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#' Species-by-Trait Matrix for Late Ordovician Marine Fossils.
#'
#' Sample data set of life habit codings (functional traits) for fossil taxa
#' from the Late Ordovician (Type Cincinnatian) Kope and Waynesville Formations
#' from Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky (U.S.A.). The faunal list was compiled from
#' the \href{https://paleobiodb.org/}{Paleobiology Database}.
#'
#' @name KWTraits
#' @rdname KWTraits
#'
#' @details Binary traits are coded with 0 = absent and 1 = present. Five
#' ordered numeric traits (body volume, mobility, distance from seafloor
#' [stratification]) were rescaled to range from 0 to 1 with discrete bins at
#' equally spaced intermediate values.
#'
#' See Novack-Gottshall (2007: especially online Supplementary Appendix A at
#' \href{https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237375733_Using_a_theoretical_ecospace_to_quantify_the_ecological_diversity_of_Paleozoic_and_modern_marine_biotas}{for
#' reprint}) for definition each functional trait, justifications,
#' explanations, and examples. Novack-Gottshall (2007: Supplementary Appendix
#' B; 2016: Supplementary Appendix A) provides examples of how traits were
#' coded using inferences derived from functional morphology, body size,
#' ichnology, \emph{in situ} preservation, biotic associations recording
#' direct interactions, and interpretation of geographic and depositional
#' environment patterns.
#'
#' Indeterminate taxa (e.g., trepostome bryozoan indet. or
#' \emph{Platystrophia} sp.) that occurred within individual samples within
#' these formations were excluded from the aggregate species pool unless their
#' occurrence was the sole member of that taxon. Such indeterminate taxa and
#' genera lacking a species identification were coded for a particular state
#' only when all other members of that taxon within the Kope-Waynesville
#' species pool unanimously shared that common state; otherwise, the state was
#' listed as NA (missing).
#'
#' @format A data frame with 237 rows (taxa) and 40 columns (3 taxonomic
#' identifiers and 37 functional traits): \describe{\item{Class}{Taxonomic
#' class(character)} \item{Genus}{Taxonomic genus (character)}
#' \item{sp.}{Taxonomic species (character)} \item{SEXL}{Sexual reproduction
#' (binary)} \item{ASEX}{Asexual reproduction (binary)} \item{BVOL}{Skeletal
#' body volume of typical adult (ordered numeric with 7 bins). Estimated using
#' methods of Novack-Gottshall (2008).\itemize{ \item 1.000: >= 100 cm^3\item
#' 0.833: 100-10 cm^3 \item 0.667: 10-1 cm^3 \item 0.500: 1-0.1 cm^3 \item
#' 0.333: 0.1-0.01 cm^3 \item 0.167: 0.01-0.001 cm^3 \item 0: < 0.001 cm^3}}
#' \item{BIOT}{Biotic substrate composition (binary)} \item{LITH}{Lithic
#' substrate composition (binary)} \item{FLUD}{Fluidic medium (binary)}
#' \item{HARD}{Hard substrate consistency (binary)} \item{SOFT}{Soft substrate
#' consistency (binary)} \item{INSB}{Insubstantial medium consistency
#' (binary)} \item{SPRT}{Supported on other object (binary)}
#' \item{SSUP}{Self-supported (binary)} \item{ATTD}{Attached to substrate
#' (binary)} \item{FRLV}{Free-living (binary)} \item{MOBL}{Mobility (ordered
#' numeric with 5 bins): \itemize{ \item 1: habitually mobile \item 0.75:
#' intermittently mobile \item 0.50: facultatively mobile \item 0.25:
#' passively mobile (i.e., planktonic drifting) \item 0: sedentary
#' (immobile)}} \item{ABST}{Primary microhabitat stratification: absolute
#' distance from seafloor (ordered numeric with 5 bins): \itemize{ \item 1: >=
#' 100 cm \item 0.75: 100-10 cm: \item 0.50: 10-1 cm\item 0.25: 1-0.1 cm \item
#' 0: <0.1 cm}} \item{AABS}{Primary microhabitat is above seafloor (i.e.,
#' epifaunal)} \item{IABS}{Primary microhabitat is within seafloor (i.e.,
#' infaunal)} \item{RLST}{Immediately surrounding microhabitat stratification:
#' relative distance from substrate (ordered numeric with 5 bins): \itemize{
#' \item 1: >= 100 cm \item 0.75: 100-10 cm: \item 0.50: 10-1 cm \item 0.25:
#' 1-0.1 cm \item 0: <0.1 cm}} \item{AREL}{Lives above immediate substrate}
#' \item{IREL}{Lives within immediate substrate} \item{FAAB}{Food is above
#' seafloor} \item{FIAB}{Food is within seafloor} \item{FAST}{Primary feeding
#' microhabitat stratification: absolute distance of food from seafloor
#' (ordered numeric with 5 bins): \itemize{ \item 1: >= 100 cm \item 0.75:
#' 100-10 cm: \item 0.50: 10-1 cm \item 0.25: 1-0.1 cm \item 0: <0.1 cm}}
#' \item{FARL}{Food is above immediate substrate} \item{FIRL}{Food is within
#' immediate substrate} \item{FRST}{Immediately surrounding feeding
#' microhabitat stratification: relative distance of food from substrate
#' (ordered numeric with 5 bins): \itemize{ \item 1: >= 100 cm \item 0.75:
#' 100-10 cm: \item 0.50: 10-1 cm\item 0.25: 1-0.1 cm \item 0: <0.1 cm}}
#' \item{AMBT}{Ambient foraging habit} \item{FILT}{Filter-feeding foraging
#' habit} \item{ATTF}{Attachment-feeding foraging habit}
#' \item{MASS}{Mass-feeding foraging habit} \item{RAPT}{Raptorial foraging
#' habit} \item{AUTO}{Autotrophic diet} \item{MICR}{Microbivorous (bacteria,
#' protists, algae) diet} \item{CARN}{Carnivorous diet} \item{INCP}{Food has
#' incorporeal physical condition} \item{PART}{Food consumed as particulate
#' matter} \item{BULK}{Food consumed as bulk matter}}
#'
#' @source Novack-Gottshall, P.M. 2016b. General models of ecological
#' diversification. II. Simulations and empirical applications.
#' \emph{Paleobiology} 42: 209-239.
#'
#' @references Novack-Gottshall, P.M. 2007. Using a theoretical ecospace to
#' quantify the ecological diversity of Paleozoic and modern marine biotas.
#' \emph{Paleobiology} 33: 274-295.
#' @references Novack-Gottshall, P.M. 2008. Using simple body-size metrics to
#' estimate fossil body volume: empirical validation using diverse Paleozoic
#' invertebrates. \emph{PALAIOS} 23(3):163-173.
#' @references Novack-Gottshall, P.M. 2016. General models of ecological
#' diversification. II. Simulations and empirical applications.
#' \emph{Paleobiology} 42: 209-239.
#' @references Villeger, S., P. M. Novack-Gottshall, and D. Mouillot. 2011. The
#' multidimensionality of the niche reveals functional diversity changes in
#' benthic marine biotas across geological time. \emph{Ecology Letters}
#' 14(6):561-568.
#'
#' @keywords datasets
"KWTraits"
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