In FAIR-NHH/mmbruteluck: Replication Package for "mmbruteluck" Paper
knitr::opts_chunk$set(
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In this appendix, we present the instructions used in the two
experiments. All instructions were originally in Norwegian and
translated accordingly. Please note that the text in square brackets
contains comments related to the experimental procedures. Comments in
curly brackets, on the other hand, indicate for which set of subject the
text below the comment applies to.
Online experiment with the general population
Workers
General introduction
{[The following text applies to all workers]{.smallcaps}}
Introduction\
Welcome to this research project! We very much appreciate your
participation.\
This is a study about the economics of decision-making. Several research
institutions have provided funds for this research.\
Payment\
Your payment will consist of the participation fee plus the amount of
bonus points that you accumulate throughout the study. Your initial
endowment of bonus points amounts to 50 bonus points. The exact amount
of bonus points that you receive will depend on your and/or others'
decision. At the end, each bonus points is converted into USD at a rate
of 1 cent per bonus point.\
Your bonus will be paid to you using the bonus system within a few weeks
after the completion of this HIT. Your payment for taking the HIT will
be sent to you shortly after the completion of this HIT.\
Procedures\
The study consists of two parts and you will be given instructions on
your screen before every single part of the survey. Please always make
sure to read the instructions carefully before you continue.\
Participation\
Participation in this research study is completely voluntary. You have
the right to withdraw at anytime or refuse to participate entirely
without jeopardy to future participation in other studies conducted by
us.\
Confidentiality
All data obtained from you will be kept confidential and will only be
reported in an aggregate format (by reporting only combined results and
never reporting individual ones). All submissions will be concealed, and
no one other than the primary investigator will have access to them. The
data collected will be stored in the HIPPA-compliant, secure database
until it has been deleted by us.\
Verification\
At the end of this survey, you will be given a completion code. You will
need to copy this code to the survey code field on the AMT web page that
directed you here at the beginning.\
Questions about the Research\
If you have questions regarding this study, you may contact:\
thechoicelab\@nhh.no\
Work phase
[The following text applies only to subjects who had to fulfill the
work requirement]
In the first part of this study, we ask you to work on an assignment.
After you are done with the assignments, a number of bonus points will
be determined for you.\
The first part of this study is followed by a redistribution phase and a
set of general questions that will complete this study.\
Please always make sure to read the instructions carefully before you
continue.\
[Description of the picture categorization task]
For the assignment, you will be working on a picture categorization
task. You will see a picture on your screen and are asked to select the
categories from the menu below the picture that you think fit to the
picture and its content. You can select multiple categories from the
menu if you think that the picture fits into that category as well.\
Your answer will be submitted automatically after 30 seconds and you
will be given a new picture. The task will last for 10 minutes and we
ask you to work thoroughly with each picture.\
[Picture categorization task starts and ends after 10
minutes]
Payment phase
[The following text applies only to subjects who had to fulfill the
work requirement]
You have now completed the assignment. The next page will tell you how
the bonus for the assignment will be determined.\
[The following text applies only to subjects in the Baseline
treatment with and without work requirement]
Your bonus points will be determined by a lottery in which you with
equal probability can earn 800 bonus points or 0 bonus points. In the
lottery, a ball will be randomly drawn from an urn containing an equal
number of yellow and green balls. If a yellow ball is drawn, you will
earn 800 bonus points, and if a green ball is drawn, you will earn 0
bonus points.
[The following text applies only to subjects in the Forced Choice
treatment with and without work requirement]
Your bonus points will be determined in the following way. You can
either choose to earn 25 bonus points or to let the amount of bonus
points be determined by a lottery in which you with equal probability
can earn 800 bonus points or 0 bonus points. In the lottery, a ball will
be randomly drawn from an urn containing an equal number of yellow and
green balls. If a yellow ball is drawn, you will earn 800 bonus points,
and if a green ball is drawn, you will earn 0 bonus points.\
- 25 bonus points
- Lottery with 50% chance of earning 800 bonus points
[The following text applies only to subjects in the Forced Choice
Strong treatment]
Your bonus points will be determined in the following way. You can
either choose to earn no bonus points or to let the amount of bonus
points be determined by a lottery in which you with equal probability
can earn 800 bonus points or 0 bonus points. In the lottery, a ball will
be randomly drawn from an urn containing an equal number of yellow and
green balls. If a yellow ball is drawn, you will earn 800 bonus points,
and if a green ball is drawn, you will earn 0 bonus points.\
- 0 bonus points
- Lottery with 50% chance of earning 800 bonus points
[The following text applies only to subjects in the Forced Choice
Very Strong treatment]
Your bonus points will be determined in the following way. You can
either choose to get 25 bonus points deducted from the amount of bonus
points that you currently have or to let the amount of bonus points be
determined by a lottery in which you with equal probability can earn 800
bonus points or 0 bonus points. In the lottery, a ball will be randomly
drawn from an urn containing an equal number of yellow and green balls.
If a yellow ball is drawn, you will earn 800 bonus points, and if a
green ball is drawn, you will earn 0 bonus points.\
- Deduct 25 bonus points
- Lottery with 50% chance of earning 800 bonus points
[The following text applies only to subjects in the Nominal Choice
treatment with and without work requirement]
Your bonus points will be determined in the following way. You can
choose between two colors, yellow and green. Your choice of color will
then determine the outcome of a lottery in which you with equal
probability can earn 800 bonus points or 0 bonus points. In the lottery,
a ball will be randomly drawn from an urn containing an equal number of
yellow and green balls. If you chose the color of the ball that is
drawn, you will earn 800 bonus points, if you choose the other color,
you will earn 0 bonus points.\
- Yellow
- Green
[Payment phase is concluded. Subjects answer a set of control
questions before receiving information about how their final earnings
are determined.]
[The following text applies to all treatments involving a work
requirement and subjects who faced a lottery draw to determine
earnings]
We will now explain how the final amount of bonus points is generated.\
The total amount of bonus points you receive consists of the initial
endowment plus what you earned for working on the assignment.\
Initial Endowment\
The initial endowment was 50 bonus points.\
Assignment\
For determining the earnings from the assignments, we will match you
with another participant who has completed the same HIT. The payment to
you and the other participant is then determined in the following way.\
First, the outcome of the payment lotteries will be determined.
Afterwards, a randomly selected third person who has not participated in
this study will be given the opportunity to redistribute the earnings
from the assignment between you and the other participant. This person
will not know the identity of you or the other participant, but will be
informed about the nature of the assignment and your earnings for this
assignment.\
If the third person chooses not to redistribute, each of you will be
paid your earnings from the assignment. If the third person chooses to
redistribute earnings, then each of you will be paid according to this
decision.\
[The following text applies to all treatments involving a work
requirement and subjects who did not face a lottery draw to determine
earnings]
We will now explain how the final amount of bonus points is generated.\
The total amount of bonus points you receive consists of the initial
endowment plus what you earned for working on the assignment.\
Initial Endowment\
The initial endowment was 50 bonus points.\
Assignment\
You will receive -25/0/25 bonus points for working on the assignment.
[The following text applies to all treatments without a work
requirement and subjects who faced a lottery draw to determine
earnings]
We will now explain how the final amount of bonus points is generated.\
The total amount of bonus points you receive consists of the initial
endowment plus what you earned from the lottery draw.\
Initial Endowment\
The initial endowment was 50 bonus points.\
Lottery draw\
For determining the earnings from the lottery draw, we will match you
with another participant who has completed the same HIT. The payment to
you and the other participant is then determined in the following way.\
First, the outcome of the payment lotteries will be determined.
