README.md
In olihawkins/cltools: A Collection of Data Wrangling Tools for Statistical Researchers
cltools
A collection of data wrangling tools for statistical researchers. This package is principally designed for use by researchers in the House of Commons Library but may be useful to anyone using R for routine data analysis and statistical reporting.
The package provides functions for manipulating tabular data stored in dataframes. It is desgined to make it easier to perform routine transformations of data that researchers often use, but which can be error prone when done in Excel, especially with larger datasets. An experienced R user could accomplish most of these operations directly without much difficulty, but a design goal of this package is to make it easier for researchers to be productive with R at lower levels of expertise.
This package is in active development and I would welcome any feedback. The currently available API is set out in the contents below. Any functions documented here are ready to use: they have good test coverage and documentation. Further functions may be added over time. I cannot currently guarantee there will be no breaking changes to the API in future, as the package is new and may evolve in response to feedback from users. However, functions documented in this README are less likely to change than those in development.
Installation
Install from GitHub using remotes.
install.packages("remotes")
remotes::install_github("houseofcommonslibrary/cltools")
Contents
- Core principles
- Row and column totals
- Row and column percentages
- Missing values
- Statistical indices
- Deflators and real terms series
- Value counts
Core principles
The functions in this package are designed to operate on tabular data stored in dataframes and tibbles. A common pattern involves producing new data from a set of columns in the dataframe. Target columns are specified with from and to arguments. These arguments can be numerical column indices or column names as strings. If the columns you want to process are not adjacent to one another, simply reorder them with dplyr::select -- some good examples of how to use select can be found here.
Functions prefixed get_ will return the newly generated data. In some cases, the newly generated data will be returned along with any columns preceding the target columns in the input dataframe, which are presumed to be labels or other data you want to preserve. Functions prefixed with add_ return the whole of the input dataframe with the newly generated columns of data appended to the end.
Row and column totals
Functions for row and column totals provide a simple way to create and add row and column totals for data stored in columns in a dataframe. get_row_totals sums the values in each row across a set of columns containing numerical data. By default the function assumes that all columns other than the first column are to be summed.
data <- tibble::tibble(
a = LETTERS[1:5],
b = c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5),
c = c(6, 7, 8, 9, 10),
d = c(11, 12, 13, 14, 15))
data
# # A tibble: 5 x 4
# a b c d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 1 6 11
# 2 B 2 7 12
# 3 C 3 8 13
# 4 D 4 9 14
# 5 E 5 10 15
get_row_totals(data)
# [1] 18 21 24 27 30
get_row_totals(data, from = 3)
# [1] 17 19 21 23 25
get_row_totals(data, from = 2, to = 3)
# [1] 7 9 11 13 15
Alternatively, you can use column names for the from and to arguments.
get_row_totals(data, from = "c")
# [1] 17 19 21 23 25
get_row_totals(data, from = "b", to = "c")
# [1] 7 9 11 13 15
Row totals can be added to the input dataframe with add_row_totals. You can provide an alternative column name for the row totals with the label argument.
add_row_totals(data)
# # A tibble: 5 x 5
# a b c d total
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 1 6 11 18
# 2 B 2 7 12 21
# 3 C 3 8 13 24
# 4 D 4 9 14 27
# 5 E 5 10 15 30
add_row_totals(data, label = "all")
# # A tibble: 5 x 5
# a b c d all
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 1 6 11 18
# 2 B 2 7 12 21
# 3 C 3 8 13 24
# 4 D 4 9 14 27
# 5 E 5 10 15 30
The equivalent functions get_col_totals and add_col_totals produce similar results for column totals but with some differences, which reflect the different behaviour of rows and columns in dataframes. For example, the vector returned from get_col_totals is named with the column labels.
get_col_totals(data)
# b c d
# 15 40 65
You can produce a column total for just a subset of rows by providing a vector of row numbers to the rows argument.
get_col_totals(data, rows = 1:3)
# b c d
# 6 21 36
When adding column totals to a dataframe with add_col_totals, NAs are used for all columns that are not being summed. However, label columns can be specified so that a label can be used for the row of totals. By default, the function will try to add a label to the first column of the dataframe, if possible.
add_col_totals(data)
# # A tibble: 6 x 4
# a b c d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 1 6 11
# 2 B 2 7 12
# 3 C 3 8 13
# 4 D 4 9 14
# 5 E 5 10 15
# 6 total 15 40 65
As before, you can produce a column total for just a subset of rows by providing a vector of row numbers to the rows argument.
add_col_totals(data, rows = 1:3, label = "A-C")
# # A tibble: 6 x 4
# a b c d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 1 6 11
# 2 B 2 7 12
# 3 C 3 8 13
# 4 D 4 9 14
# 5 E 5 10 15
# 6 A-C 6 21 36
The lcols argument can be used to specify which columns should receive the label for totals. You can use column numbers or column names.
