invacost: 'InvaCost' database
In invacost: Analyse Biological Invasion Costs with the 'InvaCost' Database
invacost R Documentation
'InvaCost' database
Description
The 'InvaCost' database compiling published values of economic costs of
Invasive Alien Species. Version 4.1
Usage
data(invacost)
Format
A data frame with 13553 rows and 66 variables
Details
- InvaCost_ID
Public unique identifier of the cost entry, which is used since the version 4.1 of the database; this is formulated as follows: 'IC_x_y' with 'IC' meaning InvaCost, 'x' being the version number of the database, and 'y' being the sequential number attributed following the order of integration of costs in the database
- Cost_ID
Original identifier of the cost entry, as proposed by the contributors and then confirmed/modified by the database managers to ensure consistency within the whole database. This code is used to designate the cost entry for (i) internal tracing of the cost estimate by the database managers and (ii) identifying the cost entry when it is mentioned in the Overlap column
- Repository
Literature engine (Web of Science (WoS), Google Scholar (GS), Google search engine (Go), Pubmed, Scielo) or original source (Targeted collection (TC)) from which the reference was collected (see Diagne et al. 2020 Scientific Data for further details); cells are left empty when no repository was specified or the reference was shared by external users that did not give any information about this
- Reference_ID
Identifier for the reference where the cost entry is reported; note that this field is currently being improved internally to have a consistent terminology across references within the database
- Reference_title
Title of the reference where the cost entry is reported. As much as possible, this is the original source where the cost was first provided
- Authors
Authors of the reference where the cost entry is reported
- Abstract
If existing/accessible, the abstract of the reference where the cost entry is reported
- Publication_year
Year of publication of the reference where the cost entry is reported
- Language
Main language used in the original reference reporting the cost entry; 22 languages are currently recorded in the database: Catalan, Chinese, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, Galician, German, Greek, Hindi, Icelandic, Italian, Japanese, Norwegian, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Swedish, Ukrainian
- Type_of_material
Type of reference analyzed (i.e. scientific peer-reviewed article or grey literature); for grey literature, the exact nature of the reference was indicated (e.g., official report, press release)
- Previous_materials
If any, the list of successive materials checked before reaching the original reference providing the cost entry
- Availability
The accessibility of the original reference as a searchable document (yes/no)
- Kingdom
Taxonomic kingdom of the invasive species associated with the cost entry
- Phylum
Taxonomic phylum of the invasive species associated with the cost entry
- Class
Taxonomic class of the invasive species associated with the cost entry
- Order
Taxonomic order of the invasive species associated with the cost entry
- Family
Taxonomic family of the invasive species associated with the cost entry
- Genus
Taxonomic genus of the invasive species associated with the cost entry
- Species
Taxonomic species of the invasive species associated with the cost entry
- Subspecies
Taxonomic sub-species of the invasive species associated with the cost entry
- Common_name
Non-scientific (or vernacular) name(s) provided in the original reference, or by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) when not provided
- Environment
Type of environment (aquatic, terrestrial, semi-aquatic, diverse/unspecified) where the cost estimate occurred
- Environment_IAS
Type of environment where the invasive species lives, independently of where the cost occurred: aquatic (species with a close association with aquatic systems at any life stage, including for reproduction, development and/or foraging), semi-aquatic (species with a looser association with aquatic systems) or terrestrial (otherwise); diverse/unspecified is used when there are multiple IAS pertaining to different environments.
- HabitatVerbatim
Copy from the original reference of the sentence/paragraph indicating the habitat typology of the studied area
- Habitat
The type of habitat where the cost occurred (1.Forests: closed vegetation dominated by deciduous or evergreen trees; 2.Open forests: woodland vegetation with canopy openings created by environmental stress or disturbance; 3.Scrub: shrublands maintained by environmental stress (aridity) or disturbance; 4.Grasslands: open graminoid-dominated habitats maintained either by climate (steppes, prairies, savannas) or land-use (grazing, mowing) or combination of both – if possible, specified if it corresponds with 4a.Natural grasslands or 4b.Human-maintained grasslands; 5.Sandy: dunes and other habitats on unstable sandy substrate, stressed by low nutrients, drought and disturbed by sand movement; 6.Rocky: cliffs and rock outcrops with very shallow or no soil; 7.Dryland: habitats in which drought stress limits vegetation development; 8.Saline: habitats stressed by high soil salinity; 9.Riparian: a mosaic of wetlands, grasslands, tall-forb stands, scrub and woodlands in stream corridors; 10.Wetland: sites with permanent or seasonal influence of moisture, ranging from oligotrophic to eutrophic; 11.Aquatic: water bodies and streams with submerged and floating plant species; 12.Man-made: habitats created by humans or where human factor is the main shaping force - if possible, specified if it corresponds with 12a.Ruderal (= urban) or 12b.Agricultural habitats
- urbanArea
Assessment of the geographical area where the cost occurred as being strictly urban if the cost occurred in an urban area only; other if the cost occurred in a non-urban area or in a large area where urban and non-urban areas cannot be distinguished; both if the study compares the cost between urban and non-urban areas (i.e. urban vs. suburban, or suburban vs. non-urban; the comparison must be explicit) or presents the cost across contrasted areas regarding their level of urbanization (e.g. urbanization gradient). Note that we consider the urban nature of study sites purely based on an 'habitat' perspective (i.e. city versus rural areas) rather than a demographic one (e.g. population size or human density)
