Estimation of error components models with the plm function"

library("knitr")
opts_chunk$set(message = FALSE, warning = FALSE)
library("texreg")
extract.plm <- function(model, include.rsquared = TRUE, include.adjrs = TRUE, 
    include.nobs = TRUE, include.ercomp = TRUE, ...) {
  s <- summary(model, ...)
  coefficient.names <- rownames(coef(s))
  coefficients <- coef(s)[ , 1L]
  standard.errors <- coef(s)[ , 2L]
  significance <- coef(s)[ , 4L]

  rs <- s$r.squared[1L]
  adj <- s$r.squared[2L]
  n <- length(model$residuals)

  gof <- numeric()
  gof.names <- character()
  gof.decimal <- logical()

  if (include.ercomp == TRUE){
      if (model$args$model == "random"){
          se <- sqrt(ercomp(model)$sigma)
          gof <- c(gof, se)
          gof.names <- c(gof.names, paste("s_", names(se), sep = ""))
          gof.decimal <- c(gof.decimal, rep(TRUE, length(se)))
      }
  }  
  if (include.rsquared == TRUE) {
    gof <- c(gof, rs)
    gof.names <- c(gof.names, "R$^2$")
    gof.decimal <- c(gof.decimal, TRUE)
  }
  if (include.adjrs == TRUE) {
    gof <- c(gof, adj)
    gof.names <- c(gof.names, "Adj.\ R$^2$")
    gof.decimal <- c(gof.decimal, TRUE)
  }
  if (include.nobs == TRUE) {
    gof <- c(gof, n)
    gof.names <- c(gof.names, "Num.\ obs.")
    gof.decimal <- c(gof.decimal, FALSE)
  }  
  tr <- createTexreg(
      coef.names = coefficient.names, 
      coef = coefficients, 
      se = standard.errors, 
      pvalues = significance, 
      gof.names = gof.names, 
      gof = gof, 
      gof.decimal = gof.decimal
  )
  return(tr)
}

setMethod("extract", signature = className("plm", "plm"), 
    definition = extract.plm)

plm is a very versatile function which enable the estimation of a wide range of error component models. Those models can be written as follows :

$$ y_{nt}=\alpha + \beta^\top x_{nt} + \epsilon_{nt} = \alpha + \beta^\top x_{nt} + \eta_n + \mu_t + \nu_{nt} $$

where $n$ and $t$ are the individual and time indexes, $y$ the response, $x$ a vector of covariates, $\alpha$ the overall intercept and $\beta$ the vector of parameters of interest that we are willing to estimate. The error term $\epsilon_{nt}$ is composed of three elements (in the two-way case):

Basic use of plm

The first two arguments of plm are, like for most of the estimation functions of R a formula which describes the model to be estimated and a data.frame. subset, weights, and na.action are also available and have the same behavior as in the lm function. Three more main arguments can be set :

The estimation of all but the last model is straightforward, as it requires only the estimation by OLS of obvious transformations of the data. The GLS model requires more explanation. In most of the cases, the estimation is obtained by quasi-differencing the data from the individual and/or the time means. The coefficients used to perform this quasi-difference depends on estimators of the variance of the components of the error, namely $\sigma^2_\nu$, $\sigma^2_\eta$ in case of individual effects and $\sigma^2_\mu$ in case of time effects.

The most common technique used to estimate these variance is to use the following result :

$$ \frac{\mbox{E}(\epsilon^\top W \epsilon)}{N(T-1)} = \sigma_\nu^2 $$

and

$$ \frac{\mbox{E}(\epsilon^\top B \epsilon)}{N} = T \sigma_\eta^2 + \sigma_\nu^2 $$

where $B$ and $W$ are respectively the matrices that performs the individual (or time) means and the deviations from these means. Consistent estimators can be obtained by replacing the unknown errors by the residuals of a consistent preliminary estimation and by dropping the expecting value operator. Some degree of freedom correction can also be introduced. plm calls the general function ercomp to estimate the variances. Important arguments to ercomp are:

Note that for plm, the arguments are random.models, random.dfcor, and random.method and correspond to arguments models, method, and random.dfcor of function ercomp with the same values as above, respectively.

