Normalization: Normalizes the spectra

In PepsNMR: Pre-process 1H-NMR FID signals

Description

Spectra normalization to correct for the dilution factor common to all biofuid samples.

Usage

Normalization(Spectrum_data, type.norm, fromto.norm = c(3.05, 4.05), ref.norm = "median",
              returnFactor = FALSE, verbose = FALSE)

Arguments

Spectrum_data	Matrix containing the spectra in ppm, one row per spectrum.
type.norm	Different types of normalization are available: "mean", "pqn", "median", "firstquartile" or "peak". No default value is provided. See the details section for more info.
fromto.norm	Used if type.norm is "peak". See details.
ref.norm	The reference spectrum if type.norm is "pqn". See details.
returnFactor	If TRUE, returns a vector with the normalization factors.
verbose	If "TRUE", will print processing information.

Details

Normalization of spectra before their warping or their statistical analysis is necessary in order to be able to efficiently compare their relative peak intensities.

It is therefore appropriate to call this filter at the end of the preprocessing workflow.

Normalization types can be:

mean

Each spectrum is divided by its mean so that its mean becomes 1.

median

Each spectrum is divided by its median so that its median becomes 1.

firstquartile

Each spectrum is divided by its first quartile so that its first quartile becomes 1.

peak

Each spectrum is divided by the value of the peak of the spectrum contained between "fromto.norm" inclusive (i.e. the maximum value of spectral intensities in that interval).

pqn

Probabilistic Quotient Normalization from Dieterle et al. (2006). If ref.norm is "median" or "mean", will use the median or the mean spectrum as the reference spectrum ; if it is a single number, will use the spectrum located at that row in the spectral matrix; if ref.norm is a numeric vertor of length equal to the number of spectral variables, it defines manually the reference spectrum.

The choice of a proper normalisation method is a crucial although not straightforward step in a metabolomic analysis.

Applying CSN is accurate in the following situations:

• when working on human/animal sera in the case of not serious pathology, given the homeostasis principle and since no dilution effect is present.

• When working on biopsies, the “metabolome quantity” is set constant across the samples by adding a varying volume of a buffer and the same applies when working with cell media, where the quantity of cells is made constant.

To counteract all the dilution effects and the excretion differences between urine samples, the PQN approach is often recommended in the literature (Dieterle et al., 2006).

For any other situation (large difference between the groups, other kind of sample, etc.), the choice of the normalisation method is not straightforward. A solution is to refer to endogenous stable metabolites that are present in a constant quantity across samples and use them as standards to normalize all spectral profiles. For the urine samples, the creatinine has been considered as such standard (this option is also implemented in PepsNMR), even though it has been shown that the creatinine concentration could fluctuate given specific parameters (Tang et al., 2015). A review on normalization techniques for mass spectroscopy metabolomics from Wu \& Li (2015) provides some guidance in the choice on the normalization approach regarding the type of sample analysed and can be transposed to the NMR spectra normalisation.

Value

Spectrum_data

The matrix of normalized spectra.

Author(s)

Benoît Legat & Manon Martin

References

Martin, M., Legat, B., Leenders, J., Vanwinsberghe, J., Rousseau, R., Boulanger, B., & Govaerts, B. (2018). PepsNMR for 1H NMR metabolomic data pre-processing. Analytica chimica acta, 1019, 1-13.

Yiman Wu, Liang Li. (2016). Sample normalization methods in quantitative metabolomics, Journal of Chromatography A, Volume 1430, Pages 80-95, ISSN 0021-9673

Tang KWA, Toh QC, Teo BW. (2015). Normalisation of urinary biomarkers to creatinine for clinical practice and research – when and why. Singapore Medical Journal. 56(1):7-10.

Rousseau, R. (2011). Statistical contribution to the analysis of metabonomics data in 1H NMR spectroscopy (Doctoral dissertation, PhD thesis. Institut de statistique, biostatistique et sciences actuarielles, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium).

Dieterle, F., Ross, A. , Schlotterbeck, G.,and Senn, H (2006). Probabilistic Quotient Normalization as Robust Method to Account for Dilution of Complex Biological Mixtures. Analytical Chemistry 78 (13), 4281-4290

Examples

require(PepsNMRData)
Norm.spec <- Normalization(Data_HS_sp$Spectrum_data_HS_12, 
                                type.norm = "mean")

PepsNMR documentation built on Jan. 16, 2021, 2:07 a.m.