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Heraldic Color Hatching
In gridpattern: 'grid' Pattern Grobs
knitr::opts_chunk$set(
collapse = TRUE,
comment = "#>"
)
can_render <- capabilities("png") || guess_has_R4.1_features("masks")
can_run_aqp <- requireNamespace("aqp", quietly = TRUE) &&
(interactive() || identical(Sys.getenv("IN_PKGDOWN"), "true") || identical(Sys.getenv("NOT_CRAN"), "true"))
The gridpattern package supports heraldic color hatching via grid.pattern_hatch().
Hatching encodes color information using patterns of lines and dots, allowing
images to be reproduced in black and white while retaining color identity.
Four systems are supported via the subtype argument:
-
"combinatorial" (default): extends the seven standard Petra Sancta tinctures with systematically derived mixed-color combinations following three rules:
-
white combined with a color is represented by dashed lines
- yellow combined with a color is represented by dotdash lines
-
color combined with a color is represented by crossing solid lines
-
"fox-davies": contains the sixteen hatchings from Fox-Davies' A Complete Guide to Heraldry covering the seven standard Petra Sancta tinctures plus nine extensions from German heraldry.
"goodman": contains all the hatchings from David Goodman's Heraldic Tincture reference (v2.0, 2024)."unicode": the system used in the official Unicode character chart pdfs to render "colored" (emoji) glyphs in black-and-white.
Use names_hatch() to query supported tincture names for a given subtype. The "hatch" pattern will also coerce some of the more common color names to the right tincture e.g. "gold" and "yellow" will be both coerced to "or" and vice versa.
library("grid")
library("gridpattern")
names_hatch()
names_hatch("fox-davies")
names_hatch("goodman")
names_hatch("unicode")
Combinatorial color hatching
The default "combinatorial" subtype starts from the set of five Munsell primary colors of red, yellow, green, blue, and purple plus black and white and the standard Petra Sancta color hatching system and then systematically derives additional color hatchings via three rules:
- white + color → dashed lines
- yellow + color → dotdash lines
- color + color → crossing solid lines
# Munsell primary colors
p_col <- c(
argent = "#FFFFFF",
sable = "#000000",
gules = "#C83030", # 5R 4/14
# or = "#E8C840", # 5Y 8/12
or = "#D4B828", # 5Y 7/12
azure = "#0072B0", # 5B 4/10
vert = "#008060", # 5G 5/10
# purpure = "#7B4090" # 5P 4/10
purpure = "#9050C0" # 5P 6/12
)
# p_col <- c(
# argent = aqp::parseMunsell("N 9.5/"),
# azure = aqp::parseMunsell("5B 4/10"),
# gules = aqp::parseMunsell("5R 4/14"),
# or = aqp::parseMunsell("5Y 7/12"),
# sable = aqp::parseMunsell("N 1/"),
# purpure = aqp::parseMunsell("5P 6/12"),
# vert = aqp::parseMunsell("5G 5/10")
# )
# Five Munsell secondary hues via subtractive mixing
s_col <- c(
orange = mix_col(c(p_col["gules"], p_col["or"])), # YR: red + yellow
lime = mix_col(c(p_col["or"], p_col["vert"])), # GY: yellow + green
teal = mix_col(c(p_col["azure"], p_col["vert"])), # BG: blue + green
violet = mix_col(c(p_col["azure"], p_col["purpure"])), # PB: blue + purple
sanguine = mix_col(c(p_col["gules"], p_col["purpure"])) # RP: red + purple
)
# Notable combination colors
w_col <- c(
carnation = mix_col(c(p_col["argent"], p_col["gules"])),
cendree = mix_col(c(p_col["argent"], p_col["sable"])),
mint = mix_col(c(p_col["argent"], p_col["vert"])),
`bleu celeste` = mix_col(c(p_col["argent"], p_col["azure"])),
lavender = mix_col(c(p_col["argent"], p_col["purpure"]))
)
o_col <- c(
tenne = mix_col(c(p_col["gules"], p_col["vert"])),
slate = mix_col(c(p_col["purpure"], p_col["vert"])),
olive = mix_col(c(p_col["or"], p_col["sable"])),
rose = mix_col(c(p_col["or"], p_col["purpure"])),
brunatre = mix_col(c(p_col["azure"], p_col["gules"], p_col["vert"]))
)
groups <- list(
list(
label = "Achromatic",
tinctures = c("argent", "sable"),
cols = p_col[c("argent", "sable")],
names = c("white (W)", "black (K)")
),
list(
label = "Munsell Primary Hues",
tinctures = c("gules", "or", "vert", "azure", "purpure"),
cols = p_col[c("gules", "or", "vert", "azure", "purpure")],
names = c("red (R)", "yellow (Y)", "green (G)", "blue (B)", "purple (P)")
),
list(
label = "Munsell Secondary Hues",
