xml_find_first(x, xpath, ns_ws) %>% xml_text()
wsf_stuff <-
  data_frame(title = sapply(content, f, "feed:title"),
             updated = sapply(content, f, "feed:updated"),
             author = sapply(content, f, "feed:author//feed:name"),
             email = sapply(content, f, "feed:author//feed:email"),
             totalResults = sapply(content, f, "openSearch:totalResults"),
             startIndex = sapply(content, f, "openSearch:startIndex"))

knitr::kable(wsf_stuff %>% select(title, updated, author, email),
             format = "html", table.attr = "style='width:80%;'")
#knitr::kable(wsf_stuff %>% select(title, totalResults, startIndex))

So does updated from a sheet's worksheets feed match updated from a sheet's entry in the spreadsheets feed?

date_stuff <-
  data_frame(sheet_title = examples$sheet_title,
             ssf_up = examples$updated %>%
               as.POSIXct(format = "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S", tz = "UTC"),
             wsf_header_last_mod =
               sapply(req_list, function(x) x$headers$`last-modified`) %>%
               httr::parse_http_date(),
             wsf_up = wsf_stuff$updated %>%
               as.POSIXct(format = "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S", tz = "UTC"),
             wsf_header_date = sapply(req_list, function(x) x$headers$date) %>%
               httr::parse_http_date())

knitr::kable(date_stuff, format = "html", table.attr = "style='width:80%;'")

Strictly "by eye" and for these examples only, I see this:

from the worksheets feed, updated is the same as the last-modified field of the header
from the worksheets feed, date field of the header refers to the date-time of the GET request to the worksheets feed
updated from the spreadsheets feed is usually equal to updated from the worksheets feed, but not always (see ari copy for a slight difference)

Let's compare author name between the spreadsheets and worksheets feed.

author_stuff <-
  data_frame(sheet_title = examples$sheet_title,
             ssf_author = examples$author,
             wsf_author_name = wsf_stuff$author)

knitr::kable(author_stuff, format = "html", table.attr = "style='width:80%;'")

They agree ... well, except for the case. Weird.

Now let's look at totalResults and startIndex. I already imagine that totalResults refers to the number of worksheets and will therefore compare it to the number of entry nodes.

more_stuff <- 
  data_frame(sheet_title = examples$sheet_title,
             n_entries = content %>%
               lapply(xml_find_all,"feed:entry", ns_ws) %>% sapply(length),
             wsf_totalResults = wsf_stuff$totalResults,
             wsf_startIndex = wsf_stuff$startIndex)

knitr::kable(more_stuff, format = "html", table.attr = "style='width:80%;'")

YES totalResults appears to be the number of entry elements, which is the number of worksheets or tabs. startIndex remains a useless mystery. From some unrelated fiddling, I think it's a feature common to various Google APIs? I wonder if it only becomes meaningful in a paginated context?

Links in the worksheets feed

For each example sheet, we grab the id and the link nodes and prepare as we did all the links from the spreadsheets feed.

jfun <- function(x) { # gymnastics required for one sheet's worth of links
  links <- x %>% 
    xml_find_all("feed:link", ns_ws) %>% 
    lapply(xml_attrs) %>% 
    lapply(as.list) %>%
    lapply(as_data_frame) %>% 
    bind_rows() %>% 
    mutate(source = "content/entry/link")
  links %>%
    rbind(data.frame(rel = NA, type = NA,
                     href = x %>% xml_find_first("feed:id", ns_ws) %>% xml_text(),
                     source = "content/entry/id")) %>% 
    mutate(feed = "ws",
           sheet_title = x %>% xml_find_first("feed:title", ns_ws)
           %>% xml_text()) %>% 
    select(sheet_title, feed, source, href, rel, type)
}
wsf_links <- content %>% lapply(jfun) %>% bind_rows()
wsf_links_table <- wsf_links %>%
  count(rel, sheet_title) %>%
  tidyr::spread(sheet_title, n)

knitr::kable(wsf_links_table, format = "html",
             table.attr = "style='width:30%;'")

So we always have links with these rel attributes: "alternate", "self", and "http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed". We also have a link with rel attribute "http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#post" for all but unitables2010final copy, which is an old sheet for which we only have read access. Note: the link with rel = NA here is the id link from the top-level of the worksheets feed.

