title: "sitree: An Individual Tree Open Source Simulator" author: "Clara Antón Fernández" date: 03-08-2021 output: html_document: toc: true number_sections: true
This tutorial gives examples on how you can use sitree to simulate individual tree growth, death, and harvest through time, and to compare the effects of changing functions (e.g. use a different mortality function) in the results of the simulation.
For a general introduction and description of the package take a look at the 'Introduction to SiTree' vignette.
SiTree uses reference classes to keep memory usage at bay. Bare in mind that reference classes such as trList and trListDead are modified in place. For example,
## Always bare in mind that RF trList and trListDead are modified in place ## Do not copy Polygon <- setRefClass("Polygon", fields = c("sides")) square <- Polygon$new(sides = 4) square.to.triangle <- function(a){ ## This makes the object triangle point to square, it does not create a copy ## since square is a RC object triangle <- square ## when we modifiy triangle we are modifying square. triangle$sides <- 3 return(a+2) } ## square has 4 sides square$sides ## when we call the square.to.triangle function the 'square' object ## gets modified, eventhough we don't pass it as argument. That is because ## it is referenced inside the function square.to.triangle(2) square$sides ## but if we do square <- Polygon$new(sides = 4) square.to.triangle <- function(a){ triangle <- square$copy() triangle$sides <- 3 return(a+2) } square$sides square.to.triangle(2) ## the object remains unchanged square$sides
Most regular users will never need to use these methods.
Let\'s see now some examples of the methods implemented for these RF.
library(sitree) res <- sitree (tree.df = tr, stand.df = fl, functions = list( fn.growth = 'grow.dbhinc.hgtinc', fn.mort = 'mort.B2007', fn.recr = 'recr.BBG2008', fn.management = 'management.prob', fn.tree.removal = 'mng.tree.removal', fn.modif = NULL, fn.prep.common.vars = 'prep.common.vars.fun' ), n.periods = 5, period.length = 5, mng.options = NA, print.comments = FALSE, fn.dbh.inc = "dbhi.BN2009", fn.hgt.inc = "height.korf", fun.final.felling = "harv.prob", fun.thinning = "thin.prob", per.vol.harv = 0.83 ) ## getTrees(i, j) -- obtains the information of the i trees, on the j periods, ## by default it selects all. It does not display it, it passes the value. ## It returns a list with elements plot.id, treeid, dbh.mm, height.dm, yrs.sim, ## tree.sp get.some.trees <- res$live$getTrees(1:3, 2:5) ## extractTrees(i) -- extracts the i trees, it removed the trees from the ## original object and it passes the information. It returns a list. dead <- res$live$extractTrees(4:7) ## addTrees(x) -- x should be a list res$live$addTrees(dead) ## last.time.alive. It checks when was the last DBH measured. new.dead.trees <- trListDead$new( data = dead, last.measurement = cbind( do.call("dead.trees.growth" , args = list( dt = dead, growth = data.frame(dbh.inc.mm = rep(3, 4), hgt.inc.dm = rep(8, 4)), mort = rep(TRUE, 4), this.period = "t2") ), found.dead = "t3" ), nperiods = res$live$nperiods ) lta <- new.dead.trees$last.time.alive() ## which in this case differs from the data stored under the last.measurement ## field because we have defined it artificially above as "t3" lta new.dead.trees$last.measurement$found.dead ## But we can remove the data from the periods after it was found dead new.dead.trees$remove.next.period("t3") new.dead.trees$remove.next.period("t4") new.dead.trees$remove.next.period("t5") ## and now results do match lta <- new.dead.trees$last.time.alive() ## last time it was alive was in "t2" lta ## ant it was found dead in "t3" new.dead.trees$last.measurement$found.dead
We first use the example functions available in the sitree package to run a 15 periods simulation.
set.seed(2017) n.periods <- 50 res <- sitree (tree.df = tr, stand.df = fl, functions = list( fn.growth = 'grow.dbhinc.hgtinc', fn.mort = 'mort.B2007', fn.recr = 'recr.BBG2008', fn.management = 'management.prob', fn.tree.removal = 'mng.tree.removal', fn.modif = NULL, fn.prep.common.vars = 'prep.common.vars.fun' ), n.periods = n.periods, period.length = 5, mng.options = NA, print.comments = FALSE, fn.dbh.inc = "dbhi.BN2009", fn.hgt.inc = "height.korf", fun.final.felling = "harv.prob", fun.thinning = "thin.prob", per.vol.harv = 0.83 )
Let's start with some basic graphics of the data.