- protectedArea
Assessment of the geographical area where the cost occurred as a protected area (Y) or not (N); NA is used if the area comprises both protected and unprotected areas, or if the protection status of the place is unknown
- Island
Assessment of the geographical area where the cost occurred as an island (Y) or not (N); NA is used when the cost information is not clearly provided, unknown, or comprises both island and mainland together
- Geographic_region
Geographical region(s) where the cost occurred (Africa, Antarctic-Subantarctic, Asia, Central America, Europe, North America, Oceania, Pacific islands, South America); Diverse/unspecified was used when the cost estimate occurred over several regions simultaneously
- Official_country
Country where the cost occurred; sometimes, this is not congruent with the geographic region as some territories (e.g., overseas areas) are located in another continent than their official country of attachment; we used information from www.naturalearthdata.com/ as a reference for country's name
- State|Province|Administrative_area
The second level of geographic division (state, province or territorial administrative area) for the official country where the cost occurred
- Location
When provided, the precise location (e.g., city, area) where the cost estimate occurred. Otherwise, we put (i) NA when such information was not provided and the cost entry was provided at a unit or site Spatial scale, or (ii) diverse/unspecified when such information was not provided and the cost entry was provided at global, intercontinental, continental, regional or country Spatial scale
- Spatial_scale
Order of magnitude of the extent, size of the land/water area where the costs incurred. Options include: global (worldwide-scale), intercontinental (areas from two or more geographic regions), continental ('Geographic region' level), regional (several countries within a single 'Geographic region'), country, site (area at intra-country level, including USA states) and unit (well-defined surface area or entity)
- Period_of_estimation
If provided, the exact period of time covered by the cost, otherwise the raw formulation provided in the reference analyzed (e.g. late 90s, during 5 years)
- Time_range
Two options: period if the cost is given for a period exceeding a year; or year if the cost is given yearly or for a period up to one year. Alternatively, we put Unspecified if no information is given or guessable from the source
- Probable_starting_year
Year in which the cost is known or assumed to have started to occurred. When not explicitly provided by the authors, we mentioned unspecified; in the case of a cost estimate provided for a one-year period straddling two calendar years, we mentioned the latest year of the cost occurrence.
- Probable_ending_year
Year in which the cost is known or assumed to have ended. When not explicitly provided by the authors, we mentioned unspecified; in the case of a cost estimate provided for a one-year period straddling two calendar years, we mentioned the latest year of the cost occurrence.
- Probable_starting_year_adjusted
Probable starting year and Probable ending year columns where the cells with unspecified information are replaced, as much as possible, by a specific year from educated guesses based on the duration time provided in the original reference (see Period of estimation column). When relevant (e.g. the authors provide a cost that occurs "since/for a well-defined number of years"), we considered the Publication year as a reference for the probable starting/ending year from which we added or subtracted the number of years provided; when vague formulations were used (e.g., early 90s), we still translated them in probable ending/starting year (e.g., 1990–1995); when annual costs were provided, but without clear information on the temporal range, we conservatively considered the year of the cost occurrence (or the Publication year, if not provided) in both columns. When no relevant approximation is feasible, we leave blank in one and/or the other column(s). These columns are those used for obtaining the number of years by which the raw cost estimates are divided to get the cot estimates per year
- Probable_ending_year_adjusted
Probable starting year and Probable ending year columns where the cells with unspecified information are replaced, as much as possible, by a specific year from educated guesses based on the duration time provided in the original reference (see Period of estimation column). When relevant (e.g. the authors provide a cost that occurs "since/for a well-defined number of years"), we considered the Publication year as a reference for the probable starting/ending year from which we added or subtracted the number of years provided; when vague formulations were used (e.g., early 90s), we still translated them in probable ending/starting year (e.g., 1990–1995); when annual costs were provided, but without clear information on the temporal range, we conservatively considered the year of the cost occurrence (or the Publication year, if not provided) in both columns. When no relevant approximation is feasible, we leave blank in one and/or the other column(s). These columns are those used for obtaining the number of years by which the raw cost estimates are divided to get the cot estimates per year
- Occurrence
Status of the cost estimate as potentially ongoing (if the cost can be expected to continue over time) or one-time (if the cost was deemed as unlikely to continue)
- Raw_cost_estimate_original_currency
Cost estimate directly retrieved from the analyzed reference
- Min_Raw_cost_estimate_original_currency
Lower boundary of the Raw cost estimate original currency (if a range of estimates was provided by the authors)