data <- tibble::tibble(
a = LETTERS[1:5],
b = letters[6:10],
c = c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5),
d = c(6, 7, 8, 9, 10),
e = c(11, 12, 13, 14, 15))
data
# # A tibble: 5 x 5
# a b c d e
# <chr> <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A f 1 6 11
# 2 B g 2 7 12
# 3 C h 3 8 13
# 4 D i 4 9 14
# 5 E j 5 10 15
add_col_totals(data, from = 3, lcols = c(1, 2))
# # A tibble: 6 x 5
# a b c d e
# <chr> <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A f 1 6 11
# 2 B g 2 7 12
# 3 C h 3 8 13
# 4 D i 4 9 14
# 5 E j 5 10 15
# 6 total total 15 40 65
add_col_totals(data, from = 3, lcols = "b")
# # A tibble: 6 x 5
# a b c d e
# <chr> <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A f 1 6 11
# 2 B g 2 7 12
# 3 C h 3 8 13
# 4 D i 4 9 14
# 5 E j 5 10 15
# 6 NA total 15 40 65
If the column indices specified with lcols are invalid for any reason they will be silently ignored - in particular, watch out for columns that are factors rather than strings: add_col_totals won't add labels to those. Setting lcols to NULL will stop the function attempting to include any labels in the new row.
add_col_totals(data, from = "c", lcols = NULL)
# # A tibble: 6 x 5
# a b c d e
# <chr> <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A f 1 6 11
# 2 B g 2 7 12
# 3 C h 3 8 13
# 4 D i 4 9 14
# 5 E j 5 10 15
# 6 NA NA 15 40 65
As before, the label argument can be used to provide an alternative label for the totals.
add_col_totals(data, from = "c", label = "all", lcols = c(1, 2))
# # A tibble: 6 x 5
# a b c d e
# <chr> <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A f 1 6 11
# 2 B g 2 7 12
# 3 C h 3 8 13
# 4 D i 4 9 14
# 5 E j 5 10 15
# 6 all all 15 40 65
Adding column totals to a dataframe is not tidy, but may be useful as a final step before outputting tabular data for presentation.
Row and column percentages
Functions for row and column percentages provide a simple way to create and add row and column percentages for data stored in columns in a dataframe. These functions have a similar interface to the functions for row and column totals. The principal difference is that get_row_percent and get_col_percent return the target columns as percentages as well as any preceding data columns, which may be labels.
data <- tibble::tibble(
a = LETTERS[1:3],
b = c(1, 2, 3),
c = c(1, 2, 3),
d = c(2, 4, 6))
data
# # A tibble: 3 x 4
# a b c d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 1 1 2
# 2 B 2 2 4
# 3 C 3 3 6
get_row_percent(data)
# # A tibble: 3 x 4
# a b c d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 0.25 0.25 0.5
# 2 B 0.25 0.25 0.5
# 3 C 0.25 0.25 0.5
get_col_percent(data)
# # A tibble: 3 x 4
# a b c d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 0.167 0.167 0.167
# 2 B 0.333 0.333 0.333
# 3 C 0.5 0.5 0.5
By default percentages are calculated for all columns other than the first, but the target columns can be specified with the from and to arguments, which can either be column numbers or column names. Columns preceding from are included in the results, while columns following to are omitted.
get_row_percent(data, from = 3)
# # A tibble: 3 x 4
# a b c d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 1 0.333 0.667
# 2 B 2 0.333 0.667
# 3 C 3 0.333 0.667
get_col_percent(data, from = 3)
# # A tibble: 3 x 4
# a b c d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 1 0.167 0.167
# 2 B 2 0.333 0.333
# 3 C 3 0.5 0.5
get_row_percent(data, to = "c")
# # A tibble: 3 x 3
# a b c
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 0.5 0.5
# 2 B 0.5 0.5
# 3 C 0.5 0.5
get_col_percent(data, to = "c")
# # A tibble: 3 x 3
# a b c
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 0.167 0.167
# 2 B 0.333 0.333
# 3 C 0.5 0.5
If you just want the percentages, remove any preceding columns from the input and target all columns from the first.
get_row_percent(data[c(-1)], from = 1)
# # A tibble: 3 x 3
# b c d
# <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 0.25 0.25 0.5
# 2 0.25 0.25 0.5
# 3 0.25 0.25 0.5
Row and column percentages can be added to the input dataframe using add_row_percent and add_col_percent. These functions perform identical calculations to get_row_percent and get_col_percent but they return the full input dataframe with the percentage columns added.
add_row_percent(data)
# # A tibble: 3 x 7
# a b c d rp_b rp_c rp_d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 1 1 2 0.25 0.25 0.5
# 2 B 2 2 4 0.25 0.25 0.5
# 3 C 3 3 6 0.25 0.25 0.5
add_col_percent(data)
# # A tibble: 3 x 7
# a b c d cp_b cp_c cp_d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 1 1 2 0.167 0.167 0.167
# 2 B 2 2 4 0.333 0.333 0.333
# 3 C 3 3 6 0.5 0.5 0.5
As before, these functions take from and to arguments to specify the target columns.
add_row_percent(data, from = "c")
# # A tibble: 3 x 6
# a b c d rp_c rp_d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 1 1 2 0.333 0.667
# 2 B 2 2 4 0.333 0.667
# 3 C 3 3 6 0.333 0.667
add_col_percent(data, to = "c")
# # A tibble: 3 x 6
# a b c d cp_b cp_c
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 1 1 2 0.167 0.167
# 2 B 2 2 4 0.333 0.333
# 3 C 3 3 6 0.5 0.5
The percentage columns that are added to the dataframe take the name of their source column with a prefix. The default prefix for row percentages is rp_, and the default prefix for column percentages is cp_, but these can be set with the prefix argument.