dbh.mm <- res$live$data$dbh.mm dbh.mm.short <- reshape(dbh.mm, varying = paste0("t", 0:n.periods), timevar = "period", direction = "long", sep = "") head(dbh.mm.short) dbh.mm.short$t[dbh.mm.short$t == 0] <- NA library(ggplot2) ggplot(dbh.mm.short, aes(x = t)) + geom_histogram() + ylab('dbh.mm') + facet_wrap(~ period) + theme_minimal()
And since we already have the code to calculate volume we can easily plot the evolution of standing volume or harvested volume
vol <- data.frame(matrix(NA, ncol = n.periods+1, nrow = length(res$plot.data$plot.id))) names(vol) <- paste0("t", 0:n.periods) for (i.period in 0:n.periods){ sa <- prep.common.vars.fun ( tr = res$live, fl= res$plot.data, i.period, this.period = paste0("t", i.period), common.vars = NULL, period.length = 5 ) vol[, (i.period +1)] <- sa$res$vuprha.m3.ha ## This is volume per ha, if we prefer just m3 we multiply by ha2total ## ha2total is the number of ha represented by the plot vol[, (i.period +1)] <- vol[, (i.period +1)] * sa$fl$ha2total } vol.m3.short <- reshape(vol, varying = paste0("t", 0:n.periods), timevar = "period", direction = "long", sep = "") vol.m3.short$t[vol.m3.short$t == 0] <- NA total.standing.volume <- aggregate(t ~ period, data = vol.m3.short, FUN = sum) total.standing.volume$vol.mill.m3 <- total.standing.volume$t/1e6 ggplot(total.standing.volume, aes(period, vol.mill.m3)) + geom_line()+ ylab("standing volume (mill m3)") + theme_minimal()
vol <- data.frame(matrix(NA, ncol = n.periods + 1, nrow = length(res$plot.data$plot.id))) ## res$removed$data only contains the "history of the tree", but we need ## the dbh and height of the tree at harvest time names(vol) <- paste0("t", 0:n.periods) removed <- recover.last.measurement(res$removed) for (i.period in 0:n.periods){ harv.vol <- prep.common.vars.fun ( tr = res$removed, fl = res$plot.data, i.period, this.period = paste0("t", i.period), common.vars = NULL, period.length = 5 ) vol[, (i.period +1)] <- harv.vol$res$vuprha.m3.ha ## This is volume per ha, if we prefer just m3. vol[, (i.period +1)] <- vol[, (i.period +1)] * sa$fl$ha2total } names(vol) <- paste0(substr(names(vol), 1, 1), ".", substr(names(vol), 2, 3)) vol.m3.short <- reshape(vol, varying = paste0("t.", 0:n.periods), timevar = "period", idvar = "id", direction = "long" ) vol.m3.short$t[vol.m3.short$t == 0] <- NA harv.total <- aggregate(t ~ period, data = vol.m3.short, FUN = sum) ggplot(harv.total, aes(period, t)) + geom_line()+ ylab("harvested volume ( m3)") + theme_minimal()
vol <- data.frame(matrix(NA, ncol = n.periods + 1, nrow = length(res$plot.data$plot.id))) names(vol) <- paste0("t", 0:n.periods) dead <- recover.last.measurement(res$dead) for (i.period in 0:n.periods){ vol[, (i.period +1)] <- prep.common.vars.fun ( tr = dead, fl= res$plot.data, i.period, this.period = paste0("t", i.period), common.vars = NULL, period.length = 5 )$res$vuprha.m3.ha ## This is volume per ha, if we prefer just m3. vol[, (i.period +1)] <- vol[, (i.period +1)] * sa$fl$ha2total } names(vol) <- paste0(substr(names(vol), 1, 1), ".", substr(names(vol), 2, 3)) vol.m3.short <- reshape(vol, varying = paste0("t.", 0:n.periods), timevar = "period", idvar = "id", direction = "long" ) head(vol.m3.short) ## let's plot dead trees by plot, for the first 10 plots ## to look at the variation ggplot(vol.m3.short[vol.m3.short$id %in% 1:10,], aes(period, t, group = id, col = as.factor(id))) + geom_line()+ ylab("Dead trees volume (mill m3)") + theme_minimal()
It is also interesting to look at the evolution of stand age
age <- res$plot.data$stand.age.years age.short<- reshape(age, varying = paste0("t", 0:(n.periods-1)), timevar = "period", idvar = "id", direction = "long", sep = "" ) head(age.short) ggplot(age.short, aes(x = t)) + geom_histogram() + ylab('dbh.mm') + facet_wrap(~ period) + theme_minimal()
But the real power of sitree is how easily one can test new functions and its effects on important forestry variables. Let\'s see what happens when we switch mortality functions.
So far we have been using 'mort.B2007', Bollandås (2007) mortality equation. we will now try older Norwegian mortality functions. Those developed by Eid and Tuhus (2001).