Afterwards, a randomly selected third person who has not participated in
this study will be given the opportunity to redistribute the earnings
between you and the other participant. This person will not know the
identity of you or the other participant, but will be informed about the
earnings from the lottery draw.\
If the third person chooses not to redistribute, each of you will be
paid your earnings from the lottery. If the third person chooses to
redistribute earnings, then each of you will be paid according to this
decision.\
[The following text applies to all treatments without a work
requirement and subjects who did not face a lottery draw to determine
earnings]
We will now explain how the final amount of bonus points is generated.\
The total amount of bonus points you receive consists of the initial
endowment plus what you earned as a result of your decision.\
Initial Endowment\
The initial endowment was 50 bonus points.\
Your decision\
You will receive -25/0/25 bonus points as a result of your decision.\
[The following text applies to all treatments]
We will calculate and pay your bonus as soon as this full batch of HITs
is finished. This includes that we need to wait for third party
decisions. It generally takes us a few days to match the data and pay
out the bonuses.
[End of study for workers]
Spectators
Redistribution phase
Base
We now ask you to make a choice that can have consequences for a real
life situation. We will randomly select one out of five respondents and
implement the choice made by this respondent.
A few days ago, individuals were recruited via an online labor market to
participate in a study. They were paid a participation compensation of 2
USD, but could also earn additional money in the course of the study.
In the study, participants were asked to work on an assignment.
Participants were not told how they will be paid for the assignment
before the assignment was completed. After the assignment was completed,
participants were informed that their earnings would be determined by a
lottery.
In the lottery, a ball would be randomly drawn from an urn containing an
equal number of yellow and green balls. If a yellow ball was drawn, the
participant would earn 8 USD, and if a green ball was drawn the
participant would earn 0 USD for completing the assignment.
Participants were not informed about the outcome of the lottery.
However, they were told that they would be matched with another
participant who had also taken part in the study. They were also told
that a third-party person not taking part in the study would be informed
about the assignment and their earnings. This third-party person would
be given the opportunity to redistribute the earnings between the two of
them and thus determine how much each of them was paid for the
assignment.
We now want you to choose whether to redistribute the earnings between
two of the participants -- who we are going to refer to as participant A
and participant B. Your decision is completely anonymous. The
participants will receive the payment that you choose for them within a
few days, but will not receive any further information.
A yellow ball was drawn for participant A while a green ball was drawn
for participant B. Therefore, participant A earned 8 USD while
participant B earned 0 USD.
In the field below, we ask you to write how much of the 8 USD you want
to transfer from participant A to participant B. Remember that your
choice will determine how much participant A and participant B are paid
for the assignment.
Base, No Work
We now ask you to make a choice that can have consequences for a real
life situation. We will randomly select one out of five respondents and
implement the choice made by this respondent.
A few days ago, individuals were recruited via an online labor market to
participate in a study. They were paid a participation compensation of 2
USD, but could also earn additional money in the course of the study.
What they could earn in addition was determined by a lottery. In the
lottery, a ball would be randomly drawn from an urn containing an equal
number of yellow and green balls. If a yellow ball was drawn, the
participant would earn 8 USD, and if a green ball was drawn the
participant would earn 0 USD in addition.
Participants were not informed about the outcome of the lottery.
However, they were told that they would be matched with another
participant who had also taken part in the study. They were also told
that a third-party person not taking part in the study would be informed
about their earnings. This third-party person would be given the
opportunity to redistribute the earnings between the two of them and
thus determine how much each of them was paid.
We now want you to choose whether to redistribute the earnings between
two of the participants -- who we are going to refer to as participant A
and participant B. Your decision is completely anonymous. The
participants will receive the payment that you choose for them within a
few days, but will not receive any further information.
A yellow ball was drawn for participant A while a green ball was drawn
for participant B. Therefore, participant A earned 8 USD while
participant B earned 0 USD.
In the field below, we ask you to write how much of the 8 USD you want
to transfer from participant A to participant B. Remember that your
choice will determine how much participant A and participant B are paid.
Forced Choice
We now ask you to make a choice that can have consequences for a real
life situation. We will randomly select one out of five respondents and
implement the choice made by this respondent.
A few days ago, individuals were recruited via an online labor market to
participate in a study. They were paid a participation compensation of 2
USD, but could also earn additional money in the course of the study.
In the study, participants were asked to work on an assignment.
Participants were not told how they will be paid for the assignment
before the assignment was completed. After the assignment was completed,
participants were informed that they could choose how their earnings for
the assignment would be determined.
Participants could choose to let their earnings from the assignment be
determined by a lottery or not. In the lottery, a ball would be randomly
drawn from an urn containing an equal number of yellow and green balls.
If a yellow ball was drawn, the participant would earn 8 USD, and if a
green ball was drawn the participant would earn 0 USD for the
assignment. If they did not choose the lottery, they would earn 25 cents
for having completed the assignment.
Participants who chose the lottery to determine earnings were not
informed about the outcome of the lottery. However, they were told that
they would be matched with another participant who had also taken part
in the study. They were also told that a third-party person not taking
part in the study would be informed about the assignment and their
earnings. This third-party person would be given the opportunity to
redistribute the earnings between the two of them and thus determine how
much each of them was paid for the assignment.
We now want you to choose whether to redistribute the earnings between
two of the participants -- who we are going to refer to as participant A
and participant B. Your decision is completely anonymous. The
participants will receive the payment that you choose for them within a
few days, but will not receive any further information.
Both participants chose the lottery to determine earnings. A yellow ball
was drawn for participant A while a green ball was drawn for participant
B. Therefore, participant A earned 8 USD while participant B earned 0
USD.
In the field below, we ask you to write how much of the 8 USD you want
to transfer from participant A to participant B. Remember that your
choice will determine how much participant A and participant B are paid.
Forced Choice, Strong
We now ask you to make a choice that can have consequences for a real
life situation. We will randomly select one out of five respondents and
implement the choice made by this respondent.
A few days ago, individuals were recruited via an online labor market to
participate in a study. They were paid a participation compensation of 2
USD, but could also earn additional money in the course of the study.
In the study, participants were asked to work on an assignment.
Participants were not told how they will be paid for the assignment
before the assignment was completed. After the assignment was completed,
participants were informed that they could choose how their earnings for
the assignment would be determined.
Participants could choose to let their earnings from the assignment be
determined by a lottery or not. In the lottery, a ball would be randomly
drawn from an urn containing an equal number of yellow and green balls.
If a yellow ball was drawn, the participant would earn 8 USD, and if a
green ball was drawn the participant would earn 0 USD for the
assignment. If they did not choose the lottery, they would earn 0 USD
for having completed the assignment.
Participants who chose the lottery to determine earnings were not
informed about the outcome of the lottery. However, they were told that
they would be matched with another participant who had also taken part
in the study. They were also told that a third-party person not taking
part in the study would be informed about the assignment and their
earnings. This third-party person would be given the opportunity to
redistribute the earnings between the two of them and thus determine how
much each of them was paid for the assignment.
We now want you to choose whether to redistribute the earnings between
two of the participants -- who we are going to refer to as participant A
and participant B. Your decision is completely anonymous. The
participants will receive the payment that you choose for them within a
few days, but will not receive any further information.
Both participants chose the lottery to determine earnings. A yellow ball
was drawn for participant A while a green ball was drawn for participant
B. Therefore, participant A earned 8 USD while participant B earned 0
USD.
In the field below, we ask you to write how much of the 8 USD you want
to transfer from participant A to participant B. Remember that your
choice will determine how much participant A and participant B are paid.
Forced Choice, Very Strong
We now ask you to make a choice that can have consequences for a real
life situation. We will randomly select one out of five respondents and
implement the choice made by this respondent.
A few days ago, individuals were recruited via an online labor market to
participate in a study. They were paid a participation compensation of 2
USD, but could also earn additional money in the course of the study.
In the study, participants were asked to work on an assignment.
Participants were not told how they will be paid for the assignment
before the assignment was completed. After the assignment was completed,
participants were informed that they could choose how their earnings for
the assignment would be determined.
