A callback is a powerful tool to customize the behavior of a Keras model during
training, evaluation, or inference. Examples include keras.callbacks.TensorBoard
to visualize training progress and results with TensorBoard, or
keras.callbacks.ModelCheckpoint
to periodically save your model during training.
In this guide, you will learn what a Keras callback is, what it can do, and how you can build your own. We provide a few demos of simple callback applications to get you started.
library(keras3)
All callbacks subclass the keras.callbacks.Callback
class, and
override a set of methods called at various stages of training, testing, and
predicting. Callbacks are useful to get a view on internal states and statistics of
the model during training.
You can pass a list of callbacks (as the keyword argument callbacks
) to the following
model methods:
fit()
evaluate()
predict()
on_(train|test|predict)_begin(logs = NULL)
Called at the beginning of fit
/evaluate
/predict
.
on_(train|test|predict)_end(logs = NULL)
Called at the end of fit
/evaluate
/predict
.
on_(train|test|predict)_batch_begin(batch, logs = NULL)
Called right before processing a batch during training/testing/predicting.
on_(train|test|predict)_batch_end(batch, logs = NULL)
Called at the end of training/testing/predicting a batch. Within this method, logs
is
a named list containing the metrics results.
on_epoch_begin(epoch, logs = NULL)
Called at the beginning of an epoch during training.
on_epoch_end(epoch, logs = NULL)
Called at the end of an epoch during training.
Let's take a look at a concrete example. To get started, let's import tensorflow and define a simple Sequential Keras model:
# Define the Keras model to add callbacks to get_model <- function() { model <- keras_model_sequential() model |> layer_dense(units = 1) model |> compile( optimizer = optimizer_rmsprop(learning_rate = 0.1), loss = "mean_squared_error", metrics = "mean_absolute_error" ) model }
Then, load the MNIST data for training and testing from Keras datasets API:
# Load example MNIST data and pre-process it mnist <- dataset_mnist() flatten_and_rescale <- function(x) { x <- array_reshape(x, c(-1, 784)) x <- x / 255 x } mnist$train$x <- flatten_and_rescale(mnist$train$x) mnist$test$x <- flatten_and_rescale(mnist$test$x) # limit to 1000 samples n <- 1000 mnist$train$x <- mnist$train$x[1:n,] mnist$train$y <- mnist$train$y[1:n] mnist$test$x <- mnist$test$x[1:n,] mnist$test$y <- mnist$test$y[1:n]
Now, define a simple custom callback that logs:
fit
/evaluate
/predict
starts & endsshow <- function(msg, logs) { cat(glue::glue(msg, .envir = parent.frame()), "got logs: ", sep = "; ") str(logs); cat("\n") } callback_custom <- Callback( "CustomCallback", on_train_begin = \(logs = NULL) show("Starting training", logs), on_epoch_begin = \(epoch, logs = NULL) show("Start epoch {epoch} of training", logs), on_train_batch_begin = \(batch, logs = NULL) show("...Training: start of batch {batch}", logs), on_train_batch_end = \(batch, logs = NULL) show("...Training: end of batch {batch}", logs), on_epoch_end = \(epoch, logs = NULL) show("End epoch {epoch} of training", logs), on_train_end = \(logs = NULL) show("Stop training", logs), on_test_begin = \(logs = NULL) show("Start testing", logs), on_test_batch_begin = \(batch, logs = NULL) show("...Evaluating: start of batch {batch}", logs), on_test_batch_end = \(batch, logs = NULL) show("...Evaluating: end of batch {batch}", logs), on_test_end = \(logs = NULL) show("Stop testing", logs), on_predict_begin = \(logs = NULL) show("Start predicting", logs), on_predict_end = \(logs = NULL) show("Stop predicting", logs), on_predict_batch_begin = \(batch, logs = NULL) show("...Predicting: start of batch {batch}", logs), on_predict_batch_end = \(batch, logs = NULL) show("...Predicting: end of batch {batch}", logs), )
Let's try it out:
model <- get_model() model |> fit( mnist$train$x, mnist$train$y, batch_size = 128, epochs = 2, verbose = 0, validation_split = 0.5, callbacks = list(callback_custom()) ) res <- model |> evaluate( mnist$test$x, mnist$test$y, batch_size = 128, verbose = 0, callbacks = list(callback_custom()) ) res <- model |> predict( mnist$test$x, batch_size = 128, verbose = 0, callbacks = list(callback_custom()) )
logs
listThe logs
named list contains the loss value, and all the metrics at the end of a batch or
epoch. Example includes the loss and mean absolute error.
callback_print_loss_and_mae <- Callback( "LossAndErrorPrintingCallback", on_train_batch_end = function(batch, logs = NULL) cat(sprintf("Up to batch %i, the average loss is %7.2f.\n", batch, logs$loss)), on_test_batch_end = function(batch, logs = NULL) cat(sprintf("Up to batch %i, the average loss is %7.2f.\n", batch, logs$loss)), on_epoch_end = function(epoch, logs = NULL) cat(sprintf( "The average loss for epoch %2i is %9.2f and mean absolute error is %7.2f.\n", epoch, logs$loss, logs$mean_absolute_error )) ) model <- get_model() model |> fit( mnist$train$x, mnist$train$y, epochs = 2, verbose = 0, batch_size = 128, callbacks = list(callback_print_loss_and_mae()) ) res = model |> evaluate( mnist$test$x, mnist$test$y, verbose = 0, batch_size = 128, callbacks = list(callback_print_loss_and_mae()) )
For more information about callbacks, you can check out the Keras callback API documentation.
self$model
attributeIn addition to receiving log information when one of their methods is called,
callbacks have access to the model associated with the current round of
training/evaluation/inference: self$model
.