What relationship do these links have to those from the top-level of the worksheets feed and from the spreadsheets feed?

identical(wsf_links$href[wsf_links$rel %in% "self"], examples$ws_feed)
all.equal(req_list %>% sapply(`[[`, "url"),
          examples$ws_feed, check.names = FALSE)

The "self" link in the worksheets feed gives the URL of the sheet's worksheets feed (the link labelled as "http://schemas.google.com/spreadsheets/2006#worksheetsfeed" in the spreadsheets feed), which is also the url component of the worksheets feed. Confused yet?

wsf_links$href[wsf_links$rel %in% "alternate"] == examples$alternate

It gets worse! The "alternate" link in the worksheets feed is the same as the "alternate" link in the spreadsheet feed __for new sheets_. For old sheets, these two links have the same structure but the sheet key differs. The "alternate" link from the spreadsheets feed contains what I call the alternate key, which is needed for the Google Drive API, whereas the "alternate" link from the worksheets feed uses what I just call the sheet's key. Which is what we use when talking to the Sheets API.

I can find no references in the package's current code to the worksheet feed links labelled as "http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed" and "http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#post", so I'm not going to delve into them.

Summary of structure and content of worksheets feed links

the "worksheets feed" can be found in ...
url in worksheets feed =
  id inside the *content* of the worksheets feed =
  link named "self" inside the *content* of the worksheets feed =
  link named "http://schemas.google.com/spreadsheets/2006#worksheetsfeed" inside the corresponding entry inside the content of the spreadsheets feed

https://spreadsheets.google.com/feeds/worksheets/KEY/VISIBILITY/PERMISSION
VISIBILITY = {private (default), public}
PERMISSION = {full (read and write), values (read only)}

the "alternate" link can be found in ...
  link with `rel` attribute "alternate" in the corresponding `entry` inside the content of the spreadsheets feed
  link with `rel` attribute "alternate" inside the content of the worksheets feed

for new sheets, the "alternate" link looks like this in both places:
https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/KEY/edit

for old sheets, the "alternate" link looks like this:
https://spreadsheets.google.com/ccc?key=SOME_SORT_OF_KEY
where SOME_SORT_OF_KEY = ALT_KEY in the spreadsheets feed and
      SOME_SORT_OF_KEY = KEY in the worksheets feed

Collecting links from the spreadsheets and worksheets feed

Add some info from the spreadsheets feed to the worksheets feed links. Then row bind into one large table of links.

wsf_links <- wsf_links %>%
  left_join(links %>%
              filter(source == "content/entry/id") %>% 
              select(sheet_title, version, perm,
                     link_key, alt_key, sheet_key),
            by = "sheet_title")
links <- bind_rows(links %>% filter(sheet_title %in% examples$sheet_title), 
                   wsf_links) %>% 
  arrange(version, perm, sheet_title, feed, source, rel)

Explore.

links %>% 
  group_by(sheet_title) %>% 
  summarise(n = n(), ss = sum(feed == "ss"), ws = sum(feed == "ws"),
            ndist = n_distinct(href), version = version[1], perm = perm[1])

Among these examples, there are only 3 distinct URLs (new sheets) or 4 (old sheets). What are they?

plyr::dlply(links, ~ sheet_title + href, function(x) {
  x %>% select(feed, source, rel, version, perm)
})

I'm struggling to make this presentable in this report. For now, just reporting what I see in these results.

For a new sheet, the three URLs are:

the "alternate" link, found in content/entry/link of ss and ws feeds:
https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/KEY/edit
this link is never really used for anything

the spreadsheets link:
https://spreadsheets.google.com/feeds/spreadsheets/private/full/KEY
this link is never really used for anything

the worksheets feed:
https://spreadsheets.google.com/feeds/worksheets/KEY/private/full
this link is critical and is stored redundantly in several places
feed             source                                   rel
  ss content/entry/link         http://...2006#worksheetsfeed
  ws   content/entry/id                                  <NA>
  ws content/entry/link http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed
  ws content/entry/link http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#post
  ws content/entry/link                                  self

For an old sheet, there are four URLs instead of three, because the "alternate" links in the spreadsheets and worksheets feed contain different keys:

two "alternate" links, found in content/entry/link of ss and ws feeds:
spreadsheets feed: https://spreadsheets.google.com/ccc?key=ALT_KEY
worksheets feed: https://spreadsheets.google.com/ccc?key=KEY
we use the alternate link from the spreadsheets feed to get ALT_KEY

the spreadsheets link:
https://spreadsheets.google.com/feeds/spreadsheets/private/full/KEY
this link is never really used for anything

the worksheets feed:
https://spreadsheets.google.com/feeds/worksheets/KEY/private/full
this link is critical and is stored redundantly in several places
(there is no 2005#post link for a real-only old sheet)
feed             source                                   rel
  ss content/entry/link         http://...2006#worksheetsfeed
  ws   content/entry/id                                  <NA>
  ws content/entry/link http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed
  ws content/entry/link http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#post
  ws content/entry/link                                  self

