seqgroups: seqgroups
In LagSequential: Lag-Sequential Categorical Data Analysis
Description
Usage
Arguments
Details
Value
Author(s)
References
Examples
Description
Computes a variety of sequential analysis statistics
for data that are in segments (e.g, for multiple dyads or groups).
Usage
1
2
3
Arguments
alldata
A one-column dataframe, or a vector of code sequences, which
can be numeric or strings. Missing values are not permitted.
If alldata is numeric, then the integers must range from "1" to the total number of
possible code values (which is not the total number of codes in a sequence),
and a number greater than 999 must be used in alldata to
separate the codes sequences for different groups/dyads.
See "data_seqgroups" for an example.
If alldata consists of strings/characters, then the
word "segment" must be used in alldata to separate the code sequences
for different groups/dyads. See "data_seqgroups" for an example.
labels
Optional argument for providing labels to the code values. Accepts
a list of string variables.
If unspecified, codes will be labeled "Code1", "Code2", etc.
lag
The lag number for the analyses.
adjacent
Can adjacent values be coded the same? Enter "FALSE" if adjacent events
can never be the same. Enter "TRUE" if adjacent events can always be the same.
Enter "TRUE" if some adjacent events can, and others cannot, be the same;
then enter the appropriate onezero matrix for your data.
onezero
Optional argument for specifying the one-zero matrix for the data.
Useful when some adjacent events can, and others cannot, be the same.
Accepts a square matrix of ones and zeros with length ncodes. A "1" indicates
that the expected frequency for a given cell is to be estimated, whereas a
"0" indicates that the expected frequency for the cell should NOT be estimated,
typically because it is a structural zero (codes that cannot follow one another).
By default, the matrix that is created by the above commands has zeros along the
main diagonal, and ones everywhere else, which will be appropriate for most data
sets. However, if your data happen to involve structural zeros that occur in cells
other than the cells along the main diagonal, then you must create a onezero
matrix with ones and zeros that is appropriate for your data.
tailed
Specify whether significance tests are one-tailed or two-tailed.
Options are "1" or "2".
test
Specify whether to run tests for homogeneity of homogeneity or
stationarity. Homogeneity should be tested when groups in the data are
actually different groups, whereas stationarity should be tested when
groups in the data are segments of a single stream of observations.
Options are "homogeneity" or "stationarity".
output
Specify the desired output. Options are "pooled" for pooled data only,
or "all" for all data sets.
Details
Computes a variety of sequential analysis statistics for data that are
in segments (e.g, for multiple dyads or groups. This is the same as the
"sequential" function provided in this package, but allows for the data
to be segmented. Sequential statistics are calculated for each segment,
as well as for the data pooled across all segments.
Value
For each of the groups or segments and for the pooled data, displays the
transitional frequency matrix, expected frequencies, transitional probabilities,
adjusted residuals and significance levels, Yule's Q values, transformed
Kappas (Wampold, 1989, 1992, 1995), z values for the kappas, and significance levels.
Returns a list with the following elements:
freqs
The transitional frequency matrix
expfreqs
The expected frequencies
probs
The transitional probabilities
chi
The overall chi-square test of the difference between the
observed and expected transitional frequencies
adjres
The adjusted residuals
p
The statistical significance levels
YulesQ
Yule's Q values, indicating the strength of the relationships
between the antecedent and the consequence transitions
kappas
The nonparallel dominance kappas
z
The z values for the kappas
pk
The p-values for the kappas
output
The requested output data
Author(s)
Zakary A. Draper & Brian P. O'Connor
References
O'Connor, B. P. (1999). Simple and flexible SAS and SPSS programs for analyzing
lag-sequential categorical data. Behavior Research Methods,
Instrumentation, and Computers, 31, 718-726.
Wampold, B. E. (1989). Kappa as a measure of pattern in sequential data.
Quality & Quantity, 23, 171-187.
Wampold, B. E. (1992). The intensive examination of social interactions.
In T. Kratochwill & J. Levin (Eds.), Single-case research design and
analysis: New directions for psychology and education (pp. 93-131).
Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Wampold, B. E. (1995). Analysis of behavior sequences in psychotherapy.