add_row_percent(data, prefix = "percent_")
# # A tibble: 3 x 7
# a b c d percent_b percent_c percent_d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 1 1 2 0.25 0.25 0.5
# 2 B 2 2 4 0.25 0.25 0.5
# 3 C 3 3 6 0.25 0.25 0.5
Missing values
By default, if any of the values used to calculate totals or percentages is NA, the values returned for that row or column will be NA.
data <- tibble::tibble(
a = LETTERS[1:6],
b = c(2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 20),
c = c(4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 40),
d = c(6, 6, 6, 6, 6, NA))
data
# # A tibble: 6 x 4
# a b c d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 2 4 6
# 2 B 2 4 6
# 3 C 2 4 6
# 4 D 2 4 6
# 5 E 2 4 6
# 6 F 20 40 NA
get_row_totals(data)
# [1] 12 12 12 12 12 NA
get_row_percent(data)
# # A tibble: 6 x 4
# a b c d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 0.167 0.333 0.5
# 2 B 0.167 0.333 0.5
# 3 C 0.167 0.333 0.5
# 4 D 0.167 0.333 0.5
# 5 E 0.167 0.333 0.5
# 6 F NA NA NA
get_col_totals(data)
# b c d
# 30 60 NA
get_col_percent(data)
# # A tibble: 6 x 4
# a b c d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 0.0667 0.0667 NA
# 2 B 0.0667 0.0667 NA
# 3 C 0.0667 0.0667 NA
# 4 D 0.0667 0.0667 NA
# 5 E 0.0667 0.0667 NA
# 6 F 0.667 0.667 NA
However, these functions will ignore NAs if the na.rm argument is set to TRUE.
get_row_totals(data, na.rm = TRUE)
# [1] 12 12 12 12 12 60
get_row_percent(data, na.rm = TRUE)
# # A tibble: 6 x 4
# a b c d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 0.167 0.333 0.5
# 2 B 0.167 0.333 0.5
# 3 C 0.167 0.333 0.5
# 4 D 0.167 0.333 0.5
# 5 E 0.167 0.333 0.5
# 6 F 0.333 0.667 NA
get_col_totals(data, na.rm = TRUE)
# b c d
# 30 60 30
get_col_percent(data, na.rm = TRUE)
# # A tibble: 6 x 4
# a b c d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 0.0667 0.0667 0.2
# 2 B 0.0667 0.0667 0.2
# 3 C 0.0667 0.0667 0.2
# 4 D 0.0667 0.0667 0.2
# 5 E 0.0667 0.0667 0.2
# 6 F 0.667 0.667 NA
If a row or column sums to zero, percentages calculated for that row or column will be NAs. This happens irrespective of the value of na.rm: you can't use zero as a denominator.
Statistical indices
Functions for statistical indices provide a simple way to create indices for data stored in columns in a dataframe. These functions use the from and to arguments to identify the target columns. By default they target all columns other than the first.
get_indices returns a dataframe containing the indices created for each of the target columns along with any columns preceding the targets. This function uses several arguments other than the input dataframe to control the properties of the indices created.
The base is the value of the baseline as represented in the created index: the default base is 100. The baserow is the row number of the values to set to the base. In each index all other values are expressed relative to the value that is in the baserow for that column. The default value for the baserow is 1.
data <- tibble::tibble(
a = LETTERS[1:4],
b = c(200, 250, 300, 400),
c = c(400, 300, 200, 100),
d = c(50, 100, 150, 0))
data
# # A tibble: 4 x 4
# a b c d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 200 400 50
# 2 B 250 300 100
# 3 C 300 200 150
# 4 D 400 100 0
get_indices(data)
# # A tibble: 4 x 4
# a b c d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 100 100 100
# 2 B 125 75 200
# 3 C 150 50 300
# 4 D 200 25 0
get_indices(data, base = 1000)
# A tibble: 4 x 4
# a b c d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 1000 1000 1000
# 2 B 1250 750 2000
# 3 C 1500 500 3000
# 4 D 2000 250 0
get_indices(data, base = 1000, baserow = 2)
# # A tibble: 4 x 4
# a b c d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 800 1333. 500
# 2 B 1000 1000 1000
# 3 C 1200 667. 1500
# 4 D 1600 333. 0
If you want to use baseline values that are not found in the table itself, rather than identify the baserow you can instead specify the values directly using the basevals argument. This takes a numeric vector which must have the same number of elements as the number of target columns. Setting the basevals argument means the baserow argument is ignored.
add_indices creates indices using the same rules, but appends the created indices to the end of the input dataframe. The index column names are prefixed with value of the prefix argument. The default value is ix_.
add_indices(data)
# # A tibble: 4 x 7
# a b c d ix_b ix_c ix_d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 200 400 50 100 100 100
# 2 B 250 300 100 125 75 200
# 3 C 300 200 150 150 50 300
# 4 D 400 100 0 200 25 0
add_indices(data, prefix = "index_")
# # A tibble: 4 x 7
# a b c d index_b index_c index_d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 200 400 50 100 100 100
# 2 B 250 300 100 125 75 200
# 3 C 300 200 150 150 50 300
# 4 D 400 100 0 200 25 0
To create an index from a single vector use the singular get_index. This takes the basepos argument to identify the position of the value to use as the baseline, or aternatively the baseline value can be set directly with baseval.
data <- c(200, 250, 300, 350, 400)
get_index(data, base = 1000, basepos = 5)
# [1] 500 625 750 875 1000
get_index(data, base = 1000, baseval = 500)
# [1] 400 500 600 700 800
Deflators and real terms series
Functions for real terms series provide a simple way to deflate prices stored in columns in a dataframe. The principal arguments are the input dataframe and a vector containing the deflator to use to deflate the prices. These functions use the from and to arguments to identify the target columns. By default they target all columns other than the first.
get_real returns a dataframe containing real terms series created for each of the target columns using the given deflator, along with any columns preceding the targets. This function uses two arguments other than the input dataframe to control the properties of the real terms series created.