Participants could choose to let their earnings from the assignment be
determined by a lottery or not. In the lottery, a ball would be randomly
drawn from an urn containing an equal number of yellow and green balls.
If a yellow ball was drawn, the participant would earn 8 USD, and if a
green ball was drawn the participant would earn 0 USD for completing the
assignment (in addition to the 2 USD participation compensation). If
they did not choose the lottery, they would have to pay 25 cents (which
would be deducted from the 2 USD participation compensation).
Participants who chose the lottery to determine earnings were not
informed about the outcome of the lottery. However, they were told that
they would be matched with another participant who had also taken part
in the study. They were also told that a third-party person not taking
part in the study would be informed about the assignment and their
earnings. This third-party person would be given the opportunity to
redistribute the earnings between the two of them and thus determine how
much each of them was paid for the assignment.
We now want you to choose whether to redistribute the earnings between
two of the participants -- who we are going to refer to as participant A
and participant B. Your decision is completely anonymous. The
participants will receive the payment that you choose for them within a
few days, but will not receive any further information.
Both participants chose the lottery to determine earnings. A yellow ball
was drawn for participant A while a green ball was drawn for participant
B. Therefore, participant A earned 8 USD while participant B earned 0
USD.
In the field below, we ask you to write how much of the 8 USD you want
to transfer from participant A to participant B. Remember that your
choice will determine how much participant A and participant B are paid.
Forced Choice, No Work
We now ask you to make a choice that can have consequences for a real
life situation. We will randomly select one out of five respondents and
implement the choice made by this respondent.
A few days ago, individuals were recruited via an online labor market to
participate in a study. They were paid a participation compensation of 2
USD, but could also earn additional money in the course of the study.
Participants could choose to let their earnings be determined by a
lottery or not. In the lottery, a ball would be randomly drawn from an
urn containing an equal number of yellow and green balls. If a yellow
ball was drawn, the participant would earn 8 USD, and if a green ball
was drawn the participant would earn 0 USD. If they did not choose the
lottery, they would earn 0 USD in addition.
Participants who chose the lottery to determine earnings were not
informed about the outcome of the lottery. However, they were told that
they would be matched with another participant who had also taken part
in the study. They were also told that a third-party person not taking
part in the study would be informed about their earnings. This
third-party person would be given the opportunity to redistribute the
earnings between the two of them and thus determine how much each of
them was paid.
We now want you to choose whether to redistribute the earnings between
two of the participants -- who we are going to refer to as participant A
and participant B. Your decision is completely anonymous. The
participants will receive the payment that you choose for them within a
few days, but will not receive any further information.
Both participants chose the lottery to determine earnings. A yellow ball
was drawn for participant A while a green ball was drawn for participant
B. Therefore, participant A earned 8 USD while participant B earned 0
USD.
In the field below, we ask you to write how much of the 8 USD you want
to transfer from participant A to participant B. Remember that your
choice will determine how much participant A and participant B are paid.
Nominal Choice
We now ask you to make a choice that can have consequences for a real
life situation. We will randomly select one out of five respondents and
implement the choice made by this respondent.
A few days ago, individuals were recruited via an online labor market to
participate in a study. They were paid a participation compensation of 2
USD, but could also earn additional money in the course of the study.
In the study, participants were asked to work on an assignment.
Participants were not told how they will be paid for the assignment
before the assignment was completed. After the assignment was completed,
participants were informed that they could choose how their earnings for
the assignment would be determined.
Participants could choose between two colors, yellow and green, where
their choice would determine the outcome of a lottery. In the lottery, a
ball would be randomly drawn from an urn containing an equal number of
yellow and green balls. If they chose the color of the ball that was
drawn, they would earn 8 USD, if they chose the other color, they would
earn 0 USD for completing the assignment.
Participants were not informed about the outcome of the lottery.
However, they were told that they would be matched with another
participant who had also taken part in the study. They were also told
that a third-party person not taking part in the study would be informed
about the assignment and their earnings. This third-party person would
be given the opportunity to redistribute the earnings between the two of
them and thus determine how much each of them was paid for the
assignment.
We now want you to choose whether to redistribute the earnings between
two of the participants -- who we are going to refer to as participant A
and participant B. Your decision is completely anonymous. The
participants will receive the payment that you choose for them within a
few days, but will not receive any further information.
Participant A chose the color of the ball that was drawn, while
participant B chose the color that was not drawn. Therefore, participant
A earned 8 USD while participant B earned 0 USD.
In the field below, we ask you to write how much of the 8 USD you want
to transfer from participant A to participant B. Remember that your
choice will determine how much participant A and participant B are paid.
Nominal Choice, No Work
We now ask you to make a choice that can have consequences for a real
life situation. We will randomly select one out of five respondents and
implement the choice made by this respondent.
A few days ago, individuals were recruited via an online labor market to
participate in a study. They were paid a participation compensation of 2
USD, but could also earn additional money in the course of the study.
Participants could choose how their additional earnings were determined.
Participants could choose between two colors, yellow and green, where
their choice would determine the outcome of a lottery. In the lottery, a
ball would be randomly drawn from an urn containing an equal number of
yellow and green balls. If they chose the color of the ball that was
drawn, they would earn 8 USD, if they chose the other color, they would
earn 0 USD.
Participants were not informed about the outcome of the lottery.
However, they were told that they would be matched with another
participant who had also taken part in the study. They were also told
that a third-party person not taking part in the study would be informed
about their earnings. This third-party person would be given the
opportunity to redistribute the earnings between the two of them and
thus determine how much each of them was paid.
We now want you to choose whether to redistribute the earnings between
two of the participants -- who we are going to refer to as participant A
and participant B. Your decision is completely anonymous. The
participants will receive the payment that you choose for them within a
few days, but will not receive any further information.
Participant A chose the color of the ball that was drawn, while
participant B chose the color that was not drawn. Therefore, participant
A earned 8 USD while participant B earned 0 USD.
In the field below, we ask you to write how much of the 8 USD you want
to transfer from participant A to participant B. Remember that your
choice will determine how much participant A and participant B are paid.
Additional questions
{[The following text applies only to subjects in the Nominal Choice
treatment with and without work requirement]{.smallcaps}}
In the lottery, a ball would be randomly drawn from an urn containing an
equal number of yellow and green balls. Do you believe that some are
better than others at guessing if a yellow or a green ball will be
drawn?
{[The following text applies to all treatments]{.smallcaps}}
Before you made your choice, participant A earned 8 USD while
participant B earned 0 USD. To what extent did the two participants have
control over what they earned before you made your choice?
Follow-up question
{[Due to a programming mistake by the survey provider, a few of the
first respondents needed to be asked a follow-up
question]{.smallcaps}}
Your role in the study you responded to was to choose whether to
redistribute the earnings between two participants. You could transfer
up to 8 USD from one participant to another participant. Was it the case
that you tried to answer "0" to the question on what amount you wanted
to transfer?
- Yes, I tried to answer 0 but the form did not accept that.
- No, my answer was accepted without problems.
- I first tried to register another amount between 0 and 1 that was
not accepted: AMOUNT
- Don't remember
Lab experiment with student sample
General introduction
{[The following text applies to all treatments]{.smallcaps}}
Welcome to this experiment. My name is ... and I will lead this
session.\
In this experiment you can, depending on the decisions you and others
make and independent of your seating in one of the rooms, earn more
money in addition to the 100 NOK that you receive in show-up fee. Your
earnings will be added to your show-up fee and paid to you in cash at
the end of the session.\
The results of this experiment are going to be used in a research
project and it is therefore important that everybody complies with the
guidelines that are also lying on your desks.\
- You are not allowed to talk to other participants during the
session.
- If you have questions, please raise your hand. A member of the
research team will come to you and answer them in private.