tinctures = c("orange", "lime", "teal", "violet", "sanguine"),
cols = s_col,
names = c("orange (R+Y)", "lime (Y+G)", "teal (G+B)", "violet (B+P)", "magenta (P+R)")
),
list(
label = "Combinations with White",
tinctures = c("carnation", "cendree", "mint", "bleu celeste", "lavender"),
cols = w_col,
names = c("pink (R+W)", "grey (K+W)", "mint (G+W)", "light blue (B+W)", "lavender (P+W)")
),
list(
label = "Other Combinations*",
tinctures = c("tenne", "olive", "slate", "brunatre", "rose"),
cols = o_col[c("tenne", "olive", "slate", "brunatre", "rose")],
names = c("brown (R+G)", "olive (Y+K)", "slate (G+P)", "umbre (B+R+G)", "rose (Y+P)")
)
)
rx <- c(0, 0, 1, 1)
ry <- c(1, 0, 0, 1)
ncols_fig <- 5L
row_heights <- unlist(lapply(groups, function(g) {
n_sr <- ceiling(length(g$tinctures) / ncols_fig)
c(0.28, rep(1, n_sr))
}))
grid.newpage()
grid.rect(gp = gpar(fill = "white", col = NA))
pushViewport(viewport(width = 0.97, height = 0.97))
grid.text(
"Combinatorial Petra Sancta",
y = unit(1, "npc") - unit(0.25, "cm"),
just = "top",
gp = gpar(fontsize = 31, fontface = "bold")
)
# Upper-right rules legend
pushViewport(viewport(
x = unit(1, "npc") - unit(0.2, "cm"),
y = unit(1, "npc") - unit(1.3, "cm"),
just = c("right", "top"),
width = unit(10.0, "cm"), height = unit(3.1, "cm")
))
grid.rect(gp = gpar(fill = "grey98", col = "grey60", lwd = 0.8))
grid.text("Combination rules:", x = 0.01, y = 0.91, just = c("left", "top"),
gp = gpar(fontsize = 14, fontface = "bold"))
legend_rules <- c(
"1. Dashed lines — combined with white",
"2. Dot-dash lines — combined with yellow",
"3. Crossed solid lines — mixed colors (if not black)"
)
for (i in seq_along(legend_rules)) {
grid.text(legend_rules[i], x = 0.01, y = 0.66 - (i - 1L) * 0.25,
just = c("left", "top"), gp = gpar(fontsize = 11))
}
popViewport()
pushViewport(viewport(
y = 0.49, height = 0.90,
layout = grid.layout(length(row_heights), ncols_fig, heights = unit(row_heights, "null"))
))
layout_row <- 1L
for (g in groups) {
pushViewport(viewport(layout.pos.row = layout_row, layout.pos.col = 1:ncols_fig))
grid.text(g$label, x = 0.01, just = "left",
gp = gpar(fontsize = 18, fontface = "bold", col = "black"))
popViewport()
layout_row <- layout_row + 1L
n_sr <- ceiling(length(g$tinctures) / ncols_fig)
for (sr in seq_len(n_sr)) {
idx_from <- (sr - 1L) * ncols_fig + 1L
idx_to <- min(sr * ncols_fig, length(g$tinctures))
for (ci in idx_from:idx_to) {
t <- g$tinctures[ci]
col_i <- (ci - 1L) %% ncols_fig + 1L
if (is.na(t)) next
col <- unname(g$cols[ci])
nm <- g$names[ci]
display_col <- if (t == "argent") "grey55" else col
pushViewport(viewport(layout.pos.row = layout_row, layout.pos.col = col_i))
pushViewport(viewport(y = 0.58, width = 0.90, height = 0.72,
layout = grid.layout(1, 2)))
pushViewport(viewport(layout.pos.row = 1, layout.pos.col = 1))
grid.rect(gp = gpar(fill = col, col = display_col, lwd = 1.5))
popViewport()
pushViewport(viewport(layout.pos.row = 1, layout.pos.col = 2))
grid.pattern_hatch(rx, ry, type = t, color = display_col,
spacing = 0.18, linewidth = 0.8)
grid.rect(gp = gpar(fill = NA, col = display_col, lwd = 1.5))
popViewport()
popViewport()
grid.text(nm, y = unit(0.105, "npc"), gp = gpar(fontsize = 9, col = "black"))
popViewport()
}
layout_row <- layout_row + 1L
}
}
popViewport()
# Footnote
grid.text(
"* Display colors are sensitive to the exact primary pigments chosen;\n results are roughly consistent for saturated heraldic primaries with Munsell pigment mixing.",
x = 0.01, y = 0.004, just = c("left", "bottom"),
gp = gpar(fontsize = 10, col = "black", fontface = "italic")
)
popViewport()
Note: The mixed display colors shown above can be sensitive to the exact hex values chosen for the primaries.
The results are fairly consistent when the primaries are the saturated, high-chroma colors typical of heraldry combined with Munsell pigment mixing
but softer or more neutral primaries can shift some secondaries noticeably
(for example, mixing yellow and blue can yield anything from olive-grey to muted purple depending on the blue's hue angle).
Heraldic tincture hatching
Fox-Davies
The "fox-davies" hatching subtype includes the seven standard tinctures plus nine extensions from German heraldry whose hatchings were included in Fox-Davies' A Complete Guide to Heraldry.