The deflator is a vector containing the deflator series used to adjust the prices in the target columns. The deflator must have the same number of elements as there are rows in the dataframe. If the deflator series is a column in the dataframe, just pass it as the deflator argument with data$deflator.
The baserow is the row number to use as the baseline for the adjusted prices i.e. it identifies the row in the table that represents the period to which prices will be adjusted. The default value of baserow is the last row of the table, which is assumed to be the most recent period.
deflator <- c(91.478, 93.975, 95.389, 97.978, 100.0)
data <- tibble::tibble(
a = LETTERS[1:5],
b = c(204, 219, 240, 258, 272),
c = c(100, 100, 100, 100, 100),
d = c(91.478, 93.975, 95.389, 97.978, 100.0))
data
# # A tibble: 5 x 4
# a b c d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 204 100 91.5
# 2 B 219 100 94.0
# 3 C 240 100 95.4
# 4 D 258 100 98.0
# 5 E 272 100 100
get_real(data, deflator)
# # A tibble: 5 x 4
# a b c d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 223. 109. 100.
# 2 B 233. 106. 100
# 3 C 252. 105. 100
# 4 D 263. 102. 100
# 5 E 272 100 100
get_real(data, deflator, baserow = 3)
# # A tibble: 5 x 4
# a b c d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 213. 104. 95.4
# 2 B 222. 102. 95.4
# 3 C 240 100 95.4
# 4 D 251. 97.4 95.4
# 5 E 259. 95.4 95.4
add_real creates real terms series using the same rules, but appends the created series to the end of the input dataframe. The real terms series column names are prefixed with value of the prefix argument. The default value is rt_.
add_real(data, deflator)
# # A tibble: 5 x 7
# a b c d rt_b rt_c rt_d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 204 100 91.5 223. 109. 100.
# 2 B 219 100 94.0 233. 106. 100
# 3 C 240 100 95.4 252. 105. 100
# 4 D 258 100 98.0 263. 102. 100
# 5 E 272 100 100 272 100 100
add_real(data, deflator, baserow = 3, prefix = "real_")
# # A tibble: 5 x 7
# a b c d real_b real_c real_d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 204 100 91.5 213. 104. 95.4
# 2 B 219 100 94.0 222. 102. 95.4
# 3 C 240 100 95.4 240 100 95.4
# 4 D 258 100 98.0 251. 97.4 95.4
# 5 E 272 100 100 259. 95.4 95.4
To deflate prices in a single vector use deflate. This takes the basepos argument to identify the position of the period to use as the baseline.
data <- c(204, 219, 240, 258, 272)
deflator <- c(91.478, 93.975, 95.389, 97.978, 100.0)
deflate(data, deflator)
# [1] 223.0044 233.0407 251.6013 263.3244 272.0000
deflate(data, deflator, basepos = 3)
# [1] 212.7217 222.2952 240.0000 251.1825 259.4581
Value counts
The package provides a function called value_counts which returns the frequency of discrete values in a vector. This is based on the function with the same name in pandas, but it has some differences. Pass a vector of values to the function and it returns the absolute and percentage frequencies of the values as a dataframe.
some_values <- rep(LETTERS[1:3], 1:3)
some_values
# [1] "A" "B" "B" "C" "C" "C"
value_counts(some_values)
# # A tibble: 3 x 3
# some_values count percent
# <chr> <int> <dbl>
# 1 C 3 0.5
# 2 B 2 0.333
# 3 A 1 0.167
The name of the vector is used as the column name for the values, but this can be changed with the name argument.
value_counts(some_values, name = "capital_letters")
# # A tibble: 3 x 3
# capital_letters count percent
# <chr> <int> <dbl>
# 1 C 3 0.5
# 2 B 2 0.333
# 3 A 1 0.167
The dataframe of results is sorted by count in descending order. You can control whether to sort by value or count using the by argument, which can be either value or count. You can control the direction of the sort with the order argument, which can be either asc or desc.
value_counts(some_values, by = "value", order = "asc")
# # A tibble: 3 x 3
# some_values count percent
# <chr> <int> <dbl>
# 1 A 1 0.167
# 2 B 2 0.333
# 3 C 3 0.5
You can optionally exclude NA values with the na.rm argument.
some_values <- c(some_values, NA)
values_count(some_values)
# # A tibble: 4 x 3
# some_values count percent
# <chr> <int> <dbl>
# 1 C 3 0.429
# 2 B 2 0.286
# 3 A 1 0.143
# 4 NA 1 0.143
value_counts(some_values, na.rm = TRUE)
# # A tibble: 3 x 3
# some_values count percent
# <chr> <int> <dbl>
# 1 C 3 0.5
# 2 B 2 0.333
# 3 A 1 0.167
olihawkins/cltools documentation built on Sept. 14, 2020, 7:25 a.m.
