paper.md
In lorentz: The Lorentz Transform in Relativistic Physics

title: 'Special relativity in R: the lorentz package ' authors: - affiliation: 1 name: Robin K. S. Hankin orcid: 0000-0001-5982-0415 date: "September 05, 2019" output: pdf_document bibliography: ref.bib tags: - special relativity - Lorentz transform - Lorentz boosts - Three velocity - Four velocity affiliations: - index: 1 name: University of Stirling

Introduction: the Lorentz transform in special relativity

In special relativity [@einstein1905], the Lorentz transforms [@lorentz1904] supercede their classical equivalent, the Galilean transforms. Lorentz transforms operate on four-vectors such as the four-velocity or four-potential and are usually operationalised as multiplication by a $4\times 4$ matrix. A Lorentz transform takes the components of an arbitrary four-vector as observed in one coordinate system and returns the components observed in another system which is moving at constant velocity with respect to the first.

Statement of need

Einstein's theory of special relativity presents specific difficulties for its teaching and learning [@prado2020]. One particularly problematic concept is that of four velocity, defined as the deriviative of an object's four-displacement with respect to its proper time [@resnick1968]. Students are often left puzzled as to why an object with three degrees of freedom is described using an object with four components. Observing (correctly) that the familiar classical velocity addition law is incorrect for both three-velocities and four-velocities in relativistic mechanics, students may reasonably ask in what way four-velocities are preferable to three-velocities.

The lorentz package [@hankin2022_lorentz] furnishes a consistent suite of computational functionality to give numerical illustration of many concepts of special relativity, including manipulation of three- and four- velocities. It is accessible to undergraduates, being written in the R programming language [@rcore2022] which will be familiar to many physics students. The package allows the user to manipulate Lorentz boosts using familiar matrix multiplication, and in addition incorporates in an efficient and consistent interface to deal with many aspects of undergraduate-level relativity including active and passive transforms, four-mometum of photons, and in particular the difficult and nonintuitive behaviour of units in which $c\neq 1$ [such as S. I.]. The classical limit of $c=\infty$ is discussed explicitly and computationally. The package allows the user to employ efficient and natural vectorised R idiom in the context of relativistic kinematics.

The package was originally written to facilitate investigation into the nonassociative and noncommutative "gyrogroup" structure of three-velocities [@ungar1997]; but the pedagogical impact of this is to reinforce the primacy of four-vectors in relativity. One student, using the package, succinctly offers the observation that ``three-velocities suck": surely a profound insight.

Previous related work

There are a few existing software tools for working with Lorentz transforms, mostly developed in an educational context. Early work would include that of Horwitz et al. [-@horwitz1992], who describe relLab, a system for building a range of gendanken experiments in an interactive graphical environment. The author asserts that it runs on "any Macintosh computer with one megabyte of RAM or more" but it is not clear whether the software is still available. More modern contributions would include the OpenRelativity toolkit [@sherin2016] which simulates the effects of special relativity in the Unity game engine. There are also many excellent github repos that provide functionality to create simple visual displays of Lorentz transforms of events (eg https://github.com/nick1627/RelativityVisualisation) although these are generally restricted to a single spatial dimension.

Educational models (in the sense of @possel2018) for Einstein's general theory of relativity [@einstein1907] tend to be physical [@possel2018]; but software examples would include the present author's software [@hankin2021] for visualizing black holes and gravitational radiation.

The `lorentz` package: summary of high-level functionality

The lorentz package provides R-centric functionality for Lorentz transforms. It deals with formal Lorentz boosts and converts between three-velocities and four-velocities. Computational support for the nonassociative and noncommutative gyrogroup structure of relativistic three-velocity addition is included. Some functionality for relativistic transformation of tensors of order two such as the stress-energy tensor is given, with examples. In the package, the speed of light is one by default, but is user-settable and the classical limit is recovered by setting $c=\infty$. Both passive and active transforms are implemented. An extensive heuristic vignette detailing package idiom is included. There does not seem to be a known relativistic generalization of the classical distributive law $r\left({\bf u} + {\bf v}\right)=r{\bf u} + r{\bf v}$ [@ungar1997]. Ungar states that ``It is hoped that one day a gyrodistributive law $\ldots$ will be discovered. If exists, it is expected to be the standard distributive law relaxed by Thomas gyration in some unexpected way''. The package is used to execute a systematic sweep through possible distributive laws consistent with Ungar's suggestion, unfortunately without success.