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#' ES for t distributed P/L
#'
#' Estimates the ES of a portfolio assuming that P/L are
#' t-distributed, for specified confidence level and holding period.
#'
#' @param ... The input arguments contain either return data or else mean and
#' standard deviation data. Accordingly, number of input arguments is either 4
#' or 5. In case there 4 input arguments, the mean and standard deviation of
#' data is computed from return data. See examples for details.
#'
#' returns Vector of daily P/L data
#'
#' mu Mean of daily geometric return data
#'
#' sigma Standard deviation of daily geometric return data
#'
#' df Number of degrees of freedom in the t-distribution
#'
#' cl ES confidence level
#'
#' hp ES holding period in days
#'
#' @return Matrix of ES whose dimension depends on dimension of hp and cl. If
#' cl and hp are both scalars, the matrix is 1 by 1. If cl is a vector and hp is
#' a scalar, the matrix is row matrix, if cl is a scalar and hp is a vector,
#' the matrix is column matrix and if both cl and hp are vectors, the matrix
#' has dimension length of cl * length of hp.
#'
#' @references Dowd, K. Measuring Market Risk, Wiley, 2007.
#'
#' Evans, M., Hastings, M. and Peacock, B. Statistical Distributions, 3rd
#' edition, New York: John Wiley, ch. 38,39.
#'
#' @author Dinesh Acharya
#' @examples
#'
#' # Computes ES given P/L data
#' data <- runif(5, min = 0, max = .2)
#' tES(returns = data, df = 6, cl = .95, hp = 90)
#'
#' # Computes ES given mean and standard deviation of P/L data
#' tES(mu = .012, sigma = .03, df = 6, cl = .95, hp = 90)
#'
#'
#' @export
tES <- function(...){
if (nargs() < 4) {
stop("Too few arguments")
}
if (nargs() > 5) {
stop("Too many arguments")
}
args <- list(...)
if (nargs() == 5) {
mu <- args$mu
df <- args$df
cl <- args$cl
sigma <- args$sigma
hp <- args$hp
}
if (nargs() == 4) {
mu <- mean(args$returns)
df <- args$df
cl <- args$cl
sigma <- sd(args$returns)
hp <- args$hp
}
# Check that inputs have correct dimensions
mu <- as.matrix(mu)
mu.row <- dim(mu)[1]
mu.col <- dim(mu)[2]
if (max(mu.row, mu.col) > 1) {
stop("Mean must be a scalar")
}
sigma <- as.matrix(sigma)
sigma.row <- dim(sigma)[1]
sigma.col <- dim(sigma)[2]
if (max(sigma.row, sigma.col) > 1) {
stop("Standard deviation must be a scalar")
}
cl <- as.matrix(cl)
cl.row <- dim(cl)[1]
cl.col <- dim(cl)[2]
if (min(cl.row, cl.col) > 1) {
stop("Confidence level must be a scalar or a vector")
}
hp <- as.matrix(hp)
hp.row <- dim(hp)[1]
hp.col <- dim(hp)[2]
if (min(hp.row, hp.col) > 1) {
stop("Holding period must be a scalar or a vector")
}
df <- as.matrix(df)
df.row <- dim(df)[1]
df.col <- dim(df)[2]
if (max(df.row, df.col) > 1) {
stop("Number of degrees of freedom must be a scalar")
}
# Check that cl and hp are read as row and column vectors respectively
if (cl.row > cl.col) {
cl <- t(cl)
}
if (hp.row > hp.col) {
hp <- t(hp)
}
# Check that inputs obey sign and value restrictions
if (sigma < 0) {
stop("Standard deviation must be non-negative")
}
if (df < 3) {
stop("Number of degrees of freedom must be at least 3 for first two moments of distribution to be defined")
}
if (max(cl) >= 1){
stop("Confidence level(s) must be less than 1")
}
if (min(cl) <= 0){
stop("Confidence level(s) must be greater than 0")
}
if (min(hp) <= 0){
stop("Holding Period(s) must be greater than 0")
}
# ES estimation
ES <- matrix(0, length(hp), length(cl))
for (i in 1:length(cl)) {
for (j in 1:length(hp)) {
ES[j, i] <- Univariate.tES(mu, sigma, df, cl[i], hp[j])
}
}
return (ES)
}
# Accessory function
Univariate.tES <- function (mu, sigma, df, cl, hp) {
# This function estimates univariate t-ES using average tail quantile algorithm
number.slices <- 1000
delta.p <- (1 - cl)/number.slices
p <- seq(cl + delta.p, 1 - delta.p, delta.p) # Tail confidence levels or cumulative probs
tail.VaRs <- -sigma * sqrt(hp) * sqrt((df - 2)/df) * qt((1 - p), df) - mu * hp # Tail VaRs
y <- mean(tail.VaRs)
return(y)
}
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