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cltools
A collection of data wrangling tools for statistical researchers. This package is principally designed for use by researchers in the House of Commons Library but may be useful to anyone using R for routine data analysis and statistical reporting.
The package provides functions for manipulating tabular data stored in dataframes. It is desgined to make it easier to perform routine transformations of data that researchers often use, but which can be error prone when done in Excel, especially with larger datasets. An experienced R user could accomplish most of these operations directly without much difficulty, but a design goal of this package is to make it easier for researchers to be productive with R at lower levels of expertise.
This package is in active development and I would welcome any feedback. The currently available API is set out in the contents below. Any functions documented here are ready to use: they have good test coverage and documentation. Further functions may be added over time. I cannot currently guarantee there will be no breaking changes to the API in future, as the package is new and may evolve in response to feedback from users. However, functions documented in this README are less likely to change than those in development.
Installation
Install from GitHub using remotes.
install.packages("remotes")
remotes::install_github("houseofcommonslibrary/cltools")
Contents
- Core principles
- Row and column totals
- Row and column percentages
- Missing values
- Statistical indices
- Deflators and real terms series
- Value counts
Core principles
The functions in this package are designed to operate on tabular data stored in dataframes and tibbles. A common pattern involves producing new data from a set of columns in the dataframe. Target columns are specified with from and to arguments. These arguments can be numerical column indices or column names as strings. If the columns you want to process are not adjacent to one another, simply reorder them with dplyr::select -- some good examples of how to use select can be found here.
Functions prefixed get_ will return the newly generated data. In some cases, the newly generated data will be returned along with any columns preceding the target columns in the input dataframe, which are presumed to be labels or other data you want to preserve. Functions prefixed with add_ return the whole of the input dataframe with the newly generated columns of data appended to the end.
Row and column totals
Functions for row and column totals provide a simple way to create and add row and column totals for data stored in columns in a dataframe. get_row_totals sums the values in each row across a set of columns containing numerical data. By default the function assumes that all columns other than the first column are to be summed.
data <- tibble::tibble(
a = LETTERS[1:5],
b = c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5),
c = c(6, 7, 8, 9, 10),
d = c(11, 12, 13, 14, 15))
data
# # A tibble: 5 x 4
# a b c d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 1 6 11
# 2 B 2 7 12
# 3 C 3 8 13
# 4 D 4 9 14
# 5 E 5 10 15
get_row_totals(data)
# [1] 18 21 24 27 30
get_row_totals(data, from = 3)
# [1] 17 19 21 23 25
get_row_totals(data, from = 2, to = 3)
# [1] 7 9 11 13 15
Alternatively, you can use column names for the from and to arguments.
get_row_totals(data, from = "c")
# [1] 17 19 21 23 25
get_row_totals(data, from = "b", to = "c")
# [1] 7 9 11 13 15
Row totals can be added to the input dataframe with add_row_totals. You can provide an alternative column name for the row totals with the label argument.
add_row_totals(data)
# # A tibble: 5 x 5
# a b c d total
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 1 6 11 18
# 2 B 2 7 12 21
# 3 C 3 8 13 24
# 4 D 4 9 14 27
# 5 E 5 10 15 30
add_row_totals(data, label = "all")
# # A tibble: 5 x 5
# a b c d all
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 1 6 11 18
# 2 B 2 7 12 21
# 3 C 3 8 13 24
# 4 D 4 9 14 27
# 5 E 5 10 15 30
The equivalent functions get_col_totals and add_col_totals produce similar results for column totals but with some differences, which reflect the different behaviour of rows and columns in dataframes. For example, the vector returned from get_col_totals is named with the column labels.
get_col_totals(data)
# b c d
# 15 40 65
You can produce a column total for just a subset of rows by providing a vector of row numbers to the rows argument.
get_col_totals(data, rows = 1:3)
# b c d
# 6 21 36
When adding column totals to a dataframe with add_col_totals, NAs are used for all columns that are not being summed. However, label columns can be specified so that a label can be used for the row of totals. By default, the function will try to add a label to the first column of the dataframe, if possible.
add_col_totals(data)
# # A tibble: 6 x 4
# a b c d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 1 6 11
# 2 B 2 7 12
# 3 C 3 8 13
# 4 D 4 9 14
# 5 E 5 10 15
# 6 total 15 40 65
As before, you can produce a column total for just a subset of rows by providing a vector of row numbers to the rows argument.
add_col_totals(data, rows = 1:3, label = "A-C")
# # A tibble: 6 x 4
# a b c d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 1 6 11
# 2 B 2 7 12
# 3 C 3 8 13
# 4 D 4 9 14
# 5 E 5 10 15
# 6 A-C 6 21 36
The lcols argument can be used to specify which columns should receive the label for totals. You can use column numbers or column names.
