View source: R/findMinimumTimeSpeed.R
findMinimumTimeSpeed | R Documentation |
This function performs a numerical optimization to find the airspeed for which \frac{P+P_\mathrm{dep}}{U}
is minimum..
findMinimumTimeSpeed(bird,
EnergyDepositionRate=1.5*bird$basalMetabolicRate,
lower=NULL,upper=NULL,
windSpeed=0,windDir=0,...)
bird |
bird description object (see |
EnergyDepositionRate |
The rate at which the bird accumulates energy at stopover sites |
lower |
lower speed limit (optional) |
upper |
upper speed limit (optional) |
windSpeed |
wind magnitude (in m/s; optional) |
windDir |
wind direction (in degrees; optional) |
... |
optional arguments: |
This function performs a numerical optimization to find the airspeed that minimizes the combination of flight time and time required to (re)gain the energy reserves to cover the flight cost. If the bird would fly faster, it would need to spend more time refueling. If it flew slower, the reduced refueling time that comes with the lower cost of transport does not offset the longer flight time. Mathematically this problem works out as minimizing \frac{P+P_\mathrm{dep}}{U}
Hedenström 1998, which is technically the same optimization as for the maximum range speed (see details findMaximumRangeSpeed
). The default energy deposition rate, the rate at which a bird accumulates energy during a stopover, is set to 1.5 times the basal metabolic rate (Lindström 1991).
Returns data.frame (power.chemical) of flight performance at maximum range speed for bird
.
Marco Klein Heerenbrink
Lindström, Å. (1991) Maximum fat deposition rates in migrating birds. Ornis Scand. 22, 12-19 (doi:10.2307/3676616)
Hedenström, A. & Alerstam, T. (1997) Optimum fuel loads in migratory birds: distinguishing between time and energy minimization. J. Theor. Biol. 189, 227–34. (doi:10.1006/jtbi.1997.0505)
Hedenström, A. & Alerstam, T. (1998) How fast can birds migrate? J. Avian Biol. 29, 424-432. (doi:10.2307/3677161)
computeChemicalPower
, computeFlappingPower
## Define a bird:
myBird = Bird(
massTotal = 0.215, # (kg) total body mass
wingSpan = 0.67, # (m) maximum wing span
wingArea = 0.0652, # (m2) maximum wing area
type = "passerine"
)
minimumTimeSpeed <- findMinimumTimeSpeed(myBird,1.5*myBird$basalMetabolicRate)
minimumTimeSpeed[c('speed','speed.migration',
'power','power.chem','power.dep',
'strokeplane','amplitude','frequency')]
# speed speed.migration power power.chem power.dep strokeplane amplitude frequency
# 11.74944 1.962213 2.74058 15.36634 3.080752 16.49244 38.03366 5.948083
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