# Approximate display color for each tincture
tincture_col <- c(
argent = "grey40",
azure = "#003399",
`bleu celeste` = "#4499CC",
brunatre = "#7B3A10",
carnation = "#CC6688",
cendree = "#708090",
gules = "#CC0000",
eisenfarbe = "#708090",
proper = "#228B22",
or = "#DAA520",
orange = "#EE7700",
purpure = "#660099",
sable = "#111111",
sanguine = "#880000",
tenne = "#BB6600",
vert = "#006400"
)
color_equiv <- c(
argent = "white/silver",
azure = "blue",
`bleu celeste` = "light blue",
brunatre = "(earth) brown",
carnation = "carnation",
cendree = "ash grey",
gules = "red",
eisenfarbe = "iron grey",
proper = "color of nature",
or = "yellow/gold",
orange = "orange",
purpure = "purple",
sable = "black",
sanguine = "blood red",
tenne = "(tawny) brown",
vert = "green"
)
# Heater shield polygon (normalised to [0,1] x [0,1])
sx <- c(0.0, 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.0)
sy <- c(1.0, 0.35, 0.0, 0.35, 1.0)
tinctures <- names_hatch("fox-davies")
tincture_labels <- names_hatch("fox-davies", accent = TRUE)
n <- length(tinctures)
ncols <- 4L
nrows <- ceiling(n / ncols)
grid.newpage()
grid.rect(gp = gpar(fill = "white", col = NA))
pushViewport(viewport(width = 0.97, height = 0.97))
grid.text(
"Heraldic Hatching (Petra Sancta + German Heraldry Extensions)",
y = unit(1, "npc") - unit(0.25, "cm"),
just = "top",
gp = gpar(fontsize = 13, fontface = "bold")
)
pushViewport(viewport(y = 0.47, height = 0.90, layout = grid.layout(nrows, ncols)))
for (i in seq_len(n)) {
t <- tinctures[i]
col <- tincture_col[t]
row_i <- ((i - 1L) %/% ncols) + 1L
col_i <- ((i - 1L) %% ncols) + 1L
pushViewport(viewport(layout.pos.row = row_i, layout.pos.col = col_i))
pushViewport(viewport(y = 0.60, width = 0.78, height = 0.70))
grid.polygon(sx, sy, gp = gpar(fill = "white", col = NA))
grid.pattern_hatch(sx, sy, type = t, subtype = "fox-davies", color = col, spacing = 0.12, linewidth = 1.0)
grid.polygon(sx, sy, gp = gpar(fill = NA, col = col, lwd = 1.5))
popViewport()
grid.text(tincture_labels[i], y = unit(0.20, "npc"), gp = gpar(fontsize = 8.5, col = "grey20"))
grid.text(color_equiv[t], y = unit(0.06, "npc"), gp = gpar(fontsize = 7.5, col = col))
popViewport()
}
popViewport()
popViewport()
Goodman
The "goodman" hatching subtype includes all the hatchings in David Goodman's Heraldic Tincture reference (v2.0, 2024). This shares most hatchings with Fox-Davies but differs in few ways:
- Goodman's sanguine hatching instead uses horizontal plus diagonal
\ crossing lines.
- Goodman also has a distinct murrey hatching which uses crossing diagonal lines (Fox-Davies' instead uses this hatching for the eisenfarbe (iron grey) hatching).
- New rose with the same hatching as carnation (which Goodman also lists).
- New steel metal rendered as plus signs in a square grid.
- New copper, bronze, and lead metals which are each rendered as the letter "c" in a hex grid.
- Goodman omits the proper hatching that Fox-Davies included.
tincture_col <- c(
sanguine = "#880000",
murrey = "#990055",
steel = "#708090",
copper = "#B87333"
)
sx <- c(0.0, 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.0)
sy <- c(1.0, 0.35, 0.0, 0.35, 1.0)
tinctures <- names(tincture_col)
n <- length(tinctures)
ncols <- 4L
nrows <- ceiling(n / ncols)
grid.newpage()
grid.rect(gp = gpar(fill = "white", col = NA))
pushViewport(viewport(width = 0.97, height = 0.97))
grid.text(
"Goodman — New and Different Tinctures",
y = unit(1, "npc") - unit(0.25, "cm"),
just = "top",
gp = gpar(fontsize = 13, fontface = "bold")
)
pushViewport(viewport(y = 0.44, height = 0.85, layout = grid.layout(nrows, ncols)))
for (i in seq_len(n)) {
t <- tinctures[i]
col <- tincture_col[t]
row_i <- ((i - 1L) %/% ncols) + 1L
col_i <- ((i - 1L) %% ncols) + 1L
pushViewport(viewport(layout.pos.row = row_i, layout.pos.col = col_i))
pushViewport(viewport(y = 0.60, width = 0.78, height = 0.70))
grid.polygon(sx, sy, gp = gpar(fill = "white", col = NA))
grid.pattern_hatch(sx, sy, type = t, subtype = "goodman", color = col, spacing = 0.12, linewidth = 0.8)
grid.polygon(sx, sy, gp = gpar(fill = NA, col = col, lwd = 1.5))
popViewport()
grid.text(t, y = unit(0.20, "npc"), gp = gpar(fontsize = 18, col = "black"))
popViewport()
}
popViewport()
popViewport()
Unicode color hatching
The "unicode" hatching subtype provides each of the hatching used in the official Unicode character chart pdfs to assign a distinct pattern to each color to render "colored" (emoji) glyphs in black-and-white.