In J. Siegfried (Ed.), Therapeutic and everyday discourse as behavior
change: Towards a micro-analysis in psychotherapy process research
(pp. 189-214). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Examples
1
Example output
Lag Sequential Analysis of data that are in segments (e.g, for multiple dyads or groups
Requested 'tail' (1 or 2) for Significance Tests = 2
Group/Segment Number: 1
Cell Frequencies, Row & Column Totals, & N
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP Totals
LAC 11 28 6 1 2 3 51
RAC 25 7 3 3 1 1 40
RDO 9 1 4 1 2 0 17
LUP 1 2 2 1 0 3 9
LDO 2 1 2 0 0 0 5
RUP 3 1 0 3 0 1 8
Totals 51 40 17 9 5 8 130
Expected Values/Frequencies
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC 20.01 15.69 6.67 3.53 1.96 3.14
RAC 15.69 12.31 5.23 2.77 1.54 2.46
RDO 6.67 5.23 2.22 1.18 0.65 1.05
LUP 3.53 2.77 1.18 0.62 0.35 0.55
LDO 1.96 1.54 0.65 0.35 0.19 0.31
RUP 3.14 2.46 1.05 0.55 0.31 0.49
Transitional Probabilities
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC 0.22 0.55 0.12 0.02 0.04 0.06
RAC 0.62 0.17 0.07 0.07 0.03 0.03
RDO 0.53 0.06 0.24 0.06 0.12 0.00
LUP 0.11 0.22 0.22 0.11 0.00 0.33
LDO 0.40 0.20 0.40 0.00 0.00 0.00
RUP 0.38 0.12 0.00 0.38 0.00 0.12
Tablewise Likelihood Ratio (Chi-Square) test = 58.63, df = 25, p = 0.00016
Adjusted Residuals
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC -3.31 4.79 -0.36 -1.79 0.04 -0.10
RAC 3.62 -2.19 -1.26 0.17 -0.53 -1.16
RDO 1.24 -2.38 1.37 -0.18 1.82 -1.13
LUP -1.79 -0.58 0.84 0.51 -0.62 3.52
LDO 0.04 -0.53 1.82 -0.62 -0.46 -0.58
RUP -0.10 -1.16 -1.13 3.52 -0.58 0.77
Significance Levels for the Adjusted Residuals
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC 0.0009 0.0000 0.7214 0.0733 0.9713 0.9176
RAC 0.0003 0.0289 0.2086 0.8628 0.5947 0.2478
RDO 0.2143 0.0171 0.1704 0.8561 0.0686 0.2574
LUP 0.0733 0.5647 0.3990 0.6079 0.5340 0.0004
LDO 0.9713 0.5947 0.0686 0.5340 0.6483 0.5593
RUP 0.9176 0.2478 0.2574 0.0004 0.5593 0.4407
Yule's Q Values
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC -0.58 0.74 -0.10 -0.70 0.02 -0.04
RAC 0.61 -0.46 -0.39 0.06 -0.29 -0.53
RDO 0.31 -0.79 0.41 -0.10 0.66 -1.00
LUP -0.70 -0.23 0.34 0.28 -1.00 0.84
LDO 0.02 -0.29 0.66 -1.00 -1.00 -1.00
RUP -0.04 -0.53 -1.00 0.84 -1.00 0.40
Unidirectional Kappas
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC -0.47 0.50 -0.11 -0.72 0.01 -0.06
RAC 0.38 -0.43 -0.42 0.04 -0.35 -0.59
RDO 0.22 -0.81 0.12 -0.14 0.31 -1.00
LUP -0.72 -0.27 0.11 0.05 -1.00 0.33
LDO 0.01 -0.35 0.31 -1.00 -1.00 -1.00
RUP -0.06 -0.59 -1.00 0.33 -1.00 0.07
z values for the Unidirectional Kappas
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC -3.51 4.68 -0.40 -1.81 0.01 -0.13
RAC 3.52 -2.14 -1.23 0.19 -0.52 -1.14
RDO 1.19 -2.36 1.38 -0.17 1.83 -1.12
LUP -1.81 -0.56 0.85 0.52 -0.62 3.52
LDO 0.01 -0.52 1.83 -0.62 -0.45 -0.58
RUP -0.13 -1.14 -1.12 3.52 -0.58 0.78
Significance Levels for the Unidirectional Kappas
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC 0.0005 0.0000 0.6921 0.0704 0.9887 0.8962
RAC 0.0004 0.0324 0.2179 0.8507 0.6034 0.2549
RDO 0.2332 0.0184 0.1668 0.8635 0.0678 0.2615
LUP 0.0704 0.5762 0.3942 0.6036 0.5373 0.0004
LDO 0.9887 0.6034 0.0678 0.5373 0.6509 0.5624
RUP 0.8962 0.2549 0.2615 0.0004 0.5624 0.4375
Group/Segment Number: 2
Cell Frequencies, Row & Column Totals, & N
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP Totals
LAC 5 24 6 2 1 1 39
RAC 23 14 6 1 4 0 48
RDO 9 4 2 0 2 0 17
LUP 0 2 0 1 0 6 9
LDO 2 3 3 0 0 0 8
RUP 0 1 0 5 1 2 9
Totals 39 48 17 9 8 9 130
Expected Values/Frequencies
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC 11.7 14.40 5.10 2.70 2.40 2.70
RAC 14.4 17.72 6.28 3.32 2.95 3.32
RDO 5.1 6.28 2.22 1.18 1.05 1.18
LUP 2.7 3.32 1.18 0.62 0.55 0.62
LDO 2.4 2.95 1.05 0.55 0.49 0.55
RUP 2.7 3.32 1.18 0.62 0.55 0.62
Transitional Probabilities
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC 0.13 0.62 0.15 0.05 0.03 0.03
RAC 0.48 0.29 0.12 0.02 0.08 0.00
RDO 0.53 0.24 0.12 0.00 0.12 0.00
LUP 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.67
LDO 0.25 0.38 0.38 0.00 0.00 0.00
