item.reverse: Reverse Code Scale Item

In misty: Miscellaneous Functions 'T. Yanagida'

Reverse Code Scale Item

Description

This function reverse codes inverted items, i.e., items that are negatively worded.

Usage

item.reverse(data, ..., min = NULL, max = NULL, keep = NULL, append = TRUE,
             name = ".r", as.na = NULL, table = FALSE, check = TRUE)

Arguments

data	a numeric vector for reverse coding an item or data frame for reverse coding more than one item.
...	an expression indicating the variable names in data e.g., item.reverse(x1, x2, x3, data = dat). Note that the operators +, -, ~, :, ::, and ! can also be used to select variables, see 'Details' in the df.subset function.
min	an integer indicating the minimum of the item (i.e., lowest possible scale value).
max	an integer indicating the maximum of the item (i.e., highest possible scale value).
keep	a numeric vector indicating values not to be reverse coded.
append	logical: if TRUE (default), recoded variable(s) are appended to the data frame specified in the argument data.
name	a character string or character vector indicating the names of the reverse coded item. By default, variables are named with the ending ".r" resulting in e.g. "x1.r" and "x2.r". Variable names can also be specified using a character vector matching the number of variables (e.g., name = c("reverse.x1", "reverse.x2")).
as.na	a numeric vector indicating user-defined missing values, i.e. these values are converted to NA before conducting the analysis.
table	logical: if TRUE, a cross table item x reverse coded item is printed on the console if only one variable is specified.
check	logical: if TRUE (default), argument specification is checked.

Details

If the arguments min and/or max are not specified, empirical minimum and/or maximum is computed from the data. Note that reverse coding may fail if the lowest or highest possible scale value is not represented in the data. Therefore, it is always preferable to specify the arguments min and max.

Value

Returns a numeric vector or data frame with the same length or same number of rows as data containing the reverse coded scale item(s).

Author(s)

Takuya Yanagida [e-mail]

References

Rasch, D., Kubinger, K. D., & Yanagida, T. (2011). Statistics in psychology - Using R and SPSS. John Wiley & Sons.

See Also

item.alpha, item.omega, rec, item.scores

Examples

# Example 1a: Reverse code 'pitem2' and append to 'data.items'
item.reverse(data.items, pitem2, min = 0, max = 3)

# Example 1b: Alternative specification without using the '...' argument
item.reverse(data.items$pitem2, min = 0, max = 3)

# Example 2a: Reverse code 'pitem2' and 'pitem3' and attach to 'data.items'
item.reverse(data.items, pitem2, pitem3, min = 0, max = 3)

# Example 2b: Alternative specification without using the '...' argument
dat <- cbind(data.items,
             item.reverse(data.items[, c("pitem2", "pitem3")], min = 0, max = 3))

misty documentation built on Aug. 2, 2026, 9:06 a.m.