ET2001 <- function (tr, fl, common.vars, this.period, ...) { dbh.mm <- tr$data[["dbh.mm"]][, this.period] p.functions <- data.frame(a0 = c( 8.06, 8.49, 4.89, 5.16), b1 = c(-6.7, -14.27, -2.528, -7.35), b2 = c(-0.03, -0.05, 0, -0.02), b3 = c(-0.03, -0.08, 0, 0 ), b4 = c(-0.01, -0.08, 0, 0 ) ) rownames(p.functions) <- c("spruce", "pine", "birch", "other") logit <- p.functions[common.vars$spp, "a0"] + p.functions[common.vars$spp, "b1"] * (dbh.mm/10)^(-1) + p.functions[common.vars$spp, "b2"] * common.vars$PBAL.m2.ha + p.functions[common.vars$spp, "b3"] * fl$SI.m[common.vars$i.stand] + p.functions[common.vars$spp, "b4"] * common.vars$pr.spp.ba$spru mort.B <- 1- (1/(1 + exp(-logit))) mort <- ifelse(mort.B >= runif(nrow(tr$data$dbh.mm), 0, 1), TRUE, FALSE) return(mort) }
We will test the performance of this new function by simply comparing the development of the stand basal area for 80 years. Since both ET2001
and mort.B2007
and implemented stochastically, we will average the stand basal area of 20 runs. This could also be implemented easily in parallel. We first run the simulation with the ET2001
function:
SBA.m2.ha <- list() set.seed(2017) for ( i.to in 1:20){ result.sitree.ET2001 <- sitree (tree.df = tr, stand.df = fl, functions = list( fn.growth = 'grow.dbhinc.hgtinc', fn.mort = 'ET2001', fn.recr = 'recr.BBG2008', fn.management = NULL, fn.tree.removal = NULL, fn.modif = NULL, fn.prep.common.vars = 'prep.common.vars.fun' ), n.periods = 16, period.length = 5, mng.options = NA, print.comments = FALSE, fn.dbh.inc = 'dbhi.BN2009', fn.hgt.inc = 'height.korf' ) ## We extract basal area from sitree.summary SBA.m2.ha[[i.to]] <- attr(sitree.summary( result.sitree.ET2001, plots = c(1), by.stand = TRUE, plot.all.together = TRUE, plot = FALSE), "data")$SBA.m2.ha } library(data.table) SBA.m2.ha.ET2001 <- rbindlist(SBA.m2.ha) SBA.m2.ET2001 <- aggregate(t ~ period + plot.id, data = SBA.m2.ha.ET2001, FUN = mean)
We run the simulation now with mortality function mort.B2007
implemented in sitree:
SBA.m2.ha <- list() set.seed(2017) for ( i.to in 1:20){ result.sitree <- sitree (tree.df = tr, stand.df = fl, functions = list( fn.growth = 'grow.dbhinc.hgtinc', fn.mort = 'mort.B2007', fn.recr = 'recr.BBG2008', fn.management = NULL, fn.tree.removal = NULL, fn.modif = NULL, fn.prep.common.vars = 'prep.common.vars.fun' ), n.periods = 16, period.length = 5, mng.options = NA, print.comments = FALSE, fn.dbh.inc = 'dbhi.BN2009', fn.hgt.inc = 'height.korf' ) ## Basal area SBA.m2.ha[[i.to]] <- attr(sitree.summary( result.sitree, plots = c(1), by.stand = TRUE, plot.all.together = TRUE, plot = FALSE), "data")$SBA.m2.ha } SBA.m2.ha.B2007 <- rbindlist(SBA.m2.ha) SBA.m2.B2007 <- aggregate(t ~ period + plot.id, data = SBA.m2.ha.B2007, FUN = mean) SBA.m2.B2007$mort <- "mort.B2007" SBA.m2.ET2001$mort <- "ET2001"
We can now visualize the stand basal area development for the first 10 plots using the different mortality functions:
mort.data <- rbind(SBA.m2.B2007, SBA.m2.ET2001) mort.data$uid <- as.factor(paste0(mort.data$plot.id, mort.data$mort)) ggplot(mort.data[mort.data$plot.id %in% 1:10,], aes( period, t, col = mort, group = uid)) + geom_line() + ylab ( "Stand basal area (m2)")+ theme(legend.title = element_blank())
The resulting figure shows the differences in stand basal area between the two mortality sub-models for the first 10 plots.
Bollandsås, O. 2007 Uneven-aged Forestry in Norway: Inventory and Management Models. [Ås, Norway]: Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management.
Eid, T., and Tuhus E. 2001 Models for Individual Tree Mortality in Norway. Forest Ecology and Management 154 (1/2): 69–84.
Any scripts or data that you put into this service are public.
Add the following code to your website.
For more information on customizing the embed code, read Embedding Snippets.