# R0: Computes reproduction numbers from fitted models In surveillance: Temporal and Spatio-Temporal Modeling and Monitoring of Epidemic Phenomena

## Description

The S3 generic function R0 defined in package surveillance is intended to compute reproduction numbers from fitted epidemic models. The package currently defines a method for the "twinstim" class, which computes expected numbers of infections caused by infected individuals depending on the event type and marks attached to the individual, which contribute to the infection pressure in the epidemic predictor of that class. There is also a method for simulated "epidataCS" (just a wrapper for the "twinstim"-method).

## Usage

 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 R0(object, ...) ## S3 method for class 'twinstim' R0(object, newevents, trimmed = TRUE, newcoef = NULL, ...) ## S3 method for class 'simEpidataCS' R0(object, trimmed = TRUE, ...) simpleR0(object, eta = coef(object)[["e.(Intercept)"]], eps.s = NULL, eps.t = NULL, newcoef = NULL) 

## Arguments

 object A fitted epidemic model object for which an R0 method exists. newevents an optional data.frame of events for which the reproduction numbers should be calculated. If omitted, it is calculated for the original events from the fit. In this case, if trimmed = TRUE (the default), the result is just object$R0; however, if trimmed = FALSE, the model environment is required, i.e. object must have been fitted with model = TRUE. For the twinstim method, newevents must at least contain the following columns: the time of the events, the factor variable type, the interaction ranges eps.t and eps.s, as well as columns for the marks used in the epidemic component of the fitted "twinstim" object as stored in formula(object)$epidemic. The coding of the variables must of course be the same as used for fitting. For trimmed R0 values, newevents must additionally contain the components .influenceRegion and, if using the Fcircle trick in the siaf specification, also .bdist (cf. the hidden columns in the events component of class "epidataCS"). trimmed logical indicating if the individual reproduction numbers should be calculated by integrating the epidemic intensities over the observation period and region only (trimmed = TRUE) or over the whole time-space domain R+ x R^2 (trimmed = FALSE). By default, if newevents is missing, the trimmed R0 values stored in object are returned. Trimming means that events near the (spatial or temporal) edges of the observation domain have lower reproduction numbers (ceteris paribus) because events outside the observation domain are not observed. newcoef the model parameters to use when calculating reproduction numbers. The default (NULL) is to use the MLE coef(object). This argument mainly serves the construction of Monte Carlo confidence intervals by evaluating R0 for parameter vectors sampled from the asymptotic multivariate normal distribution of the MLE, see Examples. ... additional arguments passed to methods. Currently unused for the twinstim method. eta a value for the epidemic linear predictor, see details. eps.s,eps.t the spatial/temporal radius of interaction. If NULL (the default), the original value from the data is used if this is unique and an error is thrown otherwise.

## Details

For the "twinstim" class, the individual-specific expected number μ_j of infections caused by individual (event) j inside its theoretical (untrimmed) spatio-temporal range of interaction given by its eps.t (ε) and eps.s (δ) values is defined as follows (cf. Meyer et al, 2012):

μ_j = e^{η_j} \cdot \int_{b(\bold{0},δ)} f(\bold{s}) d\bold{s} \cdot \int_0^ε g(t) dt .

Here, b(\bold{0},δ) denotes the disc centred at (0,0)' with radius δ, η_j is the epidemic linear predictor, g(t) is the temporal interaction function, and f(\bold{s}) is the spatial interaction function. For a type-specific twinstim, there is an additional factor for the number of event types which can be infected by the type of event j and the interaction functions may be type-specific as well.

Alternatively to the equation above, the trimmed (observed) reproduction numbers are obtain by integrating over the observed infectious domains of the individuals, i.e. integrate f over the intersection of the influence region with the observation region W (i.e. over \{ W \cap b(\bold{s}_j,δ) \} - \bold{s}_j) and g over the intersection of the observed infectious period with the observation period (t_0;T] (i.e. over (0; \min(T-t_j,ε)]).

The function simpleR0 computes

\exp(η) \cdot \int_{b(\bold{0},δ)} f(\bold{s}) d\bold{s} \cdot \int_0^{ε} g(t) dt ,

where η defaults to γ_0 disregarding any epidemic effects of types and marks. It is thus only suitable for simple epidemic twinstim models with epidemic = ~1, a diagonal (or secondary diagonal) qmatrix, and type-invariant interaction functions. simpleR0 mainly exists for use by epitest.

(Numerical) Integration is performed exactly as during the fitting of object, for instance object$control.siaf is queried if necessary. ## Value For the R0 methods, a numeric vector of estimated reproduction numbers from the fitted model object corresponding to the rows of newevents (if supplied) or the original fitted events including events of the prehistory. For simpleR0, a single number (see details). ## Author(s) Sebastian Meyer ## References Meyer, S., Elias, J. and Höhle, M. (2012): A space-time conditional intensity model for invasive meningococcal disease occurrence. Biometrics, 68, 607-616. doi: 10.1111/j.1541-0420.2011.01684.x ## Examples   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 ## load the 'imdepi' data and a model fit data("imdepi") data("imdepifit") ## calculate individual and type-specific reproduction numbers R0s <- R0(imdepifit) tapply(R0s, imdepi$events@data[names(R0s), "type"], summary) ## untrimmed R0 for a specific event R0(imdepifit, newevents=marks(imdepi)[1,], trimmed=FALSE) ### compute a Monte Carlo confidence interval ## use a simpler model with constant 'siaf' for speed simplefit <- update(imdepifit, epidemic=~type, siaf=NULL, subset = NULL) ## we'd like to compute the mean R0's by event type meanR0ByType <- function (newcoef) { R0events <- R0(simplefit, newcoef=newcoef) tapply(R0events, imdepi\$events@data[names(R0events),"type"], mean) } (meansMLE <- meanR0ByType(newcoef=NULL)) ## sample B times from asymptotic multivariate normal of the MLE B <- 5 # CAVE: toy example! In practice this has to be much larger set.seed(123) parsamples <- MASS::mvrnorm(B, mu=coef(simplefit), Sigma=vcov(simplefit)) ## for each sample compute the 'meanR0ByType' meansMC <- apply(parsamples, 1, meanR0ByType) ## get the quantiles and print the result cisMC <- apply(cbind(meansMLE, meansMC), 1, quantile, probs=c(0.025,0.975)) print(rbind(MLE=meansMLE, cisMC)) ### R0 for a simple epidemic model (homogeneous individuals) mepi1 <- update(simplefit, epidemic = ~1, data = imdepi, subset = type == "B", model = TRUE, verbose = FALSE) ## using the default spatial and temporal ranges of interaction (R0B <- simpleR0(mepi1)) # eps.s=200, eps.t=30 stopifnot(identical(R0B, R0(mepi1, trimmed = FALSE)[[1]])) ## assuming less interaction simpleR0(mepi1, eps.s = 50, eps.t = 15) 

surveillance documentation built on July 8, 2017, 3 a.m.

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