RUP 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.56 0.11 0.22
Tablewise Likelihood Ratio (Chi-Square) test = 92.29, df = 25, p = 0
Adjusted Residuals
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC -2.80 3.81 0.51 -0.53 -1.11 -1.28
RAC 3.41 -1.40 -0.15 -1.66 0.79 -2.38
RDO 2.21 -1.23 -0.17 -1.21 1.03 -1.21
LUP -2.04 -0.95 -1.21 0.51 -0.80 7.32
LDO -0.32 0.03 2.12 -0.80 -0.75 -0.80
RUP -2.04 -1.66 -1.21 5.96 0.64 1.87
Significance Levels for the Adjusted Residuals
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC 0.0051 0.0001 0.6094 0.5977 0.2649 0.1999
RAC 0.0006 0.1609 0.8813 0.0963 0.4289 0.0174
RDO 0.0268 0.2197 0.8633 0.2278 0.3018 0.2278
LUP 0.0418 0.3435 0.2278 0.6079 0.4259 0.0000
LDO 0.7501 0.9722 0.0344 0.4259 0.4547 0.4259
RUP 0.0418 0.0963 0.2278 0.0000 0.5212 0.0609
Yule's Q Values
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC -0.60 0.63 0.14 -0.21 -0.52 -0.57
RAC 0.58 -0.26 -0.04 -0.67 0.28 -1.00
RDO 0.51 -0.35 -0.07 -1.00 0.41 -1.00
LUP -1.00 -0.36 -1.00 0.28 -1.00 0.97
LDO -0.13 0.01 0.64 -1.00 -1.00 -1.00
RUP -1.00 -0.67 -1.00 0.95 0.34 0.65
Unidirectional Kappas
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC -0.57 0.39 0.08 -0.25 -0.58 -0.63
RAC 0.34 -0.24 -0.06 -0.70 0.20 -1.00
RDO 0.33 -0.37 -0.09 -1.00 0.14 -1.00
LUP -1.00 -0.41 -1.00 0.05 -1.00 0.64
LDO -0.16 0.00 0.28 -1.00 -1.00 -1.00
RUP -1.00 -0.70 -1.00 0.52 0.06 0.16
z values for the Unidirectional Kappas
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC -2.75 3.70 0.53 -0.51 -1.10 -1.26
RAC 3.31 -1.61 -0.19 -1.68 0.76 -2.39
RDO 2.23 -1.26 -0.16 -1.20 1.04 -1.20
LUP -2.02 -0.97 -1.20 0.52 -0.79 7.32
LDO -0.30 0.01 2.12 -0.79 -0.74 -0.79
RUP -2.02 -1.68 -1.20 5.96 0.65 1.88
Significance Levels for the Unidirectional Kappas
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC 0.0059 0.0002 0.5948 0.6092 0.2721 0.2063
RAC 0.0009 0.1076 0.8477 0.0924 0.4491 0.0167
RDO 0.0257 0.2068 0.8738 0.2317 0.2982 0.2317
LUP 0.0438 0.3312 0.2317 0.6036 0.4297 0.0000
LDO 0.7616 0.9954 0.0338 0.4297 0.4583 0.4297
RUP 0.0438 0.0924 0.2317 0.0000 0.5175 0.0602
Group/Segment Number: 3
Cell Frequencies, Row & Column Totals, & N
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP Totals
LAC 12 10 2 2 0 6 32
RAC 9 5 0 4 3 2 23
RDO 1 0 0 1 1 0 3
LUP 3 5 0 10 1 11 30
LDO 0 2 1 0 0 7 10
RUP 7 0 0 13 5 7 32
Totals 32 22 3 30 10 33 130
Expected Values/Frequencies
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC 7.88 5.42 0.74 7.38 2.46 8.12
RAC 5.66 3.89 0.53 5.31 1.77 5.84
RDO 0.74 0.51 0.07 0.69 0.23 0.76
LUP 7.38 5.08 0.69 6.92 2.31 7.62
LDO 2.46 1.69 0.23 2.31 0.77 2.54
RUP 7.88 5.42 0.74 7.38 2.46 8.12
Transitional Probabilities
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC 0.38 0.31 0.06 0.06 0.00 0.19
RAC 0.39 0.22 0.00 0.17 0.13 0.09
RDO 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.33 0.00
LUP 0.10 0.17 0.00 0.33 0.03 0.37
LDO 0.00 0.20 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.70
RUP 0.22 0.00 0.00 0.41 0.16 0.22
Tablewise Likelihood Ratio (Chi-Square) test = 73.31, df = 25, p = 0
Adjusted Residuals
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC 1.95 2.49 1.71 -2.60 -1.88 -0.99
RAC 1.78 0.68 -0.81 -0.71 1.06 -2.03
RDO 0.35 -0.79 -0.27 0.43 1.69 -1.02
LUP -2.12 -0.04 -0.96 1.52 -1.02 1.62
LDO -1.88 0.27 1.69 -1.80 -0.95 3.37
RUP -0.41 -2.94 -1.00 2.71 1.94 -0.53
Significance Levels for the Adjusted Residuals
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC 0.0513 0.0128 0.0871 0.0093 0.0600 0.3206
RAC 0.0749 0.4972 0.4165 0.4756 0.2884 0.0427
RDO 0.7229 0.4290 0.7877 0.6697 0.0918 0.3067
LUP 0.0341 0.9659 0.3371 0.1285 0.3070 0.1055
LDO 0.0600 0.7871 0.0918 0.0714 0.3420 0.0007
RUP 0.6785 0.0033 0.3167 0.0067 0.0524 0.5993
Yule's Q Values
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC 0.40 0.53 0.73 -0.71 -1.00 -0.24
RAC 0.40 0.19 -1.00 -0.21 0.36 -0.62
RDO 0.22 -1.00 -1.00 0.26 0.74 -1.00
LUP -0.57 -0.01 -1.00 0.33 -0.48 0.34
LDO -1.00 0.11 0.74 -1.00 -1.00 0.79
RUP -0.10 -1.00 -1.00 0.53 0.55 -0.13
Unidirectional Kappas