Here are of few of the things you can do with self$model
in a callback:
self$model$stop_training <- TRUE
to immediately interrupt training.self$model$optimizer
),
such as self$model$optimizer$learning_rate
.model |> predict()
on a few test samples at the end of each
epoch, to use as a sanity check during training.Let's see this in action in a couple of examples.
This first example shows the creation of a Callback
that stops training when the
minimum of loss has been reached, by setting the attribute self$model$stop_training
(boolean). Optionally, you can provide an argument patience
to specify how many
epochs we should wait before stopping after having reached a local minimum.
callback_early_stopping()
provides a more complete and general implementation.
callback_early_stopping_at_min_loss <- Callback( "EarlyStoppingAtMinLoss", `__doc__` = "Stop training when the loss is at its min, i.e. the loss stops decreasing. Arguments: patience: Number of epochs to wait after min has been hit. After this number of no improvement, training stops. ", initialize = function(patience = 0) { super$initialize() self$patience <- patience # best_weights to store the weights at which the minimum loss occurs. self$best_weights <- NULL }, on_train_begin = function(logs = NULL) { # The number of epoch it has waited when loss is no longer minimum. self$wait <- 0 # The epoch the training stops at. self$stopped_epoch <- 0 # Initialize the best as infinity. self$best <- Inf }, on_epoch_end = function(epoch, logs = NULL) { current <- logs$loss if (current < self$best) { self$best <- current self$wait <- 0L # Record the best weights if current results is better (less). self$best_weights <- get_weights(self$model) } else { add(self$wait) <- 1L if (self$wait >= self$patience) { self$stopped_epoch <- epoch self$model$stop_training <- TRUE cat("Restoring model weights from the end of the best epoch.\n") model$set_weights(self$best_weights) } } }, on_train_end = function(logs = NULL) if (self$stopped_epoch > 0) cat(sprintf("Epoch %05d: early stopping\n", self$stopped_epoch + 1)) ) `add<-` <- `+` model <- get_model() model |> fit( mnist$train$x, mnist$train$y, epochs = 30, batch_size = 64, verbose = 0, callbacks = list(callback_print_loss_and_mae(), callback_early_stopping_at_min_loss()) )
In this example, we show how a custom Callback can be used to dynamically change the learning rate of the optimizer during the course of training.
See keras$callbacks$LearningRateScheduler
for a more general implementations (in RStudio, press F1 while the cursor is over LearningRateScheduler
and a browser will open to this page).
callback_custom_learning_rate_scheduler <- Callback( "CustomLearningRateScheduler", `__doc__` = "Learning rate scheduler which sets the learning rate according to schedule. Arguments: schedule: a function that takes an epoch index (integer, indexed from 0) and current learning rate as inputs and returns a new learning rate as output (float). ", initialize = function(schedule) { super$initialize() self$schedule <- schedule }, on_epoch_begin = function(epoch, logs = NULL) { ## When in doubt about what types of objects are in scope (e.g., self$model) ## use a debugger to interact with the actual objects at the console! # browser() if (!"learning_rate" %in% names(self$model$optimizer)) stop('Optimizer must have a "learning_rate" attribute.') # # Get the current learning rate from model's optimizer. # use as.numeric() to convert the keras variablea to an R numeric lr <- as.numeric(self$model$optimizer$learning_rate) # # Call schedule function to get the scheduled learning rate. scheduled_lr <- self$schedule(epoch, lr) # # Set the value back to the optimizer before this epoch starts optimizer <- self$model$optimizer optimizer$learning_rate <- scheduled_lr cat(sprintf("\nEpoch %03d: Learning rate is %6.4f.\n", epoch, scheduled_lr)) } ) LR_SCHEDULE <- tibble::tribble( ~start_epoch, ~learning_rate, 0, 0.1, 3, 0.05, 6, 0.01, 9, 0.005, 12, 0.001, ) last <- function(x) x[length(x)] lr_schedule <- function(epoch, learning_rate) { "Helper function to retrieve the scheduled learning rate based on epoch." with(LR_SCHEDULE, learning_rate[last(which(epoch >= start_epoch))]) } model <- get_model() model |> fit( mnist$train$x, mnist$train$y, epochs = 14, batch_size = 64, verbose = 0, callbacks = list( callback_print_loss_and_mae(), callback_custom_learning_rate_scheduler(lr_schedule) ) )
Be sure to check out the existing Keras callbacks by reading the API docs. Applications include logging to CSV, saving the model, visualizing metrics in TensorBoard, and a lot more!
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