- You must not open other webpages.
Violation of these rules will lead to the exclusion from the session and
all payments. It is likely that there will be small delays during this
session and we ask you to remain seated and quiet.\
You will be completely anonymous throughout the session, which means
that it will not be possible for the other participants - or us - to
identify which decisions you have made.\
At the end of the session you will get a payment code on your screen.
You will be asked to write this code down on the sheet that is in the
folder next to you. You will show this sheet when you leave the session,
and you will then be handed over an envelope with the corresponding
code, which contains the money you have earned in the session. The
research assistants who have prepared the envelope will not be in the
room when the envelopes are distributed, which ensures that no one can
identify how much each of you have earned in the session.\
The experiment consists of three parts and you will be given
instructions on your screen before every single part of the experiment.
We will soon reveal information about the first part of the experiment
on your pc-screen. Please make sure to read the instructions carefully
before you confirm that you have read the instructions.\
[[Leader waits from OK from other SAs via Skype and opens for
introductions to part $1$.]{.smallcaps}]
Work phase
{[The following text applies to all treatments]{.smallcaps}}
[[Short intro when the status page shows that everyone has read
instructions to part $1$]{.smallcaps}]
Everyone has now read the instructions for the first part of the
experiment. This task will take half an hour and you will soon asked to
begin working on this task. It can happen that there will be a small
delay when the task is completed and will will ask you to remain quiet
in this case until you receive new instructions.
[Leader waits from OK from other SAs via Skype and opens for
sentence descrambling task.]
[Leader informs other SAs via Skype when the status page shows that
everyone has completed sentence descrambling task.]
Payment phase and redistribution phase
{[The following text applies to all treatments]}
[Start intro when leader gives info that everyone has completed
sentence descrambling task]
You have now worked for half an hour and we ask you to submit the last
sentence. The first part of the experiment is finished and you will soon
be shown information about the second part of the experiment on your
pc-screen. Please make sure to read the instructions carefully before
you confirm that you have read the instructions. The second part of the
experiment will first start when everyone has read the instructions. It
can happen that there will be a small delay when the task is completed
and will will ask you to remain quiet in this case until you receive new
instructions.
[SA informs leader when finished reading intro. Leader opens for
lottery]
[Leader informs other SAs via Skype when the status page shows that
everyone has completed the redistribution phase.]
On screen instructions
Work phase
Screen 1
{[The following text applies to all treatments]{.smallcaps}}
Welcome to the experiment! We have to wait until everyone is ready.
Screen 2
{[The following text applies to all treatments]}
In the first part of the experiment you will be working on a language
task. You will be shown five English words and are asked to form a
sentence or an expression by using four of these words. The sentence or
expression must contain four words. For example, if the words given to
you are "sky, blue, is, the, old", then you can construct the sentence
"the sky is blue".\
We ask you to work continuously with this task for 30 minutes. After
you have submitted a sentence or expression, you will be given five new
words. The aim of this task is not to submit as many sentences or
expressions as possible but to work thoroughly with each set of words.
Please work continuously on this task until the given time has run out.
Screen 3
{[The following text applies to all treatments]{.smallcaps}}
Use the following words to construct a sentence or expression that
consists of four words.
Payment phase and redistribution phase
Screen 4
{[The following text applies to all treatments]{.smallcaps}}
You have now worked on the language task for $30$ minutes. For this
working task you are going to be paid and we will in in the following
explain to you how your payment will be determined. After the next part
of the experiment, there will also be a redistribution phase and you
will receive more information on that later.\
{[The following text applies only to the Baseline
treatment]{.smallcaps}}
Your payment will be determined by a lottery in which you with equal
probability earn either $800$ NOK or $0$ NOK. In the lottery, a ball
will be randomly drawn from an urn containing an equal number of yellow
and green balls. If a yellow ball is drawn, you earn $800$ NOK and if a
green ball is drawn, you earn $0$ NOK.\
[The following text applies only to the Forced Choice
treatment]
You can choose between two different forms of payments. You can either
choose to earn $25$ NOK or let your earnings be determined by a lottery
in which you with equal probability earn either $800$ NOK or $0$ NOK. In
the lottery, a ball will be randomly drawn from an urn containing an
equal number of yellow and green balls. If a yellow ball is drawn, you
earn $800$ NOK and if a green ball is drawn, you earn $0$ NOK.\
[The following text applies only to the Nominal Choice
treatment]{
We will now ask you to choose between two colors, yellow and green. Your
choice will determine the outcome of a lottery in which you with equal
probability earn either $800$ NOK or $0$ NOK. In the lottery, a ball
will be randomly drawn from an urn containing an equal number of yellow
and green balls. If you choose the color of the ball that is drawn, you
will earn $800$ NOK, if you choose the other color, you earn $0$ NOK.
Screen 5
[The following text applies only to the Forced Choice
treatment]
If you choose the picture showing coins, you will earn $25$ NOK, if you
choose the picture of the lottery, your payment will be determined
through a lottery in which you with equal probability earn either $800$
NOK or $0$ NOK.\
[The following text applies only to the Nominal Choice
treatment]
We ask you now to indicate your choice by clicking on one of the two
pictures below.\
If you choose the color of the ball that is drawn, you will earn $800$
NOK, if you choose the other color, you earn $0$ NOK.\
Remember that the urn contains an equal number of yellow and green
balls.\
Screen 6
[The following text applies to all treatments]
We now have reached the redistribution phase. On the next screen, we
will ask you to determine the distribution of money that two other
participants have earned. Your choice will with some probability decide
how much each of the two other participants will be paid from the
experiment. Your choice will not determine how much you will earn from
the experiment.\
Screen 7
[The following text applies to all treatments]
You will determine the distribution of money of two other participants
in this experiment that we are going to refer to as person A and person
B. Both have worked for $30$ minutes and their payment was determined in
the same way as yours.\
[The following text applies only to the Baseline
treatment]
A yellow ball was drawn for person A and a green ball for person B. The
result was therefore that person A earned $800$ NOK from working while
person B earned $0$ NOK from working.
[The following text applies only to the Forced Choice
treatment]
Both participants chose to let their payment be determined by a lottery.
A yellow ball was drawn for person A and a green ball for person B. The
result was therefore that person A earned $800$ NOK from working while
person B earned $0$ NOK from working.
[The following text applies only to the Nominal Choice
treatment]
The two participants chose different colors. Person A chose yellow wile
person B chose green. A yellow ball was drawn both for person A and
person B. The result was therefore that person A earned $800$ NOK from
working while person B earned $0$ NOK from working.
[The following text applies to all treatments]
I the field below you are suppose to write how much of the $800$ NOK you
want to transfer from person A to person B. Remember that your choice
can determine how much person A and person B will get paid from the
experiment.
Closing remarks
Additional questions
[The following text applies to all treatments]
[Start intro when leader gives info that everyone has completed the
distribution phase.]
Everyone has now completed the third part of the experiment. will now
ask you to answer a couple of questions on your computer screen. Your
answers to these questions will not have any bearing on your payment
from the experiment. Please click on the continue button on your
pc-screen if you have answered all the questions. If you have finished
answering all your questions, it can happen that there will be a small
delay and will will ask you to remain quiet in this case until you
receive new instructions.
[SA informs leader when finished reading intro. Leader opens set of
questions.]
[Leader informs other SAs via Skype when the status page shows that
everyone has completed answering the questions.]
Payment
[The following text applies to all treatments]
[Start intro when leader gives info that everyone has completed
answering the questions.]
All questions have been answered and you will soon be shown and overview
over your payments from the experiment. If you have seen your payment
you can continue to the next screen where you will get your personal
payment code by clicking on the link on the bottom of your page. We ask
you to write down your own personal payment code on the sheet that is
provided to you for this purpose on your desk. Make sure to write down
the code correctly since this will identify your payment from the
experiment.