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC 0.17 0.25 0.56 -0.73 -1.00 -0.26
RAC 0.19 0.05 -1.00 -0.24 0.15 -0.65
RDO 0.12 -1.00 -1.00 0.14 0.28 -1.00
LUP -0.59 -0.05 -1.00 0.14 -0.56 0.15
LDO -1.00 0.03 0.28 -1.00 -1.00 0.60
RUP -0.13 -1.00 -1.00 0.24 0.33 -0.16
z values for the Unidirectional Kappas
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC 1.97 2.33 1.72 -2.57 -1.86 -0.96
RAC 1.80 0.58 -0.81 -0.69 1.07 -2.00
RDO 0.36 -0.81 -0.27 0.43 1.69 -1.01
LUP -2.09 -0.15 -0.95 1.54 -1.01 1.64
LDO -1.86 0.21 1.69 -1.79 -0.94 3.38
RUP -0.50 -3.05 -1.01 2.60 1.87 -0.61
Significance Levels for the Unidirectional Kappas
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC 0.0486 0.0196 0.0862 0.0102 0.0624 0.3362
RAC 0.0718 0.5630 0.4205 0.4903 0.2837 0.0456
RDO 0.7175 0.4205 0.7893 0.6647 0.0911 0.3111
LUP 0.0369 0.8843 0.3414 0.1229 0.3143 0.1004
LDO 0.0624 0.8333 0.0911 0.0740 0.3460 0.0007
RUP 0.6205 0.0023 0.3111 0.0094 0.0610 0.5442
Pooled Data:
Number of cases/groups/segments: 3
Likelihood Ratio (Chi-Square) Test of Homogeneity/Stationarity = 91.68, df = 60, p = 0.00527
Cell Frequencies, Row & Column Totals, & N
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP Totals
LAC 28 62 14 5 3 10 122
RAC 57 26 9 8 8 3 111
RDO 19 5 6 2 5 0 37
LUP 4 9 2 12 1 20 48
LDO 4 6 6 0 0 7 23
RUP 10 2 0 21 6 10 49
Totals 122 110 37 48 23 50 390
Expected Values/Frequencies
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC 38.16 34.41 11.57 15.02 7.19 15.64
RAC 34.72 31.31 10.53 13.66 6.55 14.23
RDO 11.57 10.44 3.51 4.55 2.18 4.74
LUP 15.02 13.54 4.55 5.91 2.83 6.15
LDO 7.19 6.49 2.18 2.83 1.36 2.95
RUP 15.33 13.82 4.65 6.03 2.89 6.28
Transitional Probabilities
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC 0.23 0.51 0.11 0.04 0.02 0.08
RAC 0.51 0.23 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.03
RDO 0.51 0.14 0.16 0.05 0.14 0.00
LUP 0.08 0.19 0.04 0.25 0.02 0.42
LDO 0.17 0.26 0.26 0.00 0.00 0.30
RUP 0.20 0.04 0.00 0.43 0.12 0.20
Tablewise Likelihood Ratio (Chi-Square) test = 201.68, df = 25, p = 0
Adjusted Residuals
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC -2.39 6.70 0.90 -3.33 -1.94 -1.84
RAC 5.39 -1.32 -0.59 -1.93 0.69 -3.77
RDO 2.77 -2.09 1.47 -1.34 2.07 -2.45
LUP -3.66 -1.55 -1.34 2.86 -1.20 6.38
LDO -1.48 -0.23 2.80 -1.85 -1.24 2.60
RUP -1.76 -4.01 -2.42 6.96 2.02 1.70
Significance Levels for the Adjusted Residuals
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC 0.0167 0.0000 0.3660 0.0009 0.0518 0.0654
RAC 0.0000 0.1856 0.5577 0.0531 0.4886 0.0002
RDO 0.0056 0.0369 0.1421 0.1792 0.0387 0.0142
LUP 0.0003 0.1201 0.1792 0.0043 0.2310 0.0000
LDO 0.1386 0.8160 0.0051 0.0640 0.2158 0.0092
RUP 0.0791 0.0001 0.0154 0.0000 0.0437 0.0893
Yule's Q Values
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC -0.29 0.65 0.16 -0.63 -0.52 -0.33
RAC 0.55 -0.17 -0.12 -0.37 0.16 -0.76
RDO 0.44 -0.46 0.34 -0.45 0.49 -1.00
LUP -0.71 -0.29 -0.45 0.48 -0.53 0.76
LDO -0.38 -0.06 0.59 -1.00 -1.00 0.53
RUP -0.31 -0.83 -1.00 0.79 0.45 0.32
Unidirectional Kappas
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC -0.26 0.36 0.10 -0.67 -0.58 -0.36
RAC 0.29 -0.17 -0.14 -0.41 0.09 -0.79
RDO 0.29 -0.52 0.07 -0.56 0.14 -1.00
LUP -0.73 -0.34 -0.56 0.15 -0.65 0.33
LDO -0.44 -0.08 0.18 -1.00 -1.00 0.20
RUP -0.36 -0.86 -1.00 0.36 0.15 0.08
z values for the Unidirectional Kappas
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC -2.37 6.62 0.91 -3.31 -1.93 -1.83
RAC 5.41 -1.37 -0.58 -1.92 0.70 -3.75
RDO 2.78 -2.11 1.47 -1.34 2.07 -2.44
LUP -3.65 -1.58 -1.34 2.86 -1.19 6.39
LDO -1.47 -0.25 2.80 -1.85 -1.23 2.61
RUP -1.83 -4.09 -2.44 6.85 1.97 1.63
Significance Levels for the Unidirectional Kappas
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC 0.0179 0.0000 0.3605 0.0009 0.0530 0.0675
RAC 0.0000 0.1709 0.5649 0.0548 0.4839 0.0002
RDO 0.0055 0.0352 0.1407 0.1813 0.0384 0.0145
LUP 0.0003 0.1143 0.1813 0.0042 0.2329 0.0000
LDO 0.1411 0.8010 0.0050 0.0648 0.2171 0.0091
RUP 0.0675 0.0000 0.0145 0.0000 0.0493 0.1024
LagSequential documentation built on May 16, 2019, 5:09 p.m.