Notably Unicode has twelve different colored heart emoji (red, blue, green, yellow, purple, black, white, brown, orange, light blue, grey, pink) that each needed a separate hatching.
library("Unicode")
# The 12 Unicode colored hearts in codepoint order
heart_codepoints <- c(
red = 0x2764L, # HEAVY BLACK HEART (displays as red via emoji VS)
blue = 0x1F499L,
green = 0x1F49AL,
yellow = 0x1F49BL,
purple = 0x1F49CL,
black = 0x1F5A4L,
white = 0x1F90DL,
brown = 0x1F90EL,
orange = 0x1F9E1L,
`light blue` = 0x1FA75L,
grey = 0x1FA76L,
pink = 0x1FA77L
)
# Approximate display colors
heart_col <- c(
red = "#CC0000",
blue = "#0055CC",
green = "#006400",
yellow = "#CCAA00",
purple = "#6600AA",
black = "#111111",
white = "#999999", # grey stroke so argent pattern is visible
brown = "#7B3A10",
orange = "#FF8000",
`light blue` = "#4499CC",
grey = "#666666",
pink = "#DD4488"
)
uchars <- as.u_char(as.integer(heart_codepoints))
labels <- u_char_name(uchars)
heart_shape <- "♥" # U+2665 BLACK HEART SUIT — uniform shape template
n <- length(heart_codepoints)
ncols <- 4L
nrows <- ceiling(n / ncols)
grid.newpage()
grid.rect(gp = gpar(fill = "white", col = NA))
pushViewport(viewport(width = 0.95, height = 0.95))
grid.text(
"Unicode Colored Hearts with Hatching",
y = unit(1, "npc") - unit(0.25, "cm"),
just = "top",
gp = gpar(fontsize = 22, fontface = "bold")
)
pushViewport(viewport(y = 0.48, height = 0.90, layout = grid.layout(nrows, ncols)))
for (i in seq_len(n)) {
col_i <- ((i - 1L) %% ncols) + 1L
row_i <- ((i - 1L) %/% ncols) + 1L
col <- heart_col[i]
pushViewport(viewport(layout.pos.row = row_i, layout.pos.col = col_i))
pushViewport(viewport(width = 0.85, height = 0.85))
pfill <- patternFill(
"hatch",
type = names(heart_codepoints)[i],
subtype = "unicode",
color = col,
spacing = 0.14,
linewidth = 0.8
)
grid.draw(
fillStrokeGrob(
textGrob(heart_shape, gp = gpar(fontsize = 84)),
gp = gpar(fill = pfill, col = col)
)
)
grid.text(labels[i], y = unit(0.12, "npc"),
gp = gpar(fontsize = 12, col = "black"))
grid.text(sprintf("U+%04X", heart_codepoints[i]), y = unit(0.00, "npc"),
gp = gpar(fontsize = 10, col = "black"))
popViewport()
popViewport()
}
popViewport()
popViewport()
Okabe-Ito hatching
One of the techniques to meet Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) is to use color and pattern to ensure things are accessible to the color-blind.
The Okabe-Ito palette is a widely used colorblind-friendly palette. Here is an example of adding a simple hatching scheme to go with this palette to provide visual redundancy:
- "yellow", "blue", and "white" are given their standard Petra Sancta hatchings
- "reddish purple" is given a "purple" Petra Sancta hatching
- "bluish green" is given a "green" Petra Sancta hatching
- "vermillion" (red orange) is given a "red" Petra Sancta hatching
- we use a simple black fill for "black" instead of a "sable" crosshatch
- "orange" and "sky blue" are given the hatchings from German heraldry (see Fox-Davies' section above)
oi_names <- c(
"black", "orange", "sky blue", "bluish green",
"yellow", "blue", "vermilion", "reddish purple", "white"
)
oi_hex <- c(
"#000000", "#E69F00", "#56B4E9", "#009E73",
"#F0E442", "#0072B2", "#D55E00", "#CC79A7", "#FFFFFF"
)
oi_hatch <- c(
NA, "orange", "bleu celeste", "vert",
"or", "azure", "gules", "purpure", NA
)
sx <- c(0, 0, 1, 1)
sy <- c(1, 0, 0, 1)
n <- length(oi_names)
grid.newpage()
grid.rect(gp = gpar(fill = "white", col = NA))
pushViewport(viewport(width = 0.90, height = 0.94))
grid.text(
"Okabe-Ito Palette with Heraldic Hatching",
y = unit(1, "npc") - unit(0.25, "cm"),
just = "top",
gp = gpar(fontsize = 13, fontface = "bold")
)
pushViewport(viewport(
y = 0.46, height = 0.88,
layout = grid.layout(
n, 3,
widths = unit(c(3, 2.5, 4), "null"),
heights = unit(rep(1, n), "null")
)
))
for (i in seq_len(n)) {
grid.text(oi_names[i], x = 0.90, just = "right",
gp = gpar(fontsize = 12, col = "black"),
vp = viewport(layout.pos.row = i, layout.pos.col = 1))
grid.text(oi_hex[i],
gp = gpar(fontsize = 12, fontfamily = "mono", col = "black"),
vp = viewport(layout.pos.row = i, layout.pos.col = 2))
pushViewport(viewport(layout.pos.row = i, layout.pos.col = 3))
grid.rect(gp = gpar(fill = oi_hex[i], col = "black", lwd = 3.0))
if (!is.na(oi_hatch[i])) {
grid.pattern_hatch(sx, sy, type = oi_hatch[i],
colour = "black", spacing = 0.18, linewidth = 0.8)
}
popViewport()
}
popViewport()
popViewport()
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gridpattern documentation built on June 23, 2026, 5:08 p.m.