As soon as the envelopes with payment have been brought into the lab, we
will start the payment process. On request, show the payment code to my
colleague and he will hand you the envelope with this code. This envelop
contains your earnings. Please remain seated until we read your payment
code.
[Leader will open the payment page.]
Since we will conduct further sessions today, please do not talk to
anyone about the experiment before tomorrow.
This part ends the session. On behalf of the research group, I should
like to thank you for your participation. Your participation is an
important contribution to our research.
[Leader waits until the envelopes arrives and the SA2 who has
prepared them has left the room.]
[SA2 stands at the door and hands out the envelopes to those leaving
one by one - session closed.]
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In this appendix, we present the instructions used in the two experiments. All instructions were originally in Norwegian and translated accordingly. Please note that the text in square brackets contains comments related to the experimental procedures. Comments in curly brackets, on the other hand, indicate for which set of subject the text below the comment applies to.
Online experiment with the general population
Workers
General introduction
{[The following text applies to all workers]{.smallcaps}}
Introduction\ Welcome to this research project! We very much appreciate your participation.\ This is a study about the economics of decision-making. Several research institutions have provided funds for this research.\ Payment\ Your payment will consist of the participation fee plus the amount of bonus points that you accumulate throughout the study. Your initial endowment of bonus points amounts to 50 bonus points. The exact amount of bonus points that you receive will depend on your and/or others' decision. At the end, each bonus points is converted into USD at a rate of 1 cent per bonus point.\ Your bonus will be paid to you using the bonus system within a few weeks after the completion of this HIT. Your payment for taking the HIT will be sent to you shortly after the completion of this HIT.\ Procedures\ The study consists of two parts and you will be given instructions on your screen before every single part of the survey. Please always make sure to read the instructions carefully before you continue.\ Participation\ Participation in this research study is completely voluntary. You have the right to withdraw at anytime or refuse to participate entirely without jeopardy to future participation in other studies conducted by us.\ Confidentiality
All data obtained from you will be kept confidential and will only be reported in an aggregate format (by reporting only combined results and never reporting individual ones). All submissions will be concealed, and no one other than the primary investigator will have access to them. The data collected will be stored in the HIPPA-compliant, secure database until it has been deleted by us.\ Verification\ At the end of this survey, you will be given a completion code. You will need to copy this code to the survey code field on the AMT web page that directed you here at the beginning.\ Questions about the Research\ If you have questions regarding this study, you may contact:\ thechoicelab\@nhh.no\
Work phase
[The following text applies only to subjects who had to fulfill the work requirement]
In the first part of this study, we ask you to work on an assignment. After you are done with the assignments, a number of bonus points will be determined for you.\ The first part of this study is followed by a redistribution phase and a set of general questions that will complete this study.\ Please always make sure to read the instructions carefully before you continue.\
[Description of the picture categorization task]
For the assignment, you will be working on a picture categorization task. You will see a picture on your screen and are asked to select the categories from the menu below the picture that you think fit to the picture and its content. You can select multiple categories from the menu if you think that the picture fits into that category as well.\ Your answer will be submitted automatically after 30 seconds and you will be given a new picture. The task will last for 10 minutes and we ask you to work thoroughly with each picture.\
[Picture categorization task starts and ends after 10 minutes]
Payment phase
[The following text applies only to subjects who had to fulfill the work requirement]
You have now completed the assignment. The next page will tell you how the bonus for the assignment will be determined.\
[The following text applies only to subjects in the Baseline treatment with and without work requirement]
Your bonus points will be determined by a lottery in which you with equal probability can earn 800 bonus points or 0 bonus points. In the lottery, a ball will be randomly drawn from an urn containing an equal number of yellow and green balls. If a yellow ball is drawn, you will earn 800 bonus points, and if a green ball is drawn, you will earn 0 bonus points.
[The following text applies only to subjects in the Forced Choice treatment with and without work requirement]
Your bonus points will be determined in the following way. You can either choose to earn 25 bonus points or to let the amount of bonus points be determined by a lottery in which you with equal probability can earn 800 bonus points or 0 bonus points. In the lottery, a ball will be randomly drawn from an urn containing an equal number of yellow and green balls. If a yellow ball is drawn, you will earn 800 bonus points, and if a green ball is drawn, you will earn 0 bonus points.\
- 25 bonus points
- Lottery with 50% chance of earning 800 bonus points
[The following text applies only to subjects in the Forced Choice Strong treatment]
Your bonus points will be determined in the following way. You can either choose to earn no bonus points or to let the amount of bonus points be determined by a lottery in which you with equal probability can earn 800 bonus points or 0 bonus points. In the lottery, a ball will be randomly drawn from an urn containing an equal number of yellow and green balls. If a yellow ball is drawn, you will earn 800 bonus points, and if a green ball is drawn, you will earn 0 bonus points.\
- 0 bonus points
- Lottery with 50% chance of earning 800 bonus points
[The following text applies only to subjects in the Forced Choice Very Strong treatment]
Your bonus points will be determined in the following way. You can either choose to get 25 bonus points deducted from the amount of bonus points that you currently have or to let the amount of bonus points be determined by a lottery in which you with equal probability can earn 800 bonus points or 0 bonus points. In the lottery, a ball will be randomly drawn from an urn containing an equal number of yellow and green balls. If a yellow ball is drawn, you will earn 800 bonus points, and if a green ball is drawn, you will earn 0 bonus points.\
- Deduct 25 bonus points
- Lottery with 50% chance of earning 800 bonus points
[The following text applies only to subjects in the Nominal Choice treatment with and without work requirement]
Your bonus points will be determined in the following way. You can choose between two colors, yellow and green. Your choice of color will then determine the outcome of a lottery in which you with equal probability can earn 800 bonus points or 0 bonus points. In the lottery, a ball will be randomly drawn from an urn containing an equal number of yellow and green balls. If you chose the color of the ball that is drawn, you will earn 800 bonus points, if you choose the other color, you will earn 0 bonus points.\
- Yellow
- Green
[Payment phase is concluded. Subjects answer a set of control questions before receiving information about how their final earnings are determined.]
[The following text applies to all treatments involving a work requirement and subjects who faced a lottery draw to determine earnings]
We will now explain how the final amount of bonus points is generated.\ The total amount of bonus points you receive consists of the initial endowment plus what you earned for working on the assignment.\ Initial Endowment\ The initial endowment was 50 bonus points.\ Assignment\ For determining the earnings from the assignments, we will match you with another participant who has completed the same HIT. The payment to you and the other participant is then determined in the following way.\ First, the outcome of the payment lotteries will be determined. Afterwards, a randomly selected third person who has not participated in this study will be given the opportunity to redistribute the earnings from the assignment between you and the other participant. This person will not know the identity of you or the other participant, but will be informed about the nature of the assignment and your earnings for this assignment.\ If the third person chooses not to redistribute, each of you will be paid your earnings from the assignment. If the third person chooses to redistribute earnings, then each of you will be paid according to this decision.\
[The following text applies to all treatments involving a work requirement and subjects who did not face a lottery draw to determine earnings]
We will now explain how the final amount of bonus points is generated.\ The total amount of bonus points you receive consists of the initial endowment plus what you earned for working on the assignment.\ Initial Endowment\ The initial endowment was 50 bonus points.\ Assignment\ You will receive -25/0/25 bonus points for working on the assignment.