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Description Usage Arguments Details Value Author(s) References Examples
Description
Computes a variety of sequential analysis statistics for data that are in segments (e.g, for multiple dyads or groups).
Usage
1 2 3 |
Arguments
alldata |
A one-column dataframe, or a vector of code sequences, which
can be numeric or strings. Missing values are not permitted. If alldata is numeric, then the integers must range from "1" to the total number of
possible code values (which is not the total number of codes in a sequence),
and a number greater than 999 must be used in alldata to
separate the codes sequences for different groups/dyads.
See "data_seqgroups" for an example. If alldata consists of strings/characters, then the word "segment" must be used in alldata to separate the code sequences for different groups/dyads. See "data_seqgroups" for an example. |
labels |
Optional argument for providing labels to the code values. Accepts a list of string variables. If unspecified, codes will be labeled "Code1", "Code2", etc. |
lag |
The lag number for the analyses. |
adjacent |
Can adjacent values be coded the same? Enter "FALSE" if adjacent events can never be the same. Enter "TRUE" if adjacent events can always be the same. Enter "TRUE" if some adjacent events can, and others cannot, be the same; then enter the appropriate onezero matrix for your data. |
onezero |
Optional argument for specifying the one-zero matrix for the data. Useful when some adjacent events can, and others cannot, be the same. Accepts a square matrix of ones and zeros with length ncodes. A "1" indicates that the expected frequency for a given cell is to be estimated, whereas a "0" indicates that the expected frequency for the cell should NOT be estimated, typically because it is a structural zero (codes that cannot follow one another). By default, the matrix that is created by the above commands has zeros along the main diagonal, and ones everywhere else, which will be appropriate for most data sets. However, if your data happen to involve structural zeros that occur in cells other than the cells along the main diagonal, then you must create a onezero matrix with ones and zeros that is appropriate for your data. |
tailed |
Specify whether significance tests are one-tailed or two-tailed. Options are "1" or "2". |
test |
Specify whether to run tests for homogeneity of homogeneity or stationarity. Homogeneity should be tested when groups in the data are actually different groups, whereas stationarity should be tested when groups in the data are segments of a single stream of observations. Options are "homogeneity" or "stationarity". |
output |
Specify the desired output. Options are "pooled" for pooled data only, or "all" for all data sets. |
Details
Computes a variety of sequential analysis statistics for data that are in segments (e.g, for multiple dyads or groups. This is the same as the "sequential" function provided in this package, but allows for the data to be segmented. Sequential statistics are calculated for each segment, as well as for the data pooled across all segments.
Value
For each of the groups or segments and for the pooled data, displays the transitional frequency matrix, expected frequencies, transitional probabilities, adjusted residuals and significance levels, Yule's Q values, transformed Kappas (Wampold, 1989, 1992, 1995), z values for the kappas, and significance levels.
Returns a list with the following elements:
freqs |
The transitional frequency matrix |
expfreqs |
The expected frequencies |
probs |
The transitional probabilities |
chi |
The overall chi-square test of the difference between the observed and expected transitional frequencies |
adjres |
The adjusted residuals |
p |
The statistical significance levels |
YulesQ |
Yule's Q values, indicating the strength of the relationships between the antecedent and the consequence transitions |
kappas |
The nonparallel dominance kappas |
z |
The z values for the kappas |
pk |
The p-values for the kappas |
output |
The requested output data |
Author(s)
Zakary A. Draper & Brian P. O'Connor
References
O'Connor, B. P. (1999). Simple and flexible SAS and SPSS programs for analyzing
lag-sequential categorical data. Behavior Research Methods,
Instrumentation, and Computers, 31, 718-726.
Wampold, B. E. (1989). Kappa as a measure of pattern in sequential data.
Quality & Quantity, 23, 171-187.
Wampold, B. E. (1992). The intensive examination of social interactions.
In T. Kratochwill & J. Levin (Eds.), Single-case research design and
analysis: New directions for psychology and education (pp. 93-131).
Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Wampold, B. E. (1995). Analysis of behavior sequences in psychotherapy.