Entries in the worksheets feed

The entry components correspond to worksheets within the sheet. As we did with content, we make a list with one component per spreadsheet, each containing another list of the sheet's entry elements.

ws_entries <- content %>% lapply(xml_find_all, "feed:entry", ns_ws)
ws_entries %>% lapply(length)

f <- . %>% xml_children %>% xml_name
possible_nodes <- ws_entries %>% lapply(f) %>% unlist() %>% unique()
g <- . %>% xml_children %>% xml_name %>%
  factor(levels = possible_nodes) %>% table

knitr::kable(sapply(ws_entries, g), format = "html",
             table.attr = "style='width:30%;'")

The links are our main interest. But first let's look at the titles, colCounts, and rowCounts.

ws_entries %>% lapply(xml_find_all, "feed:title", ns_ws) %>% lapply(xml_text)
ws_entries %>% lapply(xml_find_all, "gs:rowCount", ns_ws) %>% lapply(xml_text)
ws_entries %>% lapply(xml_find_all, "gs:colCount", ns_ws) %>% lapply(xml_text)

Let's look at the links now. I'm going to work with the links for the first worksheet from each spreadsheet and count on the rest to have similar structure.

ws_links <- ws_entries %>%
  lapply(`[`, 1) %>% 
  lapply(xml_find_all, "feed:link", ns_ws)
ws_links %>% sapply(length)
examples %>% select(sheet_title, perm, version)

The number of links per worksheet is maximized for a "read and write" new sheet: 6 links per worksheet. There are 5 links per worksheet in the cases of a "read only" new sheet and a "read and write" old sheet. There are only 4 links per worksheet for a "read only" old sheet.

jfun <- function(x) { # gymnastics required for one sheet's worth of links
  links <- x %>% 
    xml_find_all("feed:entry", ns_ws) %>% 
    `[`(1) %>% 
    xml_find_all("feed:link", ns_ws) %>% 
    lapply(xml_attrs) %>% 
    lapply(as.list) %>%
    lapply(as_data_frame) %>% 
    bind_rows()
  links %>%
    mutate(sheet_title = x %>%
             xml_find_first("feed:title", ns_ws) %>% xml_text()) %>% 
    select(sheet_title, href, rel, type)
}
one_ws_links <-
  content %>%
  lapply(jfun) %>% 
  bind_rows() %>% 
  mutate(rel = rel %>% basename)
one_ws_links_table <- one_ws_links %>%
  count(rel, sheet_title) %>%
  tidyr::spread(sheet_title, n)

knitr::kable(one_ws_links_table, format = "html",
             table.attr = "style='width:30%;'")

The old sheets (ari copy and unitables2010final copy) are lacking the 2006#exportcsv, a fact we know all too well. And the "read only" sheets are missing the "edit" link, which stands to reason.

jennybc/googlesheets documentation built on Feb. 8, 2022, 11:48 p.m.

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jennybc/googlesheets
Manage Google Spreadsheets from R

In jennybc/googlesheets: Manage Google Spreadsheets from R

Spreadsheets feed

`entry` nodes are where it's at

Sheet title

Marshall all links returned by the spreadsheets feed

Are the "self" and `id` links the same?

Structure of the "self" link

Structure of the worksheets feed

Structure of the "alternate" link

Summary of structure and content of spreadsheets feed links

New variables for old sheets vs new, sheet permissions

Extract the keys in the links

Capture the "alternate" key for old sheets

Summary of the spreadsheets feed

Worksheets feed

Content from the worksheets feed

Links in the worksheets feed

Summary of structure and content of worksheets feed links

Collecting links from the spreadsheets and worksheets feed

Entries in the worksheets feed

R Package Documentation

Browse R Packages

We want your feedback!

jennybc/googlesheets Manage Google Spreadsheets from R

In jennybc/googlesheets: Manage Google Spreadsheets from R

Spreadsheets feed

entry nodes are where it's at

Sheet title

Marshall all links returned by the spreadsheets feed

Are the "self" and id links the same?

Structure of the "self" link

Structure of the worksheets feed

Structure of the "alternate" link

Summary of structure and content of spreadsheets feed links

New variables for old sheets vs new, sheet permissions

Extract the keys in the links

Capture the "alternate" key for old sheets

Summary of the spreadsheets feed

Worksheets feed

Content from the worksheets feed

Links in the worksheets feed

Summary of structure and content of worksheets feed links

Collecting links from the spreadsheets and worksheets feed

Entries in the worksheets feed

R Package Documentation

Browse R Packages

We want your feedback!

jennybc/googlesheets
Manage Google Spreadsheets from R

`entry` nodes are where it's at

Are the "self" and `id` links the same?