data <- tibble::tibble(
a = LETTERS[1:5],
b = letters[6:10],
c = c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5),
d = c(6, 7, 8, 9, 10),
e = c(11, 12, 13, 14, 15))
data
# # A tibble: 5 x 5
# a b c d e
# <chr> <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A f 1 6 11
# 2 B g 2 7 12
# 3 C h 3 8 13
# 4 D i 4 9 14
# 5 E j 5 10 15
add_col_totals(data, from = 3, lcols = c(1, 2))
# # A tibble: 6 x 5
# a b c d e
# <chr> <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A f 1 6 11
# 2 B g 2 7 12
# 3 C h 3 8 13
# 4 D i 4 9 14
# 5 E j 5 10 15
# 6 total total 15 40 65
add_col_totals(data, from = 3, lcols = "b")
# # A tibble: 6 x 5
# a b c d e
# <chr> <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A f 1 6 11
# 2 B g 2 7 12
# 3 C h 3 8 13
# 4 D i 4 9 14
# 5 E j 5 10 15
# 6 NA total 15 40 65
If the column indices specified with lcols are invalid for any reason they will be silently ignored - in particular, watch out for columns that are factors rather than strings: add_col_totals won't add labels to those. Setting lcols to NULL will stop the function attempting to include any labels in the new row.
add_col_totals(data, from = "c", lcols = NULL)
# # A tibble: 6 x 5
# a b c d e
# <chr> <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A f 1 6 11
# 2 B g 2 7 12
# 3 C h 3 8 13
# 4 D i 4 9 14
# 5 E j 5 10 15
# 6 NA NA 15 40 65
As before, the label argument can be used to provide an alternative label for the totals.
add_col_totals(data, from = "c", label = "all", lcols = c(1, 2))
# # A tibble: 6 x 5
# a b c d e
# <chr> <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A f 1 6 11
# 2 B g 2 7 12
# 3 C h 3 8 13
# 4 D i 4 9 14
# 5 E j 5 10 15
# 6 all all 15 40 65
Adding column totals to a dataframe is not tidy, but may be useful as a final step before outputting tabular data for presentation.
Row and column percentages
Functions for row and column percentages provide a simple way to create and add row and column percentages for data stored in columns in a dataframe. These functions have a similar interface to the functions for row and column totals. The principal difference is that get_row_percent and get_col_percent return the target columns as percentages as well as any preceding data columns, which may be labels.
data <- tibble::tibble(
a = LETTERS[1:3],
b = c(1, 2, 3),
c = c(1, 2, 3),
d = c(2, 4, 6))
data
# # A tibble: 3 x 4
# a b c d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 1 1 2
# 2 B 2 2 4
# 3 C 3 3 6
get_row_percent(data)
# # A tibble: 3 x 4
# a b c d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 0.25 0.25 0.5
# 2 B 0.25 0.25 0.5
# 3 C 0.25 0.25 0.5
get_col_percent(data)
# # A tibble: 3 x 4
# a b c d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 0.167 0.167 0.167
# 2 B 0.333 0.333 0.333
# 3 C 0.5 0.5 0.5
By default percentages are calculated for all columns other than the first, but the target columns can be specified with the from and to arguments, which can either be column numbers or column names. Columns preceding from are included in the results, while columns following to are omitted.
get_row_percent(data, from = 3)
# # A tibble: 3 x 4
# a b c d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 1 0.333 0.667
# 2 B 2 0.333 0.667
# 3 C 3 0.333 0.667
get_col_percent(data, from = 3)
# # A tibble: 3 x 4
# a b c d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 1 0.167 0.167
# 2 B 2 0.333 0.333
# 3 C 3 0.5 0.5
get_row_percent(data, to = "c")
# # A tibble: 3 x 3
# a b c
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 0.5 0.5
# 2 B 0.5 0.5
# 3 C 0.5 0.5
get_col_percent(data, to = "c")
# # A tibble: 3 x 3
# a b c
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 0.167 0.167
# 2 B 0.333 0.333
# 3 C 0.5 0.5
If you just want the percentages, remove any preceding columns from the input and target all columns from the first.
get_row_percent(data[c(-1)], from = 1)
# # A tibble: 3 x 3
# b c d
# <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 0.25 0.25 0.5
# 2 0.25 0.25 0.5
# 3 0.25 0.25 0.5
Row and column percentages can be added to the input dataframe using add_row_percent and add_col_percent. These functions perform identical calculations to get_row_percent and get_col_percent but they return the full input dataframe with the percentage columns added.
add_row_percent(data)
# # A tibble: 3 x 7
# a b c d rp_b rp_c rp_d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 1 1 2 0.25 0.25 0.5
# 2 B 2 2 4 0.25 0.25 0.5
# 3 C 3 3 6 0.25 0.25 0.5
add_col_percent(data)
# # A tibble: 3 x 7
# a b c d cp_b cp_c cp_d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 1 1 2 0.167 0.167 0.167
# 2 B 2 2 4 0.333 0.333 0.333
# 3 C 3 3 6 0.5 0.5 0.5
As before, these functions take from and to arguments to specify the target columns.
add_row_percent(data, from = "c")
# # A tibble: 3 x 6
# a b c d rp_c rp_d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 1 1 2 0.333 0.667
# 2 B 2 2 4 0.333 0.667
# 3 C 3 3 6 0.333 0.667
add_col_percent(data, to = "c")
# # A tibble: 3 x 6
# a b c d cp_b cp_c
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 1 1 2 0.167 0.167
# 2 B 2 2 4 0.333 0.333
# 3 C 3 3 6 0.5 0.5
The percentage columns that are added to the dataframe take the name of their source column with a prefix. The default prefix for row percentages is rp_, and the default prefix for column percentages is cp_, but these can be set with the prefix argument.