In J. Siegfried (Ed.), Therapeutic and everyday discourse as behavior
change: Towards a micro-analysis in psychotherapy process research
(pp. 189-214). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Examples
1 |
Example output
Lag Sequential Analysis of data that are in segments (e.g, for multiple dyads or groups
Requested 'tail' (1 or 2) for Significance Tests = 2
Group/Segment Number: 1
Cell Frequencies, Row & Column Totals, & N
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP Totals
LAC 11 28 6 1 2 3 51
RAC 25 7 3 3 1 1 40
RDO 9 1 4 1 2 0 17
LUP 1 2 2 1 0 3 9
LDO 2 1 2 0 0 0 5
RUP 3 1 0 3 0 1 8
Totals 51 40 17 9 5 8 130
Expected Values/Frequencies
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC 20.01 15.69 6.67 3.53 1.96 3.14
RAC 15.69 12.31 5.23 2.77 1.54 2.46
RDO 6.67 5.23 2.22 1.18 0.65 1.05
LUP 3.53 2.77 1.18 0.62 0.35 0.55
LDO 1.96 1.54 0.65 0.35 0.19 0.31
RUP 3.14 2.46 1.05 0.55 0.31 0.49
Transitional Probabilities
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC 0.22 0.55 0.12 0.02 0.04 0.06
RAC 0.62 0.17 0.07 0.07 0.03 0.03
RDO 0.53 0.06 0.24 0.06 0.12 0.00
LUP 0.11 0.22 0.22 0.11 0.00 0.33
LDO 0.40 0.20 0.40 0.00 0.00 0.00
RUP 0.38 0.12 0.00 0.38 0.00 0.12
Tablewise Likelihood Ratio (Chi-Square) test = 58.63, df = 25, p = 0.00016
Adjusted Residuals
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC -3.31 4.79 -0.36 -1.79 0.04 -0.10
RAC 3.62 -2.19 -1.26 0.17 -0.53 -1.16
RDO 1.24 -2.38 1.37 -0.18 1.82 -1.13
LUP -1.79 -0.58 0.84 0.51 -0.62 3.52
LDO 0.04 -0.53 1.82 -0.62 -0.46 -0.58
RUP -0.10 -1.16 -1.13 3.52 -0.58 0.77
Significance Levels for the Adjusted Residuals
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC 0.0009 0.0000 0.7214 0.0733 0.9713 0.9176
RAC 0.0003 0.0289 0.2086 0.8628 0.5947 0.2478
RDO 0.2143 0.0171 0.1704 0.8561 0.0686 0.2574
LUP 0.0733 0.5647 0.3990 0.6079 0.5340 0.0004
LDO 0.9713 0.5947 0.0686 0.5340 0.6483 0.5593
RUP 0.9176 0.2478 0.2574 0.0004 0.5593 0.4407
Yule's Q Values
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC -0.58 0.74 -0.10 -0.70 0.02 -0.04
RAC 0.61 -0.46 -0.39 0.06 -0.29 -0.53
RDO 0.31 -0.79 0.41 -0.10 0.66 -1.00
LUP -0.70 -0.23 0.34 0.28 -1.00 0.84
LDO 0.02 -0.29 0.66 -1.00 -1.00 -1.00
RUP -0.04 -0.53 -1.00 0.84 -1.00 0.40
Unidirectional Kappas
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC -0.47 0.50 -0.11 -0.72 0.01 -0.06
RAC 0.38 -0.43 -0.42 0.04 -0.35 -0.59
RDO 0.22 -0.81 0.12 -0.14 0.31 -1.00
LUP -0.72 -0.27 0.11 0.05 -1.00 0.33
LDO 0.01 -0.35 0.31 -1.00 -1.00 -1.00
RUP -0.06 -0.59 -1.00 0.33 -1.00 0.07
z values for the Unidirectional Kappas
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC -3.51 4.68 -0.40 -1.81 0.01 -0.13
RAC 3.52 -2.14 -1.23 0.19 -0.52 -1.14
RDO 1.19 -2.36 1.38 -0.17 1.83 -1.12
LUP -1.81 -0.56 0.85 0.52 -0.62 3.52
LDO 0.01 -0.52 1.83 -0.62 -0.45 -0.58
RUP -0.13 -1.14 -1.12 3.52 -0.58 0.78
Significance Levels for the Unidirectional Kappas
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC 0.0005 0.0000 0.6921 0.0704 0.9887 0.8962
RAC 0.0004 0.0324 0.2179 0.8507 0.6034 0.2549
RDO 0.2332 0.0184 0.1668 0.8635 0.0678 0.2615
LUP 0.0704 0.5762 0.3942 0.6036 0.5373 0.0004
LDO 0.9887 0.6034 0.0678 0.5373 0.6509 0.5624
RUP 0.8962 0.2549 0.2615 0.0004 0.5624 0.4375
Group/Segment Number: 2
Cell Frequencies, Row & Column Totals, & N
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP Totals
LAC 5 24 6 2 1 1 39
RAC 23 14 6 1 4 0 48
RDO 9 4 2 0 2 0 17
LUP 0 2 0 1 0 6 9
LDO 2 3 3 0 0 0 8
RUP 0 1 0 5 1 2 9
Totals 39 48 17 9 8 9 130
Expected Values/Frequencies
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC 11.7 14.40 5.10 2.70 2.40 2.70
RAC 14.4 17.72 6.28 3.32 2.95 3.32
RDO 5.1 6.28 2.22 1.18 1.05 1.18
LUP 2.7 3.32 1.18 0.62 0.55 0.62
LDO 2.4 2.95 1.05 0.55 0.49 0.55
RUP 2.7 3.32 1.18 0.62 0.55 0.62
Transitional Probabilities
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC 0.13 0.62 0.15 0.05 0.03 0.03
RAC 0.48 0.29 0.12 0.02 0.08 0.00
RDO 0.53 0.24 0.12 0.00 0.12 0.00
LUP 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.67
LDO 0.25 0.38 0.38 0.00 0.00 0.00