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knitr::opts_chunk$set( collapse = TRUE, comment = "#>" ) can_render <- capabilities("png") || guess_has_R4.1_features("masks") can_run_aqp <- requireNamespace("aqp", quietly = TRUE) && (interactive() || identical(Sys.getenv("IN_PKGDOWN"), "true") || identical(Sys.getenv("NOT_CRAN"), "true"))
The gridpattern package supports heraldic color hatching via grid.pattern_hatch().
Hatching encodes color information using patterns of lines and dots, allowing
images to be reproduced in black and white while retaining color identity.
Four systems are supported via the subtype argument:
-
"combinatorial"(default): extends the seven standard Petra Sancta tinctures with systematically derived mixed-color combinations following three rules: -
white combined with a color is represented by dashed lines
- yellow combined with a color is represented by dotdash lines
-
color combined with a color is represented by crossing solid lines
-
"fox-davies": contains the sixteen hatchings from Fox-Davies' A Complete Guide to Heraldry covering the seven standard Petra Sancta tinctures plus nine extensions from German heraldry. "goodman": contains all the hatchings from David Goodman's Heraldic Tincture reference (v2.0, 2024)."unicode": the system used in the official Unicode character chart pdfs to render "colored" (emoji) glyphs in black-and-white.
Use names_hatch() to query supported tincture names for a given subtype. The "hatch" pattern will also coerce some of the more common color names to the right tincture e.g. "gold" and "yellow" will be both coerced to "or" and vice versa.
library("grid") library("gridpattern")
names_hatch() names_hatch("fox-davies") names_hatch("goodman") names_hatch("unicode")
Combinatorial color hatching
The default "combinatorial" subtype starts from the set of five Munsell primary colors of red, yellow, green, blue, and purple plus black and white and the standard Petra Sancta color hatching system and then systematically derives additional color hatchings via three rules:
- white + color → dashed lines
- yellow + color → dotdash lines
- color + color → crossing solid lines
# Munsell primary colors p_col <- c( argent = "#FFFFFF", sable = "#000000", gules = "#C83030", # 5R 4/14 # or = "#E8C840", # 5Y 8/12 or = "#D4B828", # 5Y 7/12 azure = "#0072B0", # 5B 4/10 vert = "#008060", # 5G 5/10 # purpure = "#7B4090" # 5P 4/10 purpure = "#9050C0" # 5P 6/12 ) # p_col <- c( # argent = aqp::parseMunsell("N 9.5/"), # azure = aqp::parseMunsell("5B 4/10"), # gules = aqp::parseMunsell("5R 4/14"), # or = aqp::parseMunsell("5Y 7/12"), # sable = aqp::parseMunsell("N 1/"), # purpure = aqp::parseMunsell("5P 6/12"), # vert = aqp::parseMunsell("5G 5/10") # ) # Five Munsell secondary hues via subtractive mixing s_col <- c( orange = mix_col(c(p_col["gules"], p_col["or"])), # YR: red + yellow lime = mix_col(c(p_col["or"], p_col["vert"])), # GY: yellow + green teal = mix_col(c(p_col["azure"], p_col["vert"])), # BG: blue + green violet = mix_col(c(p_col["azure"], p_col["purpure"])), # PB: blue + purple sanguine = mix_col(c(p_col["gules"], p_col["purpure"])) # RP: red + purple ) # Notable combination colors w_col <- c( carnation = mix_col(c(p_col["argent"], p_col["gules"])), cendree = mix_col(c(p_col["argent"], p_col["sable"])), mint = mix_col(c(p_col["argent"], p_col["vert"])), `bleu celeste` = mix_col(c(p_col["argent"], p_col["azure"])), lavender = mix_col(c(p_col["argent"], p_col["purpure"])) ) o_col <- c( tenne = mix_col(c(p_col["gules"], p_col["vert"])), slate = mix_col(c(p_col["purpure"], p_col["vert"])), olive = mix_col(c(p_col["or"], p_col["sable"])), rose = mix_col(c(p_col["or"], p_col["purpure"])), brunatre = mix_col(c(p_col["azure"], p_col["gules"], p_col["vert"])) ) groups <- list( list( label = "Achromatic", tinctures = c("argent", "sable"), cols = p_col[c("argent", "sable")], names = c("white (W)", "black (K)") ), list( label = "Munsell Primary Hues", tinctures = c("gules", "or", "vert", "azure", "purpure"), cols = p_col[c("gules", "or", "vert", "azure", "purpure")], names = c("red (R)", "yellow (Y)", "green (G)", "blue (B)", "purple (P)") ), list( label = "Munsell Secondary Hues", tinctures = c("orange", "lime", "teal", "violet", "sanguine"), cols = s_col, names = c("orange (R+Y)", "lime (Y+G)", "teal (G+B)", "violet (B+P)", "magenta (P+R)") ), list( label = "Combinations with White", tinctures = c("carnation", "cendree", "mint", "bleu celeste", "lavender"), cols = w_col, names = c("pink (R+W)", "grey (K+W)", "mint (G+W)", "light blue (B+W)", "lavender (P+W)") ), list( label = "Other Combinations*", tinctures = c("tenne", "olive", "slate", "brunatre", "rose"), cols = o_col[c("tenne", "olive", "slate", "brunatre", "rose")], names = c("brown (R+G)", "olive (Y+K)", "slate (G+P)", "umbre (B+R+G)", "rose (Y+P)") ) ) rx <- c(0, 0, 1, 1) ry <- c(1, 0, 0, 1) ncols_fig <- 5L row_heights <- unlist(lapply(groups, function(g) { n_sr <- ceiling(length(g$tinctures) / ncols_fig) c(0.28, rep(1, n_sr)) })) grid.newpage() grid.rect(gp = gpar(fill = "white", col = NA)) pushViewport(viewport(width = 0.97, height = 0.97)) grid.text( "Combinatorial Petra Sancta", y = unit(1, "npc") - unit(0.25, "cm"), just = "top", gp = gpar(fontsize = 31, fontface = "bold") ) # Upper-right rules legend pushViewport(viewport( x = unit(1, "npc") - unit(0.2, "cm"), y = unit(1, "npc") - unit(1.3, "cm"), just = c("right", "top"), width = unit(10.0, "cm"), height = unit(3.1, "cm") )) grid.rect(gp = gpar(fill = "grey98", col = "grey60", lwd = 0.8)) grid.text("Combination rules:", x = 0.01, y = 0.91, just = c("left", "top"), gp = gpar(fontsize = 14, fontface = "bold")) legend_rules <- c( "1. Dashed lines — combined with white", "2. Dot-dash lines — combined with yellow", "3. Crossed solid lines — mixed colors (if not black)" ) for (i in seq_along(legend_rules)) { grid.text(legend_rules[i], x = 0.01, y = 0.66 - (i - 1L) * 0.25, just = c("left", "top"), gp = gpar(fontsize = 11)) } popViewport() pushViewport(viewport( y = 0.49, height = 0.90, layout = grid.layout(length(row_heights), ncols_fig, heights = unit(row_heights, "null")) )) layout_row <- 1L for (g in groups) { pushViewport(viewport(layout.pos.row = layout_row, layout.pos.col = 1:ncols_fig)) grid.text(g$label, x = 0.01, just = "left", gp = gpar(fontsize = 18, fontface = "bold", col = "black")) popViewport() layout_row <- layout_row + 1L n_sr <- ceiling(length(g$tinctures) / ncols_fig) for (sr in seq_len(n_sr)) { idx_from <- (sr - 1L) * ncols_fig + 1L idx_to <- min(sr * ncols_fig, length(g$tinctures)) for (ci in idx_from:idx_to) { t <- g$tinctures[ci] col_i <- (ci - 1L) %% ncols_fig + 1L if (is.na(t)) next col <- unname(g$cols[ci]) nm <- g$names[ci] display_col <- if (t == "argent") "grey55" else col pushViewport(viewport(layout.pos.row = layout_row, layout.pos.col = col_i)) pushViewport(viewport(y = 0.58, width = 0.90, height = 0.72, layout = grid.layout(1, 2))) pushViewport(viewport(layout.pos.row = 1, layout.pos.col = 1)) grid.rect(gp = gpar(fill = col, col = display_col, lwd = 1.5)) popViewport() pushViewport(viewport(layout.pos.row = 1, layout.pos.col = 2)) grid.pattern_hatch(rx, ry, type = t, color = display_col, spacing = 0.18, linewidth = 0.8) grid.rect(gp = gpar(fill = NA, col = display_col, lwd = 1.5)) popViewport() popViewport() grid.text(nm, y = unit(0.105, "npc"), gp = gpar(fontsize = 9, col = "black")) popViewport() } layout_row <- layout_row + 1L } } popViewport() # Footnote grid.text( "* Display colors are sensitive to the exact primary pigments chosen;\n results are roughly consistent for saturated heraldic primaries with Munsell pigment mixing.", x = 0.01, y = 0.004, just = c("left", "bottom"), gp = gpar(fontsize = 10, col = "black", fontface = "italic") ) popViewport()
Note: The mixed display colors shown above can be sensitive to the exact hex values chosen for the primaries. The results are fairly consistent when the primaries are the saturated, high-chroma colors typical of heraldry combined with Munsell pigment mixing but softer or more neutral primaries can shift some secondaries noticeably (for example, mixing yellow and blue can yield anything from olive-grey to muted purple depending on the blue's hue angle).
Heraldic tincture hatching
Fox-Davies
The "fox-davies" hatching subtype includes the seven standard tinctures plus nine extensions from German heraldry whose hatchings were included in Fox-Davies' A Complete Guide to Heraldry.