- Max_Raw_cost_estimate_original_currency
Higher boundary of the Raw cost estimate original currency (if a range of estimates was provided by the authors)
- Raw_cost_estimate_2017_USD_exchange_rate
Raw cost estimate original currency standardised from original Currency and Applicable year to 2017 US$ based on the official market exchange rate (original currency unit per US$) provided by the World Bank Open Data (available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF?end=2017&start=1960)
- Raw_cost_estimate_2017_USD_PPP
Raw cost estimate original currency standardized to 2017 US$ based on the official Purchase Power Parity (PPP; original currency unit per US$) provided by the World Bank Open Data (available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.PPP?end=2017&start=1990) and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (available at https://data.oecd.org/conversion/purchasing-powerparities-ppp.htm)
- Cost_estimate_per_year_original_currency
Raw cost estimate original currency transformed to a cost estimate per year of the Period of estimation, which was obtained by dividing the raw cost estimate by the number of years between the Probable starting year_completed and Probable ending year_completed. Blank cells are those that have no information in at least one of these two previous columns
- Cost_estimate_per_year_2017_USD_exchange_rate
Cost estimate per year original currency standardized from original Currency and Applicable year to 2017 USD based on the official market exchange rate (original currency unit per US$) provided by the World Bank Open Data (available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF?end=2017&start=1960). Blank cells are those that have no information in at least one of these two previous columns
- Cost_estimate_per_year_2017_USD_PPP
Cost estimate per year original currency standardized from original Currency and Applicable year to 2017 USD based on Purchase Power Parity (PPP; original currency unit per US$) provided by the World Bank Open Data (available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.PPP?end=2017&start=1990) and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (available at https://data.oecd.org/conversion/purchasing-powerparities-ppp.htm). Blank cells are those that have no information in at least one of these two previous column
- Currency
Currency of the Raw cost estimate original currency as extracted in the original reference and standardised (when possible) using internationally recognized ISO 4217 codes (https://www.iso.org/fr/iso-4217-currency-codes.html); 50 currencies are currently recorded in InvaCost: ARS (Argentine peso), AUD (Australian Dollars), CAD (Canadian Dollars), CHF (Swiss Fanc), CLP (Chilean Peso), COL (Colombian Peso), CUP (Cuban Peso), CZK (Czech Crown), DEM (Deutsche Mark), DKK (Danish Krone), ESP (Spanish Peseta), EUR (Euro), FJD (Fijian Dollar), FRF (French Franc), GBP (Pound Sterling), HKD (Hong Kong Dollars), HRK (Croatian Kuna), INR (Indian Rupee), ISK (Icelandic Crown), JPY (Yen), KES (Kenyan Shilling), LKR (Sri Lankan Rupee), LTL (Lithuanian Litas), MAD (Moroccan Dirhams), MGA (Malagasy Ariary), MXN (Mexican Peso), NGN (Naira), NLG (Dutch Guilder), NOK (Norwegian Krone), NZD (New Zealand Dollar), PKR (Pakistani Rupee), PLN (Polish Zoty), REA (Brazilian Real), CNY (Yuan Renminbi), RUB (Russian Ruble), SEK (Swedish Krona), SGD (Singapore Dollar), SOL (Peruvian Sol), TND (Tunisian Dinar), TRY (Turkish Lira), TWD (New Taiwan Dollar), UAH (Ukrainian Hryvnia), USD (United States Dollars), UYU (Uruguay New Peso), XAF ( CFA Franc BEAC), XOF (CFA franc BCEAO), XPF (Pacific Franc), ZAR (South African Rand), ZWL (Zimbabwean Dollar)
- Applicable_year
Year of the Currency value (not the year of the cost occurrence) considered for the conversion/standardization of the cost estimate
- Type_of_applicable_year
Assessment of the applicable year as effective if explicitly stated by the authors or publication year if no explicit information was provided in the reference analyzed
- Implementation
This states — at the time of the estimation — whether the reported cost was actually observed (i.e., cost actually incurred) or potential (i.e., not incurred but expected cost)
- Acquisition_method
Method used to obtain the cost estimate: report/estimation directly obtained or derived (using inference methods) from field-based information or extrapolation (cost predicted beyond the original spatial and/or temporal observation range from computational modelling)
- Impacted_sector
Sector impacted by the cost estimate in our socio-ecosystems: Agriculture (considered at its broadest sense, food and other useful products produced by human activities through using natural and/plant resources from their ecosystems such as crop growing, livestock breeding, beekeeping, land management); Authorities-Stakeholders (governmental services and/or official organisations such as conservation agencies, forest services, associations) that allocate efforts for the management sensu lato of biological invasions (e.g. control programs, eradication campaigns, research funding) ; Environment (impacts on natural resources, ecological processes and/or ecosystem services that have been valued by authors such as disruption of native habitats or degradation of local habitats); Fishery (fish-based activities and services such as fishing and aquaculture); Forestry (forest-based activities and services such as timber production/industries and private forests); Health (every item directly or indirectly related to the sanitary state of people such as vector control, medical care and other derived damage on human productivity and well-being); Public and social welfare (activities, goods or services contributing - directly or indirectly - to the human well-being and safety in our societies, including local infrastructures such as electric system, quality of life (e.g. income, recreational activities), personal goods (e.g. private properties, lands), public services (e.g. transports, water regulation), and market activities (e.g. tourism, trade)); Unspecified if no information is given in the source.