RUP 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.56 0.11 0.22
Tablewise Likelihood Ratio (Chi-Square) test = 92.29, df = 25, p = 0
Adjusted Residuals
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC -2.80 3.81 0.51 -0.53 -1.11 -1.28
RAC 3.41 -1.40 -0.15 -1.66 0.79 -2.38
RDO 2.21 -1.23 -0.17 -1.21 1.03 -1.21
LUP -2.04 -0.95 -1.21 0.51 -0.80 7.32
LDO -0.32 0.03 2.12 -0.80 -0.75 -0.80
RUP -2.04 -1.66 -1.21 5.96 0.64 1.87
Significance Levels for the Adjusted Residuals
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC 0.0051 0.0001 0.6094 0.5977 0.2649 0.1999
RAC 0.0006 0.1609 0.8813 0.0963 0.4289 0.0174
RDO 0.0268 0.2197 0.8633 0.2278 0.3018 0.2278
LUP 0.0418 0.3435 0.2278 0.6079 0.4259 0.0000
LDO 0.7501 0.9722 0.0344 0.4259 0.4547 0.4259
RUP 0.0418 0.0963 0.2278 0.0000 0.5212 0.0609
Yule's Q Values
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC -0.60 0.63 0.14 -0.21 -0.52 -0.57
RAC 0.58 -0.26 -0.04 -0.67 0.28 -1.00
RDO 0.51 -0.35 -0.07 -1.00 0.41 -1.00
LUP -1.00 -0.36 -1.00 0.28 -1.00 0.97
LDO -0.13 0.01 0.64 -1.00 -1.00 -1.00
RUP -1.00 -0.67 -1.00 0.95 0.34 0.65
Unidirectional Kappas
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC -0.57 0.39 0.08 -0.25 -0.58 -0.63
RAC 0.34 -0.24 -0.06 -0.70 0.20 -1.00
RDO 0.33 -0.37 -0.09 -1.00 0.14 -1.00
LUP -1.00 -0.41 -1.00 0.05 -1.00 0.64
LDO -0.16 0.00 0.28 -1.00 -1.00 -1.00
RUP -1.00 -0.70 -1.00 0.52 0.06 0.16
z values for the Unidirectional Kappas
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC -2.75 3.70 0.53 -0.51 -1.10 -1.26
RAC 3.31 -1.61 -0.19 -1.68 0.76 -2.39
RDO 2.23 -1.26 -0.16 -1.20 1.04 -1.20
LUP -2.02 -0.97 -1.20 0.52 -0.79 7.32
LDO -0.30 0.01 2.12 -0.79 -0.74 -0.79
RUP -2.02 -1.68 -1.20 5.96 0.65 1.88
Significance Levels for the Unidirectional Kappas
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC 0.0059 0.0002 0.5948 0.6092 0.2721 0.2063
RAC 0.0009 0.1076 0.8477 0.0924 0.4491 0.0167
RDO 0.0257 0.2068 0.8738 0.2317 0.2982 0.2317
LUP 0.0438 0.3312 0.2317 0.6036 0.4297 0.0000
LDO 0.7616 0.9954 0.0338 0.4297 0.4583 0.4297
RUP 0.0438 0.0924 0.2317 0.0000 0.5175 0.0602
Group/Segment Number: 3
Cell Frequencies, Row & Column Totals, & N
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP Totals
LAC 12 10 2 2 0 6 32
RAC 9 5 0 4 3 2 23
RDO 1 0 0 1 1 0 3
LUP 3 5 0 10 1 11 30
LDO 0 2 1 0 0 7 10
RUP 7 0 0 13 5 7 32
Totals 32 22 3 30 10 33 130
Expected Values/Frequencies
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC 7.88 5.42 0.74 7.38 2.46 8.12
RAC 5.66 3.89 0.53 5.31 1.77 5.84
RDO 0.74 0.51 0.07 0.69 0.23 0.76
LUP 7.38 5.08 0.69 6.92 2.31 7.62
LDO 2.46 1.69 0.23 2.31 0.77 2.54
RUP 7.88 5.42 0.74 7.38 2.46 8.12
Transitional Probabilities
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC 0.38 0.31 0.06 0.06 0.00 0.19
RAC 0.39 0.22 0.00 0.17 0.13 0.09
RDO 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.33 0.00
LUP 0.10 0.17 0.00 0.33 0.03 0.37
LDO 0.00 0.20 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.70
RUP 0.22 0.00 0.00 0.41 0.16 0.22
Tablewise Likelihood Ratio (Chi-Square) test = 73.31, df = 25, p = 0
Adjusted Residuals
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC 1.95 2.49 1.71 -2.60 -1.88 -0.99
RAC 1.78 0.68 -0.81 -0.71 1.06 -2.03
RDO 0.35 -0.79 -0.27 0.43 1.69 -1.02
LUP -2.12 -0.04 -0.96 1.52 -1.02 1.62
LDO -1.88 0.27 1.69 -1.80 -0.95 3.37
RUP -0.41 -2.94 -1.00 2.71 1.94 -0.53
Significance Levels for the Adjusted Residuals
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC 0.0513 0.0128 0.0871 0.0093 0.0600 0.3206
RAC 0.0749 0.4972 0.4165 0.4756 0.2884 0.0427
RDO 0.7229 0.4290 0.7877 0.6697 0.0918 0.3067
LUP 0.0341 0.9659 0.3371 0.1285 0.3070 0.1055
LDO 0.0600 0.7871 0.0918 0.0714 0.3420 0.0007
RUP 0.6785 0.0033 0.3167 0.0067 0.0524 0.5993
Yule's Q Values
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC 0.40 0.53 0.73 -0.71 -1.00 -0.24
RAC 0.40 0.19 -1.00 -0.21 0.36 -0.62
RDO 0.22 -1.00 -1.00 0.26 0.74 -1.00
LUP -0.57 -0.01 -1.00 0.33 -0.48 0.34
LDO -1.00 0.11 0.74 -1.00 -1.00 0.79
RUP -0.10 -1.00 -1.00 0.53 0.55 -0.13