add_row_percent(data, prefix = "percent_")
# # A tibble: 3 x 7
# a b c d percent_b percent_c percent_d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 1 1 2 0.25 0.25 0.5
# 2 B 2 2 4 0.25 0.25 0.5
# 3 C 3 3 6 0.25 0.25 0.5
Missing values
By default, if any of the values used to calculate totals or percentages is NA, the values returned for that row or column will be NA.
data <- tibble::tibble(
a = LETTERS[1:6],
b = c(2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 20),
c = c(4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 40),
d = c(6, 6, 6, 6, 6, NA))
data
# # A tibble: 6 x 4
# a b c d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 2 4 6
# 2 B 2 4 6
# 3 C 2 4 6
# 4 D 2 4 6
# 5 E 2 4 6
# 6 F 20 40 NA
get_row_totals(data)
# [1] 12 12 12 12 12 NA
get_row_percent(data)
# # A tibble: 6 x 4
# a b c d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 0.167 0.333 0.5
# 2 B 0.167 0.333 0.5
# 3 C 0.167 0.333 0.5
# 4 D 0.167 0.333 0.5
# 5 E 0.167 0.333 0.5
# 6 F NA NA NA
get_col_totals(data)
# b c d
# 30 60 NA
get_col_percent(data)
# # A tibble: 6 x 4
# a b c d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 0.0667 0.0667 NA
# 2 B 0.0667 0.0667 NA
# 3 C 0.0667 0.0667 NA
# 4 D 0.0667 0.0667 NA
# 5 E 0.0667 0.0667 NA
# 6 F 0.667 0.667 NA
However, these functions will ignore NAs if the na.rm argument is set to TRUE.
get_row_totals(data, na.rm = TRUE)
# [1] 12 12 12 12 12 60
get_row_percent(data, na.rm = TRUE)
# # A tibble: 6 x 4
# a b c d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 0.167 0.333 0.5
# 2 B 0.167 0.333 0.5
# 3 C 0.167 0.333 0.5
# 4 D 0.167 0.333 0.5
# 5 E 0.167 0.333 0.5
# 6 F 0.333 0.667 NA
get_col_totals(data, na.rm = TRUE)
# b c d
# 30 60 30
get_col_percent(data, na.rm = TRUE)
# # A tibble: 6 x 4
# a b c d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 0.0667 0.0667 0.2
# 2 B 0.0667 0.0667 0.2
# 3 C 0.0667 0.0667 0.2
# 4 D 0.0667 0.0667 0.2
# 5 E 0.0667 0.0667 0.2
# 6 F 0.667 0.667 NA
If a row or column sums to zero, percentages calculated for that row or column will be NAs. This happens irrespective of the value of na.rm: you can't use zero as a denominator.
Statistical indices
Functions for statistical indices provide a simple way to create indices for data stored in columns in a dataframe. These functions use the from and to arguments to identify the target columns. By default they target all columns other than the first.
get_indices returns a dataframe containing the indices created for each of the target columns along with any columns preceding the targets. This function uses several arguments other than the input dataframe to control the properties of the indices created.
The base is the value of the baseline as represented in the created index: the default base is 100. The baserow is the row number of the values to set to the base. In each index all other values are expressed relative to the value that is in the baserow for that column. The default value for the baserow is 1.
data <- tibble::tibble(
a = LETTERS[1:4],
b = c(200, 250, 300, 400),
c = c(400, 300, 200, 100),
d = c(50, 100, 150, 0))
data
# # A tibble: 4 x 4
# a b c d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 200 400 50
# 2 B 250 300 100
# 3 C 300 200 150
# 4 D 400 100 0
get_indices(data)
# # A tibble: 4 x 4
# a b c d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 100 100 100
# 2 B 125 75 200
# 3 C 150 50 300
# 4 D 200 25 0
get_indices(data, base = 1000)
# A tibble: 4 x 4
# a b c d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 1000 1000 1000
# 2 B 1250 750 2000
# 3 C 1500 500 3000
# 4 D 2000 250 0
get_indices(data, base = 1000, baserow = 2)
# # A tibble: 4 x 4
# a b c d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 800 1333. 500
# 2 B 1000 1000 1000
# 3 C 1200 667. 1500
# 4 D 1600 333. 0
If you want to use baseline values that are not found in the table itself, rather than identify the baserow you can instead specify the values directly using the basevals argument. This takes a numeric vector which must have the same number of elements as the number of target columns. Setting the basevals argument means the baserow argument is ignored.
add_indices creates indices using the same rules, but appends the created indices to the end of the input dataframe. The index column names are prefixed with value of the prefix argument. The default value is ix_.
add_indices(data)
# # A tibble: 4 x 7
# a b c d ix_b ix_c ix_d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 200 400 50 100 100 100
# 2 B 250 300 100 125 75 200
# 3 C 300 200 150 150 50 300
# 4 D 400 100 0 200 25 0
add_indices(data, prefix = "index_")
# # A tibble: 4 x 7
# a b c d index_b index_c index_d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 200 400 50 100 100 100
# 2 B 250 300 100 125 75 200
# 3 C 300 200 150 150 50 300
# 4 D 400 100 0 200 25 0
To create an index from a single vector use the singular get_index. This takes the basepos argument to identify the position of the value to use as the baseline, or aternatively the baseline value can be set directly with baseval.
data <- c(200, 250, 300, 350, 400)
get_index(data, base = 1000, basepos = 5)
# [1] 500 625 750 875 1000
get_index(data, base = 1000, baseval = 500)
# [1] 400 500 600 700 800
Deflators and real terms series
Functions for real terms series provide a simple way to deflate prices stored in columns in a dataframe. The principal arguments are the input dataframe and a vector containing the deflator to use to deflate the prices. These functions use the from and to arguments to identify the target columns. By default they target all columns other than the first.
get_real returns a dataframe containing real terms series created for each of the target columns using the given deflator, along with any columns preceding the targets. This function uses two arguments other than the input dataframe to control the properties of the real terms series created.