- Type_of_cost
A variety of terms/categories pertianing to damage and losses incurred by an invasion (e.g. damage-loss, damage repair, medical care, crop losses) or means dedicated to understand or predict (e.g., research), prevent (e.g., education, biosecurity), detect (e.g., monitoring, surveillance) and/or manage (e.g., control, eradication) the invasions; Unspecified is mentionned if no information is given or guessable from the source
- Type_of_cost_merged
Categories of the Type of cost column reassigned into damage (economic losses due to direct and/or indirect impacts of invaders, such as yield loss, health injury, land alteration, infrastructure damage, or income reduction), management (monetary resources allocated to mitigate the spread or impacts of invaders, such as prevention, control, research, long-term management, eradication) or mixed (when when costs included both ‘damage’ and ‘management’ components); every cost for which the exact nature of cost was not clearly defined was assigned to unspecified
- Management_type
Pre-invasion_management (monetary investments for preventing successful invasions in an area - including quarantine or border inspection, risk analyses, biosecurity management, etc.), post-invasion_management (money spent for managing invasions in invaded areas - including control, eradication, containment), knowledge funding (money allocated to all actions and operations that could be of interest at all steps of management at pre- and post-invasion stages - including administration, communication, education, research, etc.), or mixed was assigned when costs include at least (and without possibility to disentangle the specific proportion of) two of the previous categories; every management cost (in the Type of cost column) for which the exact nature of cost was not clearly defined was assigned to unspecified. Every entry that has partly or fully associated with damage costs was assigned to NA
- Method_reliability
Assessment of the methodological approach used for cost estimation as of (i) high reliability if either provided by officially pre-assessed materials (peer-reviewed articles and official reports) or the estimation method was documented, repeatable and/or traceable if provided by other grey literature, or (ii) low reliability if not
- Method_reliability_refined
Assessment of the methodological approach used for cost estimation as of high or low reliability based on the evaluation of the estimation methodology by expert contributors
- Method_reliability_Explanation
Detailed explanation why a particular methodological approach used for cost estimation was deemed as of high or low reliability based on expert opinion
- Method_reliability_Expert_Name
Complete name and contact details of the expert had deemed the reliability of the cost entry
- Overlap
List of cost entries (using Cost_ID) that might overlap with other cost entry(s) – this is noted as follows: Z(V/W) when the overlap is known and one or more cost ID (V,W) are included in another cost ID (Z); Z/V/W: when the overlap is not clear; and Z(V); Z/W if there are more than one unrelated overlaps
- Benefit_value(s)
Mention (if any) of the benefit value in the analyzed material (yes/no); 'benefit' refers here to a monetary estimate associated with profitable activities based on IAS. This definition therefore excludes any economic gain based on avoided or mitigated effects of the IAS (for instance, due to efficient management actions over time that may result in apparent benefits from avoidance of damages) - the latter is considered as an “avoided cost” in the InvaCost database. Note that the benefit figure was not recorded or described as being out of the scope of InvaCost
- Details
When necessary, narrative elements deemed important either to understand the cost estimate or to support choices made for completing the database; this column was left unchanged from the original entries in order to allow trace-back investigations
- Initial contributors_names
Name of contributor(s) having collated the cost entry
- Double-checking
Assessment of cost information collated (by at least) two contributors; yes if it has been double checked, no if it has not. The names/contacts of each contributor are provided in the Initial contributors_names column
Source
\Sexpr[results=rd]{tools:::Rd_expr_doi("10.6084/m9.figshare.12668570")}
References
Diagne, C., Leroy, B., Gozlan, R. E., Vaissière, A. C., Assailly, C.,
Nuninger, L., Roiz, D., Jourdain, F., Jaric, I., & Courchamp, F. (2020).
InvaCost, a public database of the economic costs of biological invasions
worldwide. Scientific Data, 7(1), 1–12.
\Sexpr[results=rd]{tools:::Rd_expr_doi("10.1038/s41597-020-00586-z")}
https://github.com/Farewe/invacost
Leroy Boris, Kramer Andrew M, Vaissière Anne-Charlotte, Kourantidou Melina,
Courchamp Franck & Diagne Christophe (2022). Analysing economic costs
of invasive alien species with the invacost R package. Methods in Ecology
and Evolution. \Sexpr[results=rd]{tools:::Rd_expr_doi("10.1111/2041-210X.13929")}
History of database releases:
\Sexpr[results=rd]{tools:::Rd_expr_doi("10.6084/m9.figshare.12668570")}
invacost documentation built on May 29, 2024, 3:34 a.m.