# Approximate display color for each tincture tincture_col <- c( argent = "grey40", azure = "#003399", `bleu celeste` = "#4499CC", brunatre = "#7B3A10", carnation = "#CC6688", cendree = "#708090", gules = "#CC0000", eisenfarbe = "#708090", proper = "#228B22", or = "#DAA520", orange = "#EE7700", purpure = "#660099", sable = "#111111", sanguine = "#880000", tenne = "#BB6600", vert = "#006400" ) color_equiv <- c( argent = "white/silver", azure = "blue", `bleu celeste` = "light blue", brunatre = "(earth) brown", carnation = "carnation", cendree = "ash grey", gules = "red", eisenfarbe = "iron grey", proper = "color of nature", or = "yellow/gold", orange = "orange", purpure = "purple", sable = "black", sanguine = "blood red", tenne = "(tawny) brown", vert = "green" ) # Heater shield polygon (normalised to [0,1] x [0,1]) sx <- c(0.0, 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.0) sy <- c(1.0, 0.35, 0.0, 0.35, 1.0) tinctures <- names_hatch("fox-davies") tincture_labels <- names_hatch("fox-davies", accent = TRUE) n <- length(tinctures) ncols <- 4L nrows <- ceiling(n / ncols) grid.newpage() grid.rect(gp = gpar(fill = "white", col = NA)) pushViewport(viewport(width = 0.97, height = 0.97)) grid.text( "Heraldic Hatching (Petra Sancta + German Heraldry Extensions)", y = unit(1, "npc") - unit(0.25, "cm"), just = "top", gp = gpar(fontsize = 13, fontface = "bold") ) pushViewport(viewport(y = 0.47, height = 0.90, layout = grid.layout(nrows, ncols))) for (i in seq_len(n)) { t <- tinctures[i] col <- tincture_col[t] row_i <- ((i - 1L) %/% ncols) + 1L col_i <- ((i - 1L) %% ncols) + 1L pushViewport(viewport(layout.pos.row = row_i, layout.pos.col = col_i)) pushViewport(viewport(y = 0.60, width = 0.78, height = 0.70)) grid.polygon(sx, sy, gp = gpar(fill = "white", col = NA)) grid.pattern_hatch(sx, sy, type = t, subtype = "fox-davies", color = col, spacing = 0.12, linewidth = 1.0) grid.polygon(sx, sy, gp = gpar(fill = NA, col = col, lwd = 1.5)) popViewport() grid.text(tincture_labels[i], y = unit(0.20, "npc"), gp = gpar(fontsize = 8.5, col = "grey20")) grid.text(color_equiv[t], y = unit(0.06, "npc"), gp = gpar(fontsize = 7.5, col = col)) popViewport() } popViewport() popViewport()
Goodman
The "goodman" hatching subtype includes all the hatchings in David Goodman's Heraldic Tincture reference (v2.0, 2024). This shares most hatchings with Fox-Davies but differs in few ways:
- Goodman's sanguine hatching instead uses horizontal plus diagonal
\crossing lines. - Goodman also has a distinct murrey hatching which uses crossing diagonal lines (Fox-Davies' instead uses this hatching for the eisenfarbe (iron grey) hatching).
- New rose with the same hatching as carnation (which Goodman also lists).
- New steel metal rendered as plus signs in a square grid.
- New copper, bronze, and lead metals which are each rendered as the letter "c" in a hex grid.
- Goodman omits the proper hatching that Fox-Davies included.
tincture_col <- c( sanguine = "#880000", murrey = "#990055", steel = "#708090", copper = "#B87333" ) sx <- c(0.0, 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.0) sy <- c(1.0, 0.35, 0.0, 0.35, 1.0) tinctures <- names(tincture_col) n <- length(tinctures) ncols <- 4L nrows <- ceiling(n / ncols) grid.newpage() grid.rect(gp = gpar(fill = "white", col = NA)) pushViewport(viewport(width = 0.97, height = 0.97)) grid.text( "Goodman — New and Different Tinctures", y = unit(1, "npc") - unit(0.25, "cm"), just = "top", gp = gpar(fontsize = 13, fontface = "bold") ) pushViewport(viewport(y = 0.44, height = 0.85, layout = grid.layout(nrows, ncols))) for (i in seq_len(n)) { t <- tinctures[i] col <- tincture_col[t] row_i <- ((i - 1L) %/% ncols) + 1L col_i <- ((i - 1L) %% ncols) + 1L pushViewport(viewport(layout.pos.row = row_i, layout.pos.col = col_i)) pushViewport(viewport(y = 0.60, width = 0.78, height = 0.70)) grid.polygon(sx, sy, gp = gpar(fill = "white", col = NA)) grid.pattern_hatch(sx, sy, type = t, subtype = "goodman", color = col, spacing = 0.12, linewidth = 0.8) grid.polygon(sx, sy, gp = gpar(fill = NA, col = col, lwd = 1.5)) popViewport() grid.text(t, y = unit(0.20, "npc"), gp = gpar(fontsize = 18, col = "black")) popViewport() } popViewport() popViewport()
Unicode color hatching
The "unicode" hatching subtype provides each of the hatching used in the official Unicode character chart pdfs to assign a distinct pattern to each color to render "colored" (emoji) glyphs in black-and-white.