To illustrate the use of plm, we use examples reproduced in @BALT:13, p. 21; @BALT:21, p. 31, table 2.1 presents EViews' results of the estimation on the Grunfeld data set :

library("plm")
data("Grunfeld", package = "plm")
ols <- plm(inv ~ value + capital, Grunfeld, model = "pooling")
between <- update(ols, model = "between")
within <- update(ols, model = "within")
walhus <- update(ols, model = "random", random.method = "walhus", random.dfcor = 3)
amemiya <- update(walhus, random.method = "amemiya")
swar <- update(amemiya, random.method = "swar")

Note that the random.dfcor argument is set to 3, which means that the unbiased version of the estimation of the error components is used. We use the texreg package to present the results :

library("texreg")
screenreg(list(ols = ols, between = between, within = within, 
            walhus = walhus, amemiya = amemiya, swar = swar),
        digits = 5, omit.coef = "(Intercept)")

The estimated variance can be extracted using the ercomp function. For example, for the amemiya model :

ercomp(amemiya)

@BALT:13, p. 27; @BALT:21, p. 31 presents the Stata estimation of the Swamy-Arora estimator ; the Swamy-Arora estimator is the same if random.dfcor is set to 3 or 2 (the quadratic forms are divided by $\sum_n T_n - K - N$ and by $N - K - 1$), so I don't know what is the behaviour of Stata for the other estimators for which the unbiased estimators differs from the simple one.

data("Produc", package = "plm")
PrSwar <- plm(log(gsp) ~ log(pcap) + log(pc) + log(emp) + unemp, Produc, 
           model = "random", random.method = "swar", random.dfcor = 3)
summary(PrSwar)

The twoways effect model

The two-ways effect model is obtained by setting the effect argument to "twoways". @BALT:13 pp. 51-53; @BALT:21, pp. 61-62, tables 3.1-3.3, presents EViews' output for the Grunfeld data set.

Grw <- plm(inv ~ value + capital, Grunfeld, model = "random", effect = "twoways", 
           random.method = "walhus", random.dfcor = 3)
Grs <- update(Grw, random.method = "swar")
Gra <- update(Grw, random.method = "amemiya")
screenreg(list("Wallace-Hussain" = Grw, "Swamy-Arora" = Grs, "Amemiya" = Gra), digits = 5)

The estimated variance of the time component is negative for the Wallace-Hussain as well as the Swamy-Arora models and plm sets it to 0.

@BALT:09 pp. 60-62, presents EViews' output for the Produc data.

data("Produc", package = "plm")
Prw <- plm(log(gsp) ~ log(pcap) + log(pc) + log(emp) + unemp, Produc, 
           model = "random", random.method = "walhus", 
           effect = "twoways", random.dfcor = 3)
Prs <- update(Prw, random.method = "swar")
Pra <- update(Prw, random.method = "amemiya")
screenreg(list("Wallace-Hussain" = Prw, "Swamy-Arora" = Prs, "Amemiya" = Pra), digits = 5)

Unbalanced panels

Two difficulties arise with unbalanced panels :

@BALT:21, @BALT:13, and @BALT:09 present results of the estimation of the @SWAM:AROR:72 model with the Hedonic data set. @BALT:13, p. 195; @BALT:21, p. 237, table 9.1, presents the Stata output and @BALT:09, p. 211 presents EViews' output. EViews' Wallace-Hussain estimator is reported in @BALT:09, p. 210.

data("Hedonic", package = "plm")
form <- mv ~ crim + zn + indus + chas + nox + rm + 
    age + dis + rad + tax + ptratio + blacks + lstat
HedStata <- plm(form, Hedonic, model = "random", index = "townid", 
                random.models = c("within", "between"))
HedEviews <- plm(form, Hedonic, model = "random", index = "townid", 
                 random.models = c("within", "Between"))
HedEviewsWH <- update(HedEviews, random.models = "pooling")
screenreg(list(EViews = HedEviews, Stata = HedStata, "Wallace-Hussain" = HedEviewsWH), 
          digits = 5, single.row = TRUE)

The difference is due to the fact that Stata uses a between regression on $N$ observations while EViews uses a between regression on $\sum_n T_n$ observations, which are not the same on unbalanced panels. Note the use of between with or without the B capitalized ("Between" and "between") in the random.models argument. plm's default is to use the between regression with $\sum_n T_n$ observations when setting model = "random", random.method = "swar". The default employed is what the original paper for the unbalanced one-way Swamy-Arora estimator defined (in @BALT:CHAN:94, p. 73). A more detailed analysis of Stata's Swamy-Arora estimation procedure is given by @COTT:2017.