[The following text applies to all treatments without a work requirement and subjects who faced a lottery draw to determine earnings]
We will now explain how the final amount of bonus points is generated.\ The total amount of bonus points you receive consists of the initial endowment plus what you earned from the lottery draw.\ Initial Endowment\ The initial endowment was 50 bonus points.\ Lottery draw\ For determining the earnings from the lottery draw, we will match you with another participant who has completed the same HIT. The payment to you and the other participant is then determined in the following way.\ First, the outcome of the payment lotteries will be determined. Afterwards, a randomly selected third person who has not participated in this study will be given the opportunity to redistribute the earnings between you and the other participant. This person will not know the identity of you or the other participant, but will be informed about the earnings from the lottery draw.\ If the third person chooses not to redistribute, each of you will be paid your earnings from the lottery. If the third person chooses to redistribute earnings, then each of you will be paid according to this decision.\
[The following text applies to all treatments without a work requirement and subjects who did not face a lottery draw to determine earnings]
We will now explain how the final amount of bonus points is generated.\ The total amount of bonus points you receive consists of the initial endowment plus what you earned as a result of your decision.\ Initial Endowment\ The initial endowment was 50 bonus points.\ Your decision\ You will receive -25/0/25 bonus points as a result of your decision.\
[The following text applies to all treatments]
We will calculate and pay your bonus as soon as this full batch of HITs is finished. This includes that we need to wait for third party decisions. It generally takes us a few days to match the data and pay out the bonuses.
[End of study for workers]
Spectators
Redistribution phase
Base
We now ask you to make a choice that can have consequences for a real life situation. We will randomly select one out of five respondents and implement the choice made by this respondent.
A few days ago, individuals were recruited via an online labor market to participate in a study. They were paid a participation compensation of 2 USD, but could also earn additional money in the course of the study.
In the study, participants were asked to work on an assignment. Participants were not told how they will be paid for the assignment before the assignment was completed. After the assignment was completed, participants were informed that their earnings would be determined by a lottery.
In the lottery, a ball would be randomly drawn from an urn containing an equal number of yellow and green balls. If a yellow ball was drawn, the participant would earn 8 USD, and if a green ball was drawn the participant would earn 0 USD for completing the assignment.
Participants were not informed about the outcome of the lottery. However, they were told that they would be matched with another participant who had also taken part in the study. They were also told that a third-party person not taking part in the study would be informed about the assignment and their earnings. This third-party person would be given the opportunity to redistribute the earnings between the two of them and thus determine how much each of them was paid for the assignment.
We now want you to choose whether to redistribute the earnings between two of the participants -- who we are going to refer to as participant A and participant B. Your decision is completely anonymous. The participants will receive the payment that you choose for them within a few days, but will not receive any further information.
A yellow ball was drawn for participant A while a green ball was drawn for participant B. Therefore, participant A earned 8 USD while participant B earned 0 USD.
In the field below, we ask you to write how much of the 8 USD you want to transfer from participant A to participant B. Remember that your choice will determine how much participant A and participant B are paid for the assignment.
Base, No Work
We now ask you to make a choice that can have consequences for a real life situation. We will randomly select one out of five respondents and implement the choice made by this respondent.
A few days ago, individuals were recruited via an online labor market to participate in a study. They were paid a participation compensation of 2 USD, but could also earn additional money in the course of the study.
What they could earn in addition was determined by a lottery. In the lottery, a ball would be randomly drawn from an urn containing an equal number of yellow and green balls. If a yellow ball was drawn, the participant would earn 8 USD, and if a green ball was drawn the participant would earn 0 USD in addition.
Participants were not informed about the outcome of the lottery. However, they were told that they would be matched with another participant who had also taken part in the study. They were also told that a third-party person not taking part in the study would be informed about their earnings. This third-party person would be given the opportunity to redistribute the earnings between the two of them and thus determine how much each of them was paid.
We now want you to choose whether to redistribute the earnings between two of the participants -- who we are going to refer to as participant A and participant B. Your decision is completely anonymous. The participants will receive the payment that you choose for them within a few days, but will not receive any further information.
A yellow ball was drawn for participant A while a green ball was drawn for participant B. Therefore, participant A earned 8 USD while participant B earned 0 USD.
In the field below, we ask you to write how much of the 8 USD you want to transfer from participant A to participant B. Remember that your choice will determine how much participant A and participant B are paid.
Forced Choice
We now ask you to make a choice that can have consequences for a real life situation. We will randomly select one out of five respondents and implement the choice made by this respondent.
A few days ago, individuals were recruited via an online labor market to participate in a study. They were paid a participation compensation of 2 USD, but could also earn additional money in the course of the study.
In the study, participants were asked to work on an assignment. Participants were not told how they will be paid for the assignment before the assignment was completed. After the assignment was completed, participants were informed that they could choose how their earnings for the assignment would be determined.
Participants could choose to let their earnings from the assignment be determined by a lottery or not. In the lottery, a ball would be randomly drawn from an urn containing an equal number of yellow and green balls. If a yellow ball was drawn, the participant would earn 8 USD, and if a green ball was drawn the participant would earn 0 USD for the assignment. If they did not choose the lottery, they would earn 25 cents for having completed the assignment.
Participants who chose the lottery to determine earnings were not informed about the outcome of the lottery. However, they were told that they would be matched with another participant who had also taken part in the study. They were also told that a third-party person not taking part in the study would be informed about the assignment and their earnings. This third-party person would be given the opportunity to redistribute the earnings between the two of them and thus determine how much each of them was paid for the assignment.
We now want you to choose whether to redistribute the earnings between two of the participants -- who we are going to refer to as participant A and participant B. Your decision is completely anonymous. The participants will receive the payment that you choose for them within a few days, but will not receive any further information.
Both participants chose the lottery to determine earnings. A yellow ball was drawn for participant A while a green ball was drawn for participant B. Therefore, participant A earned 8 USD while participant B earned 0 USD.
In the field below, we ask you to write how much of the 8 USD you want to transfer from participant A to participant B. Remember that your choice will determine how much participant A and participant B are paid.
Forced Choice, Strong
We now ask you to make a choice that can have consequences for a real life situation. We will randomly select one out of five respondents and implement the choice made by this respondent.
A few days ago, individuals were recruited via an online labor market to participate in a study. They were paid a participation compensation of 2 USD, but could also earn additional money in the course of the study.
In the study, participants were asked to work on an assignment. Participants were not told how they will be paid for the assignment before the assignment was completed. After the assignment was completed, participants were informed that they could choose how their earnings for the assignment would be determined.
Participants could choose to let their earnings from the assignment be determined by a lottery or not. In the lottery, a ball would be randomly drawn from an urn containing an equal number of yellow and green balls. If a yellow ball was drawn, the participant would earn 8 USD, and if a green ball was drawn the participant would earn 0 USD for the assignment. If they did not choose the lottery, they would earn 0 USD for having completed the assignment.
Participants who chose the lottery to determine earnings were not informed about the outcome of the lottery. However, they were told that they would be matched with another participant who had also taken part in the study. They were also told that a third-party person not taking part in the study would be informed about the assignment and their earnings. This third-party person would be given the opportunity to redistribute the earnings between the two of them and thus determine how much each of them was paid for the assignment.
We now want you to choose whether to redistribute the earnings between two of the participants -- who we are going to refer to as participant A and participant B. Your decision is completely anonymous. The participants will receive the payment that you choose for them within a few days, but will not receive any further information.
Both participants chose the lottery to determine earnings. A yellow ball was drawn for participant A while a green ball was drawn for participant B. Therefore, participant A earned 8 USD while participant B earned 0 USD.
In the field below, we ask you to write how much of the 8 USD you want to transfer from participant A to participant B. Remember that your choice will determine how much participant A and participant B are paid.
Forced Choice, Very Strong
We now ask you to make a choice that can have consequences for a real life situation. We will randomly select one out of five respondents and implement the choice made by this respondent.
A few days ago, individuals were recruited via an online labor market to participate in a study. They were paid a participation compensation of 2 USD, but could also earn additional money in the course of the study.
In the study, participants were asked to work on an assignment. Participants were not told how they will be paid for the assignment before the assignment was completed. After the assignment was completed, participants were informed that they could choose how their earnings for the assignment would be determined.