Notably Unicode has twelve different colored heart emoji (red, blue, green, yellow, purple, black, white, brown, orange, light blue, grey, pink) that each needed a separate hatching.
library("Unicode") # The 12 Unicode colored hearts in codepoint order heart_codepoints <- c( red = 0x2764L, # HEAVY BLACK HEART (displays as red via emoji VS) blue = 0x1F499L, green = 0x1F49AL, yellow = 0x1F49BL, purple = 0x1F49CL, black = 0x1F5A4L, white = 0x1F90DL, brown = 0x1F90EL, orange = 0x1F9E1L, `light blue` = 0x1FA75L, grey = 0x1FA76L, pink = 0x1FA77L ) # Approximate display colors heart_col <- c( red = "#CC0000", blue = "#0055CC", green = "#006400", yellow = "#CCAA00", purple = "#6600AA", black = "#111111", white = "#999999", # grey stroke so argent pattern is visible brown = "#7B3A10", orange = "#FF8000", `light blue` = "#4499CC", grey = "#666666", pink = "#DD4488" ) uchars <- as.u_char(as.integer(heart_codepoints)) labels <- u_char_name(uchars) heart_shape <- "♥" # U+2665 BLACK HEART SUIT — uniform shape template n <- length(heart_codepoints) ncols <- 4L nrows <- ceiling(n / ncols) grid.newpage() grid.rect(gp = gpar(fill = "white", col = NA)) pushViewport(viewport(width = 0.95, height = 0.95)) grid.text( "Unicode Colored Hearts with Hatching", y = unit(1, "npc") - unit(0.25, "cm"), just = "top", gp = gpar(fontsize = 22, fontface = "bold") ) pushViewport(viewport(y = 0.48, height = 0.90, layout = grid.layout(nrows, ncols))) for (i in seq_len(n)) { col_i <- ((i - 1L) %% ncols) + 1L row_i <- ((i - 1L) %/% ncols) + 1L col <- heart_col[i] pushViewport(viewport(layout.pos.row = row_i, layout.pos.col = col_i)) pushViewport(viewport(width = 0.85, height = 0.85)) pfill <- patternFill( "hatch", type = names(heart_codepoints)[i], subtype = "unicode", color = col, spacing = 0.14, linewidth = 0.8 ) grid.draw( fillStrokeGrob( textGrob(heart_shape, gp = gpar(fontsize = 84)), gp = gpar(fill = pfill, col = col) ) ) grid.text(labels[i], y = unit(0.12, "npc"), gp = gpar(fontsize = 12, col = "black")) grid.text(sprintf("U+%04X", heart_codepoints[i]), y = unit(0.00, "npc"), gp = gpar(fontsize = 10, col = "black")) popViewport() popViewport() } popViewport() popViewport()
Okabe-Ito hatching
One of the techniques to meet Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) is to use color and pattern to ensure things are accessible to the color-blind.
The Okabe-Ito palette is a widely used colorblind-friendly palette. Here is an example of adding a simple hatching scheme to go with this palette to provide visual redundancy:
- "yellow", "blue", and "white" are given their standard Petra Sancta hatchings
- "reddish purple" is given a "purple" Petra Sancta hatching
- "bluish green" is given a "green" Petra Sancta hatching
- "vermillion" (red orange) is given a "red" Petra Sancta hatching
- we use a simple black fill for "black" instead of a "sable" crosshatch
- "orange" and "sky blue" are given the hatchings from German heraldry (see Fox-Davies' section above)
oi_names <- c( "black", "orange", "sky blue", "bluish green", "yellow", "blue", "vermilion", "reddish purple", "white" ) oi_hex <- c( "#000000", "#E69F00", "#56B4E9", "#009E73", "#F0E442", "#0072B2", "#D55E00", "#CC79A7", "#FFFFFF" ) oi_hatch <- c( NA, "orange", "bleu celeste", "vert", "or", "azure", "gules", "purpure", NA ) sx <- c(0, 0, 1, 1) sy <- c(1, 0, 0, 1) n <- length(oi_names) grid.newpage() grid.rect(gp = gpar(fill = "white", col = NA)) pushViewport(viewport(width = 0.90, height = 0.94)) grid.text( "Okabe-Ito Palette with Heraldic Hatching", y = unit(1, "npc") - unit(0.25, "cm"), just = "top", gp = gpar(fontsize = 13, fontface = "bold") ) pushViewport(viewport( y = 0.46, height = 0.88, layout = grid.layout( n, 3, widths = unit(c(3, 2.5, 4), "null"), heights = unit(rep(1, n), "null") ) )) for (i in seq_len(n)) { grid.text(oi_names[i], x = 0.90, just = "right", gp = gpar(fontsize = 12, col = "black"), vp = viewport(layout.pos.row = i, layout.pos.col = 1)) grid.text(oi_hex[i], gp = gpar(fontsize = 12, fontfamily = "mono", col = "black"), vp = viewport(layout.pos.row = i, layout.pos.col = 2)) pushViewport(viewport(layout.pos.row = i, layout.pos.col = 3)) grid.rect(gp = gpar(fill = oi_hex[i], col = "black", lwd = 3.0)) if (!is.na(oi_hatch[i])) { grid.pattern_hatch(sx, sy, type = oi_hatch[i], colour = "black", spacing = 0.18, linewidth = 0.8) } popViewport() } popViewport() popViewport()
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