In trinker/formality: Calculate Text Formality

library(knitr)
desc <- suppressWarnings(readLines("DESCRIPTION"))
regex <- "(^Version:\\s+)(\\d+\\.\\d+\\.\\d+)"
loc <- grep(regex, desc)
ver <- gsub(regex, "\\2", desc[loc])
verbadge <- sprintf('<a href="https://img.shields.io/badge/Version-%s-orange.svg"><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/Version-%s-orange.svg" alt="Version"/></a></p>', ver, ver)
````

```r
knit_hooks$set(htmlcap = function(before, options, envir) {
  if(!before) {
    paste('<p class="caption"><b><em>',options$htmlcap,"</em></b></p>",sep="")
    }
    })
knitr::opts_knit$set(self.contained = TRUE, cache = FALSE)
knitr::opts_chunk$set(fig.path = "tools/figure/")

r verbadge

formality utilizes the tagger package to conduct formality analysis. Heylighen (1999) and Heylighen & Dewaele (2002, 1999) have given the F-measure as a measure of how contextual or formal language is. Language is considered more formal when it contains much of the information directly in the text, whereas, contextual language relies on shared experiences to more efficiently dialogue with others.

Formality Equation

The formality package's main function is also titled formality and uses Heylighen & Dewaele's (1999) F-measure. The F-measure is defined formally as:

$$F = 50(((n_f - n_c)/N) + 1)$$

Where:

$$f = {noun, adjective, preposition, article}$$
$$c = {pronoun, verb, adverb, interjection}$$
$$N = n_f + n_c$$

This yields an F-measure between $0$ and $100$%, with completely contextualized language on the zero end and completely formal language on the $100$ end.

Please see the following references for more details about formality and the F-measure:

• Heylighen, F. (1999). Advantages and limitations of formal expression. Foundations of Science, 4, 25-56. doi:10.1023/A:1009686703349
• Heylighen, F. & Dewaele, J.-M. (1999). Formality of language: Definition, measurement and behavioral determinants. Center "Leo Apostel", Free University of Brussels. Retrieved from http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/Papers/Formality.pdf
• Heylighen, F. & Dewaele, J.-M. (2002). Variation in the contextuality of language: An empirical measure. Foundations of Science, 7(3), 293-340. doi:10.1023/A:1019661126744

Installation

To download the development version of formality:

Download the zip ball or tar ball, decompress and run R CMD INSTALL on it, or use the pacman package to install the development version:

if (!require("pacman")) install.packages("pacman")
pacman::p_load_gh(c(
    "trinker/termco", 
    "trinker/tagger", 
    "trinker/formality"
))

Contact

You are welcome to: submit suggestions and bug-reports at: https://github.com/trinker/formality/issues send a pull request on: https://github.com/trinker/formality/ * compose a friendly e-mail to: [e-mail]

Examples

The following examples demonstrate some of the functionality of formality.

Load the Tools/Data

library(formality)
data(presidential_debates_2012)

Assessing Formality

formality takes the text as text.var and any number of grouping variables as grouping.var. Here we use the presidential_debates_2012 data set and look at the formality of the people involved. Note that for smaller text Heylighen & Dewaele (2002) state:

At present, a sample would probably need to contain a few hundred words for the measure to be minimally reliable. For single sentences, the F-value should only be computed for purposes of illustration" (p. 24).

form1 <- with(presidential_debates_2012, formality(dialogue, person))
form1

Recycling the First Run

This will take ~20 seconds because of the part of speech tagging that must be undertaken. The output can be reused as text.var, cutting the time to a fraction of the first run.

with(presidential_debates_2012, formality(form1, list(time, person)))

Plotting

The generic plot function provides three views of the data:

1. A filled bar plot of formal vs. contextual usage
2. A dotplot of formality**
3. A heatmap of the usage of the parts of speech used to calculate the formality score

**Note red dot in center is a warning of less than 300 words

plot(form1)
````


The `plot` function uses **gridExtra** to stitch the plots together, which is plotted imediately.  However, the three subplots are actually returned as a list as seen below.

```r
names(plot(form1, plot=FALSE))

Each of these is a ggplot2 object that can be further manipulated with various scales, facets, and annotations. I demonstrate some of this functionality in the plots below.

library(ggplot2)
plot(form1, plot=FALSE)[[1]] +
    scale_size(range= c(8, 45)) +
    scale_x_continuous(limits = c(52, 63))


plot(form1, plot=FALSE)[[2]] +
    scale_fill_grey()

plot(form1, plot=FALSE)[[2]] +
    scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Pastel1") +
    facet_grid(~type)

plot(form1, plot=FALSE)[[3]] +
    scale_fill_gradient(high = "red", low="white") +
    ggtitle("Participant's Use of Parts of Speech")


plot(form1, plot=FALSE)[[3]] +
    scale_fill_gradient2(midpoint=.12, high = "red", low="blue")

trinker/formality documentation built on May 31, 2019, 8:43 p.m.