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'InvaCost' database
Description
The 'InvaCost' database compiling published values of economic costs of Invasive Alien Species. Version 4.1
Usage
data(invacost)
Format
A data frame with 13553 rows and 66 variables
Details
- InvaCost_ID
Public unique identifier of the cost entry, which is used since the version 4.1 of the database; this is formulated as follows: 'IC_x_y' with 'IC' meaning InvaCost, 'x' being the version number of the database, and 'y' being the sequential number attributed following the order of integration of costs in the database
- Cost_ID
Original identifier of the cost entry, as proposed by the contributors and then confirmed/modified by the database managers to ensure consistency within the whole database. This code is used to designate the cost entry for (i) internal tracing of the cost estimate by the database managers and (ii) identifying the cost entry when it is mentioned in the Overlap column
- Repository
Literature engine (Web of Science (WoS), Google Scholar (GS), Google search engine (Go), Pubmed, Scielo) or original source (Targeted collection (TC)) from which the reference was collected (see Diagne et al. 2020 Scientific Data for further details); cells are left empty when no repository was specified or the reference was shared by external users that did not give any information about this
- Reference_ID
Identifier for the reference where the cost entry is reported; note that this field is currently being improved internally to have a consistent terminology across references within the database
- Reference_title
Title of the reference where the cost entry is reported. As much as possible, this is the original source where the cost was first provided
- Authors
Authors of the reference where the cost entry is reported
- Abstract
If existing/accessible, the abstract of the reference where the cost entry is reported
- Publication_year
Year of publication of the reference where the cost entry is reported
- Language
Main language used in the original reference reporting the cost entry; 22 languages are currently recorded in the database: Catalan, Chinese, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, Galician, German, Greek, Hindi, Icelandic, Italian, Japanese, Norwegian, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Swedish, Ukrainian
- Type_of_material
Type of reference analyzed (i.e. scientific peer-reviewed article or grey literature); for grey literature, the exact nature of the reference was indicated (e.g., official report, press release)
- Previous_materials
If any, the list of successive materials checked before reaching the original reference providing the cost entry
- Availability
The accessibility of the original reference as a searchable document (yes/no)
- Kingdom
Taxonomic kingdom of the invasive species associated with the cost entry
- Phylum
Taxonomic phylum of the invasive species associated with the cost entry
- Class
Taxonomic class of the invasive species associated with the cost entry
- Order
Taxonomic order of the invasive species associated with the cost entry
- Family
Taxonomic family of the invasive species associated with the cost entry
- Genus
Taxonomic genus of the invasive species associated with the cost entry
- Species
Taxonomic species of the invasive species associated with the cost entry
- Subspecies
Taxonomic sub-species of the invasive species associated with the cost entry
- Common_name
Non-scientific (or vernacular) name(s) provided in the original reference, or by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) when not provided
- Environment
Type of environment (aquatic, terrestrial, semi-aquatic, diverse/unspecified) where the cost estimate occurred
- Environment_IAS
Type of environment where the invasive species lives, independently of where the cost occurred: aquatic (species with a close association with aquatic systems at any life stage, including for reproduction, development and/or foraging), semi-aquatic (species with a looser association with aquatic systems) or terrestrial (otherwise); diverse/unspecified is used when there are multiple IAS pertaining to different environments.
- HabitatVerbatim
Copy from the original reference of the sentence/paragraph indicating the habitat typology of the studied area
- Habitat
The type of habitat where the cost occurred (1.Forests: closed vegetation dominated by deciduous or evergreen trees; 2.Open forests: woodland vegetation with canopy openings created by environmental stress or disturbance; 3.Scrub: shrublands maintained by environmental stress (aridity) or disturbance; 4.Grasslands: open graminoid-dominated habitats maintained either by climate (steppes, prairies, savannas) or land-use (grazing, mowing) or combination of both – if possible, specified if it corresponds with 4a.Natural grasslands or 4b.Human-maintained grasslands; 5.Sandy: dunes and other habitats on unstable sandy substrate, stressed by low nutrients, drought and disturbed by sand movement; 6.Rocky: cliffs and rock outcrops with very shallow or no soil; 7.Dryland: habitats in which drought stress limits vegetation development; 8.Saline: habitats stressed by high soil salinity; 9.Riparian: a mosaic of wetlands, grasslands, tall-forb stands, scrub and woodlands in stream corridors; 10.Wetland: sites with permanent or seasonal influence of moisture, ranging from oligotrophic to eutrophic; 11.Aquatic: water bodies and streams with submerged and floating plant species; 12.Man-made: habitats created by humans or where human factor is the main shaping force - if possible, specified if it corresponds with 12a.Ruderal (= urban) or 12b.Agricultural habitats
- urbanArea
Assessment of the geographical area where the cost occurred as being strictly urban if the cost occurred in an urban area only; other if the cost occurred in a non-urban area or in a large area where urban and non-urban areas cannot be distinguished; both if the study compares the cost between urban and non-urban areas (i.e. urban vs. suburban, or suburban vs. non-urban; the comparison must be explicit) or presents the cost across contrasted areas regarding their level of urbanization (e.g. urbanization gradient). Note that we consider the urban nature of study sites purely based on an 'habitat' perspective (i.e. city versus rural areas) rather than a demographic one (e.g. population size or human density)