Instrumental variable estimators

All of the models presented above may be estimated using instrumental variables (IV). The instruments are specified using two- or three-part formulas, each part being separated by a | sign :

The instrumental variables estimator used is indicated with the inst.method argument:

The various possible values of the inst.method argument are not relevant for fixed effect IV models as there is only one method for this type of IV models but many for random effect IV models.

The instrumental variable estimators are illustrated in the following example from @BALT:05, pp. 117/120; @BALT:13, pp. 133/137; @BALT:21, pp. 162/165, tables 7.1, 7.3.

data("Crime", package = "plm")
crbalt <- plm(lcrmrte ~ lprbarr + lpolpc + lprbconv + lprbpris + lavgsen +
              ldensity + lwcon + lwtuc + lwtrd + lwfir + lwser + lwmfg + lwfed +
              lwsta + lwloc + lpctymle + lpctmin + region + smsa + factor(year)
              | . - lprbarr - lpolpc + ltaxpc + lmix,
              data = Crime, model = "random", inst.method = "baltagi")
crbvk <- update(crbalt, inst.method = "bvk")
crwth <- update(crbalt, model = "within")
crbe  <- update(crbalt, model = "between")
screenreg(list(FE2SLS = crwth, BE2SLS = crbe, EC2SLS = crbalt, G2SLS = crbvk), 
          single.row = FALSE, digits = 5, omit.coef = "(region)|(year)",
          reorder.coef = c(1:16, 19, 18, 17))

The Hausman-Taylor model (@HAUS:TAYL:81) may be estimated with the plm function by setting argument random.method = "ht" and inst.method = "baltagi". The following example is from @BALT:05, p. 130; @BALT:13, pp. 145-7, tables 7.4-7.6; @BALT:21, pp. 174-6 , tables 7.5-7.7.

data("Wages", package = "plm")
ht <- plm(lwage ~ wks + south + smsa + married + exp + I(exp^2) + 
            bluecol + ind + union + sex + black + ed | 
            bluecol + south + smsa + ind + sex + black | 
            wks + married + exp + I(exp^2) + union, 
          data = Wages, index = 595, 
          inst.method = "baltagi", model = "random", 
          random.method = "ht")

am  <- update(ht, inst.method = "am")
bms <- update(ht, inst.method = "bms")
screenreg(list("Hausman-Taylor" = ht, "Amemiya-MaCurdy" = am,
               "Breusch-Mizon-Schmidt" = bms),
          digits = 5, single.row = FALSE)

Nested error component model

This section shows how the nested error component model as per @BALT:SONG:JUNG:01 can be estimated. The model is given by :

$$ y_{nt}=\alpha + \beta^\top x_{jnt} + u_{jnt} = \alpha + \beta^\top x_{jnt} + \mu_{j} + \nu_{jn} + \epsilon_{jnt} $$ where $n$ and $t$ are the individual and time indexes and $j$ is the group index in which the individuals are nested. The error $u_{jnt}$ consists of three components :

In the estimated examples below (replication of @BALT:SONG:JUNG:01, p. 378, table 6; @BALT:21, p. 248, table 9.1), states are nested within regions. The group index is given in the 3rd position of the index argument to pdata.frame or to plm directly and plm's argument effect is set to "nested":

data("Produc", package = "plm")
swar <- plm(form <- log(gsp) ~ log(pc) + log(emp) + log(hwy) + log(water) + log(util) + unemp, 
            Produc, index = c("state", "year", "region"), model = "random", effect = "nested", random.method = "swar")
walhus <- update(swar, random.method = "walhus")
amem <- update(swar, random.method = "amemiya")
screenreg(list("Swamy-Arora" = swar, "Wallace-Hussain" = walhus, "Amemiya" = amem), digits = 5)

Bibliography



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plm documentation built on Sept. 21, 2021, 3:01 p.m.