pShiftCount: Compute Counts of Gibson's Participation Shifts
In tsna: Tools for Temporal Social Network Analysis

Description Usage Arguments Details Value Author(s) References Examples

Uses the relevent package to compute counts of dyadic turn-taking events using a typology outlined by Gibson (2003)

1	pShiftCount(nd, start = NULL, end = NULL, output = c("final", "full"))

`nd`	`networkDynamic` object to be evaluated
`start`	numeric initial time point to start evaluation from
`end`	numeric ending time point to finish evaluation
`output`	chracter value indicating if only the `'final'` counts should be reported, or the `'full'` matrix with updated counts for each event.

Uses the accum.ps function in the package relevent to build counts of accumulated dyad participation shifts (turn-taking changes) using the dynamic information on tie changes represented in a directed networkDynamic object. The P-shifts are given in the order used in Gibson's 2003 Social Forces paper, namely:

Turn Receiving:
- [1] AB->BA (Alex talks to Brett, then Brett replies)
- [2] AB->B0 (Alex talks to Brett, then Brett addresses the group)
- [3] AB->BY (Alex talks to Brett, then Brett talks to Yuki)
Turn Claiming:
- [4] A0->X0 (Alex talks to the group, then Xuan talks to the group)
- [5] A0->XA (Alex talks to the group, then Xuan talks to Alex)
- [6] A0->XY (Alex talks to the group, then Xuan talks to Yuki)
Turn Usurping:
- [7] AB->X0 (Alex talks to Brett, then Xuan talks to the group)
- [8] AB->XA (Alex talks to Brett, then Xuan talks to Alex)
- [9] AB->XB (Alex talks to Brett, then Xuan talks to Brett)
- [10] AB->XY (Alex talks to Brett, then Xuan talks to Yuki)
Turn Continuing:
- [11] A0->AY (Alex talks to the group, then addresses Yuki)
- [12] AB->A0 (Alex talks to Brett, then makes remark to the group)
- [13] AB->AY (Alex talks to Brett, then to Yuki)

This uses Gibson's notation, in which A is the initial source, B is the initial target, X is a new (shifted) speaker, Y is a new (shifted) target, and 0 is used where no well-defined speaker or target is present. (Here, this would occurs when NA is given for source or destination, not currently supported)

It is worth noting that not all adjacent event pairs induce P-shifts, and hence the shift counts will not increment with every event. In particular, the first event does not induce a shift (since there is no prior event), and neither does a repetition of a previous event (e.g., AB->AB or A0->A0). The full set is thus affinely independent in general, although they will have a near (or even full) dimension of affine dependence on most data sets.

Event order is determined by sorting the network's edge spells by on the onset time of edge and then by the terminus. Gibson's typology assumes that edges/ties directed 'at the group' are distinguishable those directed at individuals, and has a strong assumption of sequential non-simultaneous events. Because the networkDynamic object does not explicitly clode for 'group' utterences, simultaneous edges originating from a speaker (same onset,terminus, and tail vertex) are assumed to be directed at the group, even if not all group members are reached by the ties.

For output='final' (the default), the output is a matrix with one row containing counts for each of the 13 P-shift types accumulated over the time period requested. For ouptut='full', the output is a data.frame with rows corresponding to each edge spell event. The first 13 rows are the counts of P-shift types, and the remaining four rows are the 'onset', 'terminus', 'tail', 'head', and a 'group' column indicating if the event was considered as a group-directed.

Carter Butts buttsc@uci.edu, Skye Bender-deMoll skyebend@uw.edu

Gibson, D.R. (2003) 'Participation Shifts: Order and Differentiation in Group Conversation' Social Forces 81 (4): 1335-1380 https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2003.0055

Carter T. Butts (2008). A Relational Event Framework for Social Action. Sociological Methodology, 38(1), 155–200.