- protectedArea
Assessment of the geographical area where the cost occurred as a protected area (Y) or not (N); NA is used if the area comprises both protected and unprotected areas, or if the protection status of the place is unknown
- Island
Assessment of the geographical area where the cost occurred as an island (Y) or not (N); NA is used when the cost information is not clearly provided, unknown, or comprises both island and mainland together
- Geographic_region
Geographical region(s) where the cost occurred (Africa, Antarctic-Subantarctic, Asia, Central America, Europe, North America, Oceania, Pacific islands, South America); Diverse/unspecified was used when the cost estimate occurred over several regions simultaneously
- Official_country
Country where the cost occurred; sometimes, this is not congruent with the geographic region as some territories (e.g., overseas areas) are located in another continent than their official country of attachment; we used information from www.naturalearthdata.com/ as a reference for country's name
- State|Province|Administrative_area
The second level of geographic division (state, province or territorial administrative area) for the official country where the cost occurred
- Location
When provided, the precise location (e.g., city, area) where the cost estimate occurred. Otherwise, we put (i) NA when such information was not provided and the cost entry was provided at a unit or site Spatial scale, or (ii) diverse/unspecified when such information was not provided and the cost entry was provided at global, intercontinental, continental, regional or country Spatial scale
- Spatial_scale
Order of magnitude of the extent, size of the land/water area where the costs incurred. Options include: global (worldwide-scale), intercontinental (areas from two or more geographic regions), continental ('Geographic region' level), regional (several countries within a single 'Geographic region'), country, site (area at intra-country level, including USA states) and unit (well-defined surface area or entity)
- Period_of_estimation
If provided, the exact period of time covered by the cost, otherwise the raw formulation provided in the reference analyzed (e.g. late 90s, during 5 years)
- Time_range
Two options: period if the cost is given for a period exceeding a year; or year if the cost is given yearly or for a period up to one year. Alternatively, we put Unspecified if no information is given or guessable from the source
- Probable_starting_year
Year in which the cost is known or assumed to have started to occurred. When not explicitly provided by the authors, we mentioned unspecified; in the case of a cost estimate provided for a one-year period straddling two calendar years, we mentioned the latest year of the cost occurrence.
- Probable_ending_year
Year in which the cost is known or assumed to have ended. When not explicitly provided by the authors, we mentioned unspecified; in the case of a cost estimate provided for a one-year period straddling two calendar years, we mentioned the latest year of the cost occurrence.
- Probable_starting_year_adjusted
Probable starting year and Probable ending year columns where the cells with unspecified information are replaced, as much as possible, by a specific year from educated guesses based on the duration time provided in the original reference (see Period of estimation column). When relevant (e.g. the authors provide a cost that occurs "since/for a well-defined number of years"), we considered the Publication year as a reference for the probable starting/ending year from which we added or subtracted the number of years provided; when vague formulations were used (e.g., early 90s), we still translated them in probable ending/starting year (e.g., 1990–1995); when annual costs were provided, but without clear information on the temporal range, we conservatively considered the year of the cost occurrence (or the Publication year, if not provided) in both columns. When no relevant approximation is feasible, we leave blank in one and/or the other column(s). These columns are those used for obtaining the number of years by which the raw cost estimates are divided to get the cot estimates per year
- Probable_ending_year_adjusted
Probable starting year and Probable ending year columns where the cells with unspecified information are replaced, as much as possible, by a specific year from educated guesses based on the duration time provided in the original reference (see Period of estimation column). When relevant (e.g. the authors provide a cost that occurs "since/for a well-defined number of years"), we considered the Publication year as a reference for the probable starting/ending year from which we added or subtracted the number of years provided; when vague formulations were used (e.g., early 90s), we still translated them in probable ending/starting year (e.g., 1990–1995); when annual costs were provided, but without clear information on the temporal range, we conservatively considered the year of the cost occurrence (or the Publication year, if not provided) in both columns. When no relevant approximation is feasible, we leave blank in one and/or the other column(s). These columns are those used for obtaining the number of years by which the raw cost estimates are divided to get the cot estimates per year
- Occurrence
Status of the cost estimate as potentially ongoing (if the cost can be expected to continue over time) or one-time (if the cost was deemed as unlikely to continue)
- Raw_cost_estimate_original_currency
Cost estimate directly retrieved from the analyzed reference
- Min_Raw_cost_estimate_original_currency
Lower boundary of the Raw cost estimate original currency (if a range of estimates was provided by the authors)
- Max_Raw_cost_estimate_original_currency