The deflator is a vector containing the deflator series used to adjust the prices in the target columns. The deflator must have the same number of elements as there are rows in the dataframe. If the deflator series is a column in the dataframe, just pass it as the deflator argument with data$deflator.
The baserow is the row number to use as the baseline for the adjusted prices i.e. it identifies the row in the table that represents the period to which prices will be adjusted. The default value of baserow is the last row of the table, which is assumed to be the most recent period.
deflator <- c(91.478, 93.975, 95.389, 97.978, 100.0)
data <- tibble::tibble(
a = LETTERS[1:5],
b = c(204, 219, 240, 258, 272),
c = c(100, 100, 100, 100, 100),
d = c(91.478, 93.975, 95.389, 97.978, 100.0))
data
# # A tibble: 5 x 4
# a b c d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 204 100 91.5
# 2 B 219 100 94.0
# 3 C 240 100 95.4
# 4 D 258 100 98.0
# 5 E 272 100 100
get_real(data, deflator)
# # A tibble: 5 x 4
# a b c d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 223. 109. 100.
# 2 B 233. 106. 100
# 3 C 252. 105. 100
# 4 D 263. 102. 100
# 5 E 272 100 100
get_real(data, deflator, baserow = 3)
# # A tibble: 5 x 4
# a b c d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 213. 104. 95.4
# 2 B 222. 102. 95.4
# 3 C 240 100 95.4
# 4 D 251. 97.4 95.4
# 5 E 259. 95.4 95.4
add_real creates real terms series using the same rules, but appends the created series to the end of the input dataframe. The real terms series column names are prefixed with value of the prefix argument. The default value is rt_.
add_real(data, deflator)
# # A tibble: 5 x 7
# a b c d rt_b rt_c rt_d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 204 100 91.5 223. 109. 100.
# 2 B 219 100 94.0 233. 106. 100
# 3 C 240 100 95.4 252. 105. 100
# 4 D 258 100 98.0 263. 102. 100
# 5 E 272 100 100 272 100 100
add_real(data, deflator, baserow = 3, prefix = "real_")
# # A tibble: 5 x 7
# a b c d real_b real_c real_d
# <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
# 1 A 204 100 91.5 213. 104. 95.4
# 2 B 219 100 94.0 222. 102. 95.4
# 3 C 240 100 95.4 240 100 95.4
# 4 D 258 100 98.0 251. 97.4 95.4
# 5 E 272 100 100 259. 95.4 95.4
To deflate prices in a single vector use deflate. This takes the basepos argument to identify the position of the period to use as the baseline.
data <- c(204, 219, 240, 258, 272)
deflator <- c(91.478, 93.975, 95.389, 97.978, 100.0)
deflate(data, deflator)
# [1] 223.0044 233.0407 251.6013 263.3244 272.0000
deflate(data, deflator, basepos = 3)
# [1] 212.7217 222.2952 240.0000 251.1825 259.4581
Value counts
The package provides a function called value_counts which returns the frequency of discrete values in a vector. This is based on the function with the same name in pandas, but it has some differences. Pass a vector of values to the function and it returns the absolute and percentage frequencies of the values as a dataframe.
some_values <- rep(LETTERS[1:3], 1:3)
some_values
# [1] "A" "B" "B" "C" "C" "C"
value_counts(some_values)
# # A tibble: 3 x 3
# some_values count percent
# <chr> <int> <dbl>
# 1 C 3 0.5
# 2 B 2 0.333
# 3 A 1 0.167
The name of the vector is used as the column name for the values, but this can be changed with the name argument.
value_counts(some_values, name = "capital_letters")
# # A tibble: 3 x 3
# capital_letters count percent
# <chr> <int> <dbl>
# 1 C 3 0.5
# 2 B 2 0.333
# 3 A 1 0.167
The dataframe of results is sorted by count in descending order. You can control whether to sort by value or count using the by argument, which can be either value or count. You can control the direction of the sort with the order argument, which can be either asc or desc.
value_counts(some_values, by = "value", order = "asc")
# # A tibble: 3 x 3
# some_values count percent
# <chr> <int> <dbl>
# 1 A 1 0.167
# 2 B 2 0.333
# 3 C 3 0.5
You can optionally exclude NA values with the na.rm argument.
some_values <- c(some_values, NA)
values_count(some_values)
# # A tibble: 4 x 3
# some_values count percent
# <chr> <int> <dbl>
# 1 C 3 0.429
# 2 B 2 0.286
# 3 A 1 0.143
# 4 NA 1 0.143
value_counts(some_values, na.rm = TRUE)
# # A tibble: 3 x 3
# some_values count percent
# <chr> <int> <dbl>
# 1 C 3 0.5
# 2 B 2 0.333
# 3 A 1 0.167
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