Participants could choose to let their earnings from the assignment be determined by a lottery or not. In the lottery, a ball would be randomly drawn from an urn containing an equal number of yellow and green balls. If a yellow ball was drawn, the participant would earn 8 USD, and if a green ball was drawn the participant would earn 0 USD for completing the assignment (in addition to the 2 USD participation compensation). If they did not choose the lottery, they would have to pay 25 cents (which would be deducted from the 2 USD participation compensation).
Participants who chose the lottery to determine earnings were not informed about the outcome of the lottery. However, they were told that they would be matched with another participant who had also taken part in the study. They were also told that a third-party person not taking part in the study would be informed about the assignment and their earnings. This third-party person would be given the opportunity to redistribute the earnings between the two of them and thus determine how much each of them was paid for the assignment.
We now want you to choose whether to redistribute the earnings between two of the participants -- who we are going to refer to as participant A and participant B. Your decision is completely anonymous. The participants will receive the payment that you choose for them within a few days, but will not receive any further information.
Both participants chose the lottery to determine earnings. A yellow ball was drawn for participant A while a green ball was drawn for participant B. Therefore, participant A earned 8 USD while participant B earned 0 USD.
In the field below, we ask you to write how much of the 8 USD you want to transfer from participant A to participant B. Remember that your choice will determine how much participant A and participant B are paid.
Forced Choice, No Work
We now ask you to make a choice that can have consequences for a real life situation. We will randomly select one out of five respondents and implement the choice made by this respondent.
A few days ago, individuals were recruited via an online labor market to participate in a study. They were paid a participation compensation of 2 USD, but could also earn additional money in the course of the study.
Participants could choose to let their earnings be determined by a lottery or not. In the lottery, a ball would be randomly drawn from an urn containing an equal number of yellow and green balls. If a yellow ball was drawn, the participant would earn 8 USD, and if a green ball was drawn the participant would earn 0 USD. If they did not choose the lottery, they would earn 0 USD in addition.
Participants who chose the lottery to determine earnings were not informed about the outcome of the lottery. However, they were told that they would be matched with another participant who had also taken part in the study. They were also told that a third-party person not taking part in the study would be informed about their earnings. This third-party person would be given the opportunity to redistribute the earnings between the two of them and thus determine how much each of them was paid.
We now want you to choose whether to redistribute the earnings between two of the participants -- who we are going to refer to as participant A and participant B. Your decision is completely anonymous. The participants will receive the payment that you choose for them within a few days, but will not receive any further information.
Both participants chose the lottery to determine earnings. A yellow ball was drawn for participant A while a green ball was drawn for participant B. Therefore, participant A earned 8 USD while participant B earned 0 USD.
In the field below, we ask you to write how much of the 8 USD you want to transfer from participant A to participant B. Remember that your choice will determine how much participant A and participant B are paid.
Nominal Choice
We now ask you to make a choice that can have consequences for a real life situation. We will randomly select one out of five respondents and implement the choice made by this respondent.
A few days ago, individuals were recruited via an online labor market to participate in a study. They were paid a participation compensation of 2 USD, but could also earn additional money in the course of the study.
In the study, participants were asked to work on an assignment. Participants were not told how they will be paid for the assignment before the assignment was completed. After the assignment was completed, participants were informed that they could choose how their earnings for the assignment would be determined.
Participants could choose between two colors, yellow and green, where their choice would determine the outcome of a lottery. In the lottery, a ball would be randomly drawn from an urn containing an equal number of yellow and green balls. If they chose the color of the ball that was drawn, they would earn 8 USD, if they chose the other color, they would earn 0 USD for completing the assignment.
Participants were not informed about the outcome of the lottery. However, they were told that they would be matched with another participant who had also taken part in the study. They were also told that a third-party person not taking part in the study would be informed about the assignment and their earnings. This third-party person would be given the opportunity to redistribute the earnings between the two of them and thus determine how much each of them was paid for the assignment.
We now want you to choose whether to redistribute the earnings between two of the participants -- who we are going to refer to as participant A and participant B. Your decision is completely anonymous. The participants will receive the payment that you choose for them within a few days, but will not receive any further information.
Participant A chose the color of the ball that was drawn, while participant B chose the color that was not drawn. Therefore, participant A earned 8 USD while participant B earned 0 USD.
In the field below, we ask you to write how much of the 8 USD you want to transfer from participant A to participant B. Remember that your choice will determine how much participant A and participant B are paid.
Nominal Choice, No Work
We now ask you to make a choice that can have consequences for a real life situation. We will randomly select one out of five respondents and implement the choice made by this respondent.
A few days ago, individuals were recruited via an online labor market to participate in a study. They were paid a participation compensation of 2 USD, but could also earn additional money in the course of the study.
Participants could choose how their additional earnings were determined. Participants could choose between two colors, yellow and green, where their choice would determine the outcome of a lottery. In the lottery, a ball would be randomly drawn from an urn containing an equal number of yellow and green balls. If they chose the color of the ball that was drawn, they would earn 8 USD, if they chose the other color, they would earn 0 USD.
Participants were not informed about the outcome of the lottery. However, they were told that they would be matched with another participant who had also taken part in the study. They were also told that a third-party person not taking part in the study would be informed about their earnings. This third-party person would be given the opportunity to redistribute the earnings between the two of them and thus determine how much each of them was paid.
We now want you to choose whether to redistribute the earnings between two of the participants -- who we are going to refer to as participant A and participant B. Your decision is completely anonymous. The participants will receive the payment that you choose for them within a few days, but will not receive any further information.
Participant A chose the color of the ball that was drawn, while participant B chose the color that was not drawn. Therefore, participant A earned 8 USD while participant B earned 0 USD.
In the field below, we ask you to write how much of the 8 USD you want to transfer from participant A to participant B. Remember that your choice will determine how much participant A and participant B are paid.
Additional questions
{[The following text applies only to subjects in the Nominal Choice treatment with and without work requirement]{.smallcaps}}
In the lottery, a ball would be randomly drawn from an urn containing an equal number of yellow and green balls. Do you believe that some are better than others at guessing if a yellow or a green ball will be drawn?
{[The following text applies to all treatments]{.smallcaps}}
Before you made your choice, participant A earned 8 USD while participant B earned 0 USD. To what extent did the two participants have control over what they earned before you made your choice?
Follow-up question
{[Due to a programming mistake by the survey provider, a few of the first respondents needed to be asked a follow-up question]{.smallcaps}}
Your role in the study you responded to was to choose whether to redistribute the earnings between two participants. You could transfer up to 8 USD from one participant to another participant. Was it the case that you tried to answer "0" to the question on what amount you wanted to transfer?
- Yes, I tried to answer 0 but the form did not accept that.
- No, my answer was accepted without problems.
- I first tried to register another amount between 0 and 1 that was not accepted: AMOUNT
- Don't remember
Lab experiment with student sample
General introduction
{[The following text applies to all treatments]{.smallcaps}}
Welcome to this experiment. My name is ... and I will lead this session.\ In this experiment you can, depending on the decisions you and others make and independent of your seating in one of the rooms, earn more money in addition to the 100 NOK that you receive in show-up fee. Your earnings will be added to your show-up fee and paid to you in cash at the end of the session.\ The results of this experiment are going to be used in a research project and it is therefore important that everybody complies with the guidelines that are also lying on your desks.\
- You are not allowed to talk to other participants during the session.
- If you have questions, please raise your hand. A member of the research team will come to you and answer them in private.
- You must not open other webpages.