Higher boundary of the Raw cost estimate original currency (if a range of estimates was provided by the authors)
- Raw_cost_estimate_2017_USD_exchange_rate
Raw cost estimate original currency standardised from original Currency and Applicable year to 2017 US$ based on the official market exchange rate (original currency unit per US$) provided by the World Bank Open Data (available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF?end=2017&start=1960)
- Raw_cost_estimate_2017_USD_PPP
Raw cost estimate original currency standardized to 2017 US$ based on the official Purchase Power Parity (PPP; original currency unit per US$) provided by the World Bank Open Data (available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.PPP?end=2017&start=1990) and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (available at https://data.oecd.org/conversion/purchasing-powerparities-ppp.htm)
- Cost_estimate_per_year_original_currency
Raw cost estimate original currency transformed to a cost estimate per year of the Period of estimation, which was obtained by dividing the raw cost estimate by the number of years between the Probable starting year_completed and Probable ending year_completed. Blank cells are those that have no information in at least one of these two previous columns
- Cost_estimate_per_year_2017_USD_exchange_rate
Cost estimate per year original currency standardized from original Currency and Applicable year to 2017 USD based on the official market exchange rate (original currency unit per US$) provided by the World Bank Open Data (available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF?end=2017&start=1960). Blank cells are those that have no information in at least one of these two previous columns
- Cost_estimate_per_year_2017_USD_PPP
Cost estimate per year original currency standardized from original Currency and Applicable year to 2017 USD based on Purchase Power Parity (PPP; original currency unit per US$) provided by the World Bank Open Data (available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.PPP?end=2017&start=1990) and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (available at https://data.oecd.org/conversion/purchasing-powerparities-ppp.htm). Blank cells are those that have no information in at least one of these two previous column
- Currency
Currency of the Raw cost estimate original currency as extracted in the original reference and standardised (when possible) using internationally recognized ISO 4217 codes (https://www.iso.org/fr/iso-4217-currency-codes.html); 50 currencies are currently recorded in InvaCost: ARS (Argentine peso), AUD (Australian Dollars), CAD (Canadian Dollars), CHF (Swiss Fanc), CLP (Chilean Peso), COL (Colombian Peso), CUP (Cuban Peso), CZK (Czech Crown), DEM (Deutsche Mark), DKK (Danish Krone), ESP (Spanish Peseta), EUR (Euro), FJD (Fijian Dollar), FRF (French Franc), GBP (Pound Sterling), HKD (Hong Kong Dollars), HRK (Croatian Kuna), INR (Indian Rupee), ISK (Icelandic Crown), JPY (Yen), KES (Kenyan Shilling), LKR (Sri Lankan Rupee), LTL (Lithuanian Litas), MAD (Moroccan Dirhams), MGA (Malagasy Ariary), MXN (Mexican Peso), NGN (Naira), NLG (Dutch Guilder), NOK (Norwegian Krone), NZD (New Zealand Dollar), PKR (Pakistani Rupee), PLN (Polish Zoty), REA (Brazilian Real), CNY (Yuan Renminbi), RUB (Russian Ruble), SEK (Swedish Krona), SGD (Singapore Dollar), SOL (Peruvian Sol), TND (Tunisian Dinar), TRY (Turkish Lira), TWD (New Taiwan Dollar), UAH (Ukrainian Hryvnia), USD (United States Dollars), UYU (Uruguay New Peso), XAF ( CFA Franc BEAC), XOF (CFA franc BCEAO), XPF (Pacific Franc), ZAR (South African Rand), ZWL (Zimbabwean Dollar)
- Applicable_year
Year of the Currency value (not the year of the cost occurrence) considered for the conversion/standardization of the cost estimate
- Type_of_applicable_year
Assessment of the applicable year as effective if explicitly stated by the authors or publication year if no explicit information was provided in the reference analyzed
- Implementation
This states — at the time of the estimation — whether the reported cost was actually observed (i.e., cost actually incurred) or potential (i.e., not incurred but expected cost)
- Acquisition_method
Method used to obtain the cost estimate: report/estimation directly obtained or derived (using inference methods) from field-based information or extrapolation (cost predicted beyond the original spatial and/or temporal observation range from computational modelling)
- Impacted_sector
Sector impacted by the cost estimate in our socio-ecosystems: Agriculture (considered at its broadest sense, food and other useful products produced by human activities through using natural and/plant resources from their ecosystems such as crop growing, livestock breeding, beekeeping, land management); Authorities-Stakeholders (governmental services and/or official organisations such as conservation agencies, forest services, associations) that allocate efforts for the management sensu lato of biological invasions (e.g. control programs, eradication campaigns, research funding) ; Environment (impacts on natural resources, ecological processes and/or ecosystem services that have been valued by authors such as disruption of native habitats or degradation of local habitats); Fishery (fish-based activities and services such as fishing and aquaculture); Forestry (forest-based activities and services such as timber production/industries and private forests); Health (every item directly or indirectly related to the sanitary state of people such as vector control, medical care and other derived damage on human productivity and well-being); Public and social welfare (activities, goods or services contributing - directly or indirectly - to the human well-being and safety in our societies, including local infrastructures such as electric system, quality of life (e.g. income, recreational activities), personal goods (e.g. private properties, lands), public services (e.g. transports, water regulation), and market activities (e.g. tourism, trade)); Unspecified if no information is given in the source.