Unidirectional Kappas
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC 0.17 0.25 0.56 -0.73 -1.00 -0.26
RAC 0.19 0.05 -1.00 -0.24 0.15 -0.65
RDO 0.12 -1.00 -1.00 0.14 0.28 -1.00
LUP -0.59 -0.05 -1.00 0.14 -0.56 0.15
LDO -1.00 0.03 0.28 -1.00 -1.00 0.60
RUP -0.13 -1.00 -1.00 0.24 0.33 -0.16
z values for the Unidirectional Kappas
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC 1.97 2.33 1.72 -2.57 -1.86 -0.96
RAC 1.80 0.58 -0.81 -0.69 1.07 -2.00
RDO 0.36 -0.81 -0.27 0.43 1.69 -1.01
LUP -2.09 -0.15 -0.95 1.54 -1.01 1.64
LDO -1.86 0.21 1.69 -1.79 -0.94 3.38
RUP -0.50 -3.05 -1.01 2.60 1.87 -0.61
Significance Levels for the Unidirectional Kappas
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC 0.0486 0.0196 0.0862 0.0102 0.0624 0.3362
RAC 0.0718 0.5630 0.4205 0.4903 0.2837 0.0456
RDO 0.7175 0.4205 0.7893 0.6647 0.0911 0.3111
LUP 0.0369 0.8843 0.3414 0.1229 0.3143 0.1004
LDO 0.0624 0.8333 0.0911 0.0740 0.3460 0.0007
RUP 0.6205 0.0023 0.3111 0.0094 0.0610 0.5442
Pooled Data:
Number of cases/groups/segments: 3
Likelihood Ratio (Chi-Square) Test of Homogeneity/Stationarity = 91.68, df = 60, p = 0.00527
Cell Frequencies, Row & Column Totals, & N
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP Totals
LAC 28 62 14 5 3 10 122
RAC 57 26 9 8 8 3 111
RDO 19 5 6 2 5 0 37
LUP 4 9 2 12 1 20 48
LDO 4 6 6 0 0 7 23
RUP 10 2 0 21 6 10 49
Totals 122 110 37 48 23 50 390
Expected Values/Frequencies
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC 38.16 34.41 11.57 15.02 7.19 15.64
RAC 34.72 31.31 10.53 13.66 6.55 14.23
RDO 11.57 10.44 3.51 4.55 2.18 4.74
LUP 15.02 13.54 4.55 5.91 2.83 6.15
LDO 7.19 6.49 2.18 2.83 1.36 2.95
RUP 15.33 13.82 4.65 6.03 2.89 6.28
Transitional Probabilities
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC 0.23 0.51 0.11 0.04 0.02 0.08
RAC 0.51 0.23 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.03
RDO 0.51 0.14 0.16 0.05 0.14 0.00
LUP 0.08 0.19 0.04 0.25 0.02 0.42
LDO 0.17 0.26 0.26 0.00 0.00 0.30
RUP 0.20 0.04 0.00 0.43 0.12 0.20
Tablewise Likelihood Ratio (Chi-Square) test = 201.68, df = 25, p = 0
Adjusted Residuals
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC -2.39 6.70 0.90 -3.33 -1.94 -1.84
RAC 5.39 -1.32 -0.59 -1.93 0.69 -3.77
RDO 2.77 -2.09 1.47 -1.34 2.07 -2.45
LUP -3.66 -1.55 -1.34 2.86 -1.20 6.38
LDO -1.48 -0.23 2.80 -1.85 -1.24 2.60
RUP -1.76 -4.01 -2.42 6.96 2.02 1.70
Significance Levels for the Adjusted Residuals
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC 0.0167 0.0000 0.3660 0.0009 0.0518 0.0654
RAC 0.0000 0.1856 0.5577 0.0531 0.4886 0.0002
RDO 0.0056 0.0369 0.1421 0.1792 0.0387 0.0142
LUP 0.0003 0.1201 0.1792 0.0043 0.2310 0.0000
LDO 0.1386 0.8160 0.0051 0.0640 0.2158 0.0092
RUP 0.0791 0.0001 0.0154 0.0000 0.0437 0.0893
Yule's Q Values
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC -0.29 0.65 0.16 -0.63 -0.52 -0.33
RAC 0.55 -0.17 -0.12 -0.37 0.16 -0.76
RDO 0.44 -0.46 0.34 -0.45 0.49 -1.00
LUP -0.71 -0.29 -0.45 0.48 -0.53 0.76
LDO -0.38 -0.06 0.59 -1.00 -1.00 0.53
RUP -0.31 -0.83 -1.00 0.79 0.45 0.32
Unidirectional Kappas
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC -0.26 0.36 0.10 -0.67 -0.58 -0.36
RAC 0.29 -0.17 -0.14 -0.41 0.09 -0.79
RDO 0.29 -0.52 0.07 -0.56 0.14 -1.00
LUP -0.73 -0.34 -0.56 0.15 -0.65 0.33
LDO -0.44 -0.08 0.18 -1.00 -1.00 0.20
RUP -0.36 -0.86 -1.00 0.36 0.15 0.08
z values for the Unidirectional Kappas
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC -2.37 6.62 0.91 -3.31 -1.93 -1.83
RAC 5.41 -1.37 -0.58 -1.92 0.70 -3.75
RDO 2.78 -2.11 1.47 -1.34 2.07 -2.44
LUP -3.65 -1.58 -1.34 2.86 -1.19 6.39
LDO -1.47 -0.25 2.80 -1.85 -1.23 2.61
RUP -1.83 -4.09 -2.44 6.85 1.97 1.63
Significance Levels for the Unidirectional Kappas
LAC RAC RDO LUP LDO RUP
LAC 0.0179 0.0000 0.3605 0.0009 0.0530 0.0675
RAC 0.0000 0.1709 0.5649 0.0548 0.4839 0.0002
RDO 0.0055 0.0352 0.1407 0.1813 0.0384 0.0145
LUP 0.0003 0.1143 0.1813 0.0042 0.2329 0.0000
LDO 0.1411 0.8010 0.0050 0.0648 0.2171 0.0091
RUP 0.0675 0.0000 0.0145 0.0000 0.0493 0.1024
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