Violation of these rules will lead to the exclusion from the session and all payments. It is likely that there will be small delays during this session and we ask you to remain seated and quiet.\ You will be completely anonymous throughout the session, which means that it will not be possible for the other participants - or us - to identify which decisions you have made.\ At the end of the session you will get a payment code on your screen. You will be asked to write this code down on the sheet that is in the folder next to you. You will show this sheet when you leave the session, and you will then be handed over an envelope with the corresponding code, which contains the money you have earned in the session. The research assistants who have prepared the envelope will not be in the room when the envelopes are distributed, which ensures that no one can identify how much each of you have earned in the session.\ The experiment consists of three parts and you will be given instructions on your screen before every single part of the experiment. We will soon reveal information about the first part of the experiment on your pc-screen. Please make sure to read the instructions carefully before you confirm that you have read the instructions.\
[[Leader waits from OK from other SAs via Skype and opens for introductions to part $1$.]{.smallcaps}]
Work phase
{[The following text applies to all treatments]{.smallcaps}}
[[Short intro when the status page shows that everyone has read instructions to part $1$]{.smallcaps}]
Everyone has now read the instructions for the first part of the experiment. This task will take half an hour and you will soon asked to begin working on this task. It can happen that there will be a small delay when the task is completed and will will ask you to remain quiet in this case until you receive new instructions.
[Leader waits from OK from other SAs via Skype and opens for sentence descrambling task.]
[Leader informs other SAs via Skype when the status page shows that everyone has completed sentence descrambling task.]
Payment phase and redistribution phase
{[The following text applies to all treatments]}
[Start intro when leader gives info that everyone has completed sentence descrambling task]
You have now worked for half an hour and we ask you to submit the last sentence. The first part of the experiment is finished and you will soon be shown information about the second part of the experiment on your pc-screen. Please make sure to read the instructions carefully before you confirm that you have read the instructions. The second part of the experiment will first start when everyone has read the instructions. It can happen that there will be a small delay when the task is completed and will will ask you to remain quiet in this case until you receive new instructions.
[SA informs leader when finished reading intro. Leader opens for lottery]
[Leader informs other SAs via Skype when the status page shows that everyone has completed the redistribution phase.]
On screen instructions
Work phase
Screen 1
{[The following text applies to all treatments]{.smallcaps}}
Welcome to the experiment! We have to wait until everyone is ready.
Screen 2
{[The following text applies to all treatments]}
In the first part of the experiment you will be working on a language task. You will be shown five English words and are asked to form a sentence or an expression by using four of these words. The sentence or expression must contain four words. For example, if the words given to you are "sky, blue, is, the, old", then you can construct the sentence "the sky is blue".\ We ask you to work continuously with this task for 30 minutes. After you have submitted a sentence or expression, you will be given five new words. The aim of this task is not to submit as many sentences or expressions as possible but to work thoroughly with each set of words. Please work continuously on this task until the given time has run out.
Screen 3
{[The following text applies to all treatments]{.smallcaps}}
Use the following words to construct a sentence or expression that consists of four words.
Payment phase and redistribution phase
Screen 4
{[The following text applies to all treatments]{.smallcaps}}
You have now worked on the language task for $30$ minutes. For this working task you are going to be paid and we will in in the following explain to you how your payment will be determined. After the next part of the experiment, there will also be a redistribution phase and you will receive more information on that later.\
{[The following text applies only to the Baseline treatment]{.smallcaps}}
Your payment will be determined by a lottery in which you with equal probability earn either $800$ NOK or $0$ NOK. In the lottery, a ball will be randomly drawn from an urn containing an equal number of yellow and green balls. If a yellow ball is drawn, you earn $800$ NOK and if a green ball is drawn, you earn $0$ NOK.\
[The following text applies only to the Forced Choice treatment]
You can choose between two different forms of payments. You can either choose to earn $25$ NOK or let your earnings be determined by a lottery in which you with equal probability earn either $800$ NOK or $0$ NOK. In the lottery, a ball will be randomly drawn from an urn containing an equal number of yellow and green balls. If a yellow ball is drawn, you earn $800$ NOK and if a green ball is drawn, you earn $0$ NOK.\
[The following text applies only to the Nominal Choice treatment]{
We will now ask you to choose between two colors, yellow and green. Your choice will determine the outcome of a lottery in which you with equal probability earn either $800$ NOK or $0$ NOK. In the lottery, a ball will be randomly drawn from an urn containing an equal number of yellow and green balls. If you choose the color of the ball that is drawn, you will earn $800$ NOK, if you choose the other color, you earn $0$ NOK.
Screen 5
[The following text applies only to the Forced Choice treatment]
If you choose the picture showing coins, you will earn $25$ NOK, if you choose the picture of the lottery, your payment will be determined through a lottery in which you with equal probability earn either $800$ NOK or $0$ NOK.\
[The following text applies only to the Nominal Choice treatment]
We ask you now to indicate your choice by clicking on one of the two pictures below.\ If you choose the color of the ball that is drawn, you will earn $800$ NOK, if you choose the other color, you earn $0$ NOK.\ Remember that the urn contains an equal number of yellow and green balls.\
Screen 6
[The following text applies to all treatments]
We now have reached the redistribution phase. On the next screen, we will ask you to determine the distribution of money that two other participants have earned. Your choice will with some probability decide how much each of the two other participants will be paid from the experiment. Your choice will not determine how much you will earn from the experiment.\
Screen 7
[The following text applies to all treatments]
You will determine the distribution of money of two other participants in this experiment that we are going to refer to as person A and person B. Both have worked for $30$ minutes and their payment was determined in the same way as yours.\
[The following text applies only to the Baseline treatment]
A yellow ball was drawn for person A and a green ball for person B. The result was therefore that person A earned $800$ NOK from working while person B earned $0$ NOK from working.
[The following text applies only to the Forced Choice treatment]
Both participants chose to let their payment be determined by a lottery. A yellow ball was drawn for person A and a green ball for person B. The result was therefore that person A earned $800$ NOK from working while person B earned $0$ NOK from working.
[The following text applies only to the Nominal Choice treatment]
The two participants chose different colors. Person A chose yellow wile person B chose green. A yellow ball was drawn both for person A and person B. The result was therefore that person A earned $800$ NOK from working while person B earned $0$ NOK from working.
[The following text applies to all treatments]
I the field below you are suppose to write how much of the $800$ NOK you want to transfer from person A to person B. Remember that your choice can determine how much person A and person B will get paid from the experiment.
Closing remarks
Additional questions
[The following text applies to all treatments]
[Start intro when leader gives info that everyone has completed the distribution phase.]
Everyone has now completed the third part of the experiment. will now ask you to answer a couple of questions on your computer screen. Your answers to these questions will not have any bearing on your payment from the experiment. Please click on the continue button on your pc-screen if you have answered all the questions. If you have finished answering all your questions, it can happen that there will be a small delay and will will ask you to remain quiet in this case until you receive new instructions.
[SA informs leader when finished reading intro. Leader opens set of questions.]
[Leader informs other SAs via Skype when the status page shows that everyone has completed answering the questions.]
Payment
[The following text applies to all treatments]
[Start intro when leader gives info that everyone has completed answering the questions.]
All questions have been answered and you will soon be shown and overview over your payments from the experiment. If you have seen your payment you can continue to the next screen where you will get your personal payment code by clicking on the link on the bottom of your page. We ask you to write down your own personal payment code on the sheet that is provided to you for this purpose on your desk. Make sure to write down the code correctly since this will identify your payment from the experiment.
As soon as the envelopes with payment have been brought into the lab, we will start the payment process. On request, show the payment code to my colleague and he will hand you the envelope with this code. This envelop contains your earnings. Please remain seated until we read your payment code.
[Leader will open the payment page.]
Since we will conduct further sessions today, please do not talk to anyone about the experiment before tomorrow.
This part ends the session. On behalf of the research group, I should like to thank you for your participation. Your participation is an important contribution to our research.
[Leader waits until the envelopes arrives and the SA2 who has prepared them has left the room.]
[SA2 stands at the door and hands out the envelopes to those leaving one by one - session closed.]
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