- Type_of_cost
A variety of terms/categories pertianing to damage and losses incurred by an invasion (e.g. damage-loss, damage repair, medical care, crop losses) or means dedicated to understand or predict (e.g., research), prevent (e.g., education, biosecurity), detect (e.g., monitoring, surveillance) and/or manage (e.g., control, eradication) the invasions; Unspecified is mentionned if no information is given or guessable from the source
- Type_of_cost_merged
Categories of the Type of cost column reassigned into damage (economic losses due to direct and/or indirect impacts of invaders, such as yield loss, health injury, land alteration, infrastructure damage, or income reduction), management (monetary resources allocated to mitigate the spread or impacts of invaders, such as prevention, control, research, long-term management, eradication) or mixed (when when costs included both ‘damage’ and ‘management’ components); every cost for which the exact nature of cost was not clearly defined was assigned to unspecified
- Management_type
Pre-invasion_management (monetary investments for preventing successful invasions in an area - including quarantine or border inspection, risk analyses, biosecurity management, etc.), post-invasion_management (money spent for managing invasions in invaded areas - including control, eradication, containment), knowledge funding (money allocated to all actions and operations that could be of interest at all steps of management at pre- and post-invasion stages - including administration, communication, education, research, etc.), or mixed was assigned when costs include at least (and without possibility to disentangle the specific proportion of) two of the previous categories; every management cost (in the Type of cost column) for which the exact nature of cost was not clearly defined was assigned to unspecified. Every entry that has partly or fully associated with damage costs was assigned to NA
- Method_reliability
Assessment of the methodological approach used for cost estimation as of (i) high reliability if either provided by officially pre-assessed materials (peer-reviewed articles and official reports) or the estimation method was documented, repeatable and/or traceable if provided by other grey literature, or (ii) low reliability if not
- Method_reliability_refined
Assessment of the methodological approach used for cost estimation as of high or low reliability based on the evaluation of the estimation methodology by expert contributors
- Method_reliability_Explanation
Detailed explanation why a particular methodological approach used for cost estimation was deemed as of high or low reliability based on expert opinion
- Method_reliability_Expert_Name
Complete name and contact details of the expert had deemed the reliability of the cost entry
- Overlap
List of cost entries (using Cost_ID) that might overlap with other cost entry(s) – this is noted as follows: Z(V/W) when the overlap is known and one or more cost ID (V,W) are included in another cost ID (Z); Z/V/W: when the overlap is not clear; and Z(V); Z/W if there are more than one unrelated overlaps
- Benefit_value(s)
Mention (if any) of the benefit value in the analyzed material (yes/no); 'benefit' refers here to a monetary estimate associated with profitable activities based on IAS. This definition therefore excludes any economic gain based on avoided or mitigated effects of the IAS (for instance, due to efficient management actions over time that may result in apparent benefits from avoidance of damages) - the latter is considered as an “avoided cost” in the InvaCost database. Note that the benefit figure was not recorded or described as being out of the scope of InvaCost
- Details
When necessary, narrative elements deemed important either to understand the cost estimate or to support choices made for completing the database; this column was left unchanged from the original entries in order to allow trace-back investigations
- Initial contributors_names
Name of contributor(s) having collated the cost entry
- Double-checking
Assessment of cost information collated (by at least) two contributors; yes if it has been double checked, no if it has not. The names/contacts of each contributor are provided in the Initial contributors_names column
Source
\Sexpr[results=rd]{tools:::Rd_expr_doi("10.6084/m9.figshare.12668570")}References
Diagne, C., Leroy, B., Gozlan, R. E., Vaissière, A. C., Assailly, C., Nuninger, L., Roiz, D., Jourdain, F., Jaric, I., & Courchamp, F. (2020). InvaCost, a public database of the economic costs of biological invasions worldwide. Scientific Data, 7(1), 1–12. \Sexpr[results=rd]{tools:::Rd_expr_doi("10.1038/s41597-020-00586-z")}
https://github.com/Farewe/invacost
Leroy Boris, Kramer Andrew M, Vaissière Anne-Charlotte, Kourantidou Melina, Courchamp Franck & Diagne Christophe (2022). Analysing economic costs of invasive alien species with the invacost R package. Methods in Ecology and Evolution. \Sexpr[results=rd]{tools:::Rd_expr_doi("10.1111/2041-210X.13929")}
History of database releases: \Sexpr[results=rd]{tools:::Rd_expr_doi("10.6084/m9.figshare.12668570")}
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