qacr: Functions to Facilitate Data Science Projects

#' @title CIA World Factbook 
#'
#' @description
#' Demographic and economic data on 197 countries in 2020.
#' 
#' @format A data frame with 197 rows and 79 variables:
#' \describe{
#'   \item{\code{Country.Name}}{(character)}
#'   \item{\code{Country.Code}}{2 letter ISO Code.}
#'   \item{\code{Government.Type}}{(character) Basic form of government.}
#'   \item{\code{Date.of.Founding.Independence}}{(Date) yyy-mm-dd}
#'   \item{\code{Latitude.of.Capital}}{(character) e.g. "69 11 E"}
#'   \item{\code{Longitude.of.Capital}}{(character) e.g. "34 31 N"}
#'   \item{\code{Telephones.fixed.lines}}{
#'   Total number of fixed telephone lines in use.}
#'   \item{\code{Telephones.mobile.cellular}}{
#'   Total number of mobile cellular telephone subscribers.}
#'   \item{\code{Internet.users}}{ 
#'   Total number of individuals within a country who can access the 
#'   Internet at home.}
#'   \item{\code{Broadband.fixed.subscriptions}}{ 
#'   Total number of fixed-broadband subscriptions.}
#'   \item{\code{GDP.purchasing.power.parity}}{
#'   This entry gives the gross domestic product (GDP) or value of all final goods and services 
#'   produced within a nation in a given year. A nation's GDP at purchasing 
#'   power parity (PPP) exchange rates is the sum value of all goods and 
#'   services produced in the country valued at prices prevailing in the 
#'   United States in the year noted. This is the measure most economists 
#'   prefer when looking at per-capita welfare and when comparing living 
#'   conditions or use of resources across countries. }
#'   \item{\code{GDP.real.growth.rate}}{ 
#'   GDP growth on an annual basis adjusted for inflation and 
#'   expressed as a percent.}
#'   \item{\code{GDP.per.capita.PPP}}{
#'   GDP on a purchasing power parity basis divided by population as 
#'   of 1 July for the same year.}
#'   \item{\code{Gross.national.saving}}{ 
#'   Gross national saving is derived by deducting final consumption 
#'   expenditure (household plus government) from Gross national 
#'   disposable income.Expressed as percent of GDP. A negative number 
#'   indicates that the economy as a whole is spending 
#'   more income than it produces.}
#'   \item{\code{Industrial.production.growth.rate}}{ 
#'   Annual percentage increase in industrial production.}
#'   \item{\code{Labor.force}}{ Total labor force.}
#'   \item{\code{Unemployment.rate}}{ Percent of the labor force 
#'   that is without jobs.}
#'   \item{\code{Distribution.of.family.income.Gini.index}}{}
#'   \item{\code{Taxes.and.other.revenues}}{ 
#'   Total taxes and other revenues received by the national government 
#'   as a percent of GDP.}
#'   \item{\code{Budget.surplus.or.deficit}}{ Difference between 
#'   national government revenues and expenditures, expressed as a percent 
#'   of GDP.}
#'   \item{\code{Public.debt}}{ Total of all government borrowings 
#'   less repayments that are denominated in a country's home currency.}
#'   \item{\code{Inflation.rate.consumer.prices}}{ 
#'   Annual percent change in consumer prices compared with the previous 
#'   year's consumer prices.}
#'   \item{\code{Central.bank.discount.rate}}{
#'   Annualized interest rate a country's central bank charges commercial, 
#'   depository banks for loans to meet temporary shortages of funds.}
#'   \item{\code{Commercial.bank.prime.lending.rate}}{
#'    Simple average of annualized interest rates commercial banks 
#'    charge on new loans, denominated in the national currency, 
#'    to their most credit-worthy customers.}
#'   \item{\code{Stock.of.narrow.money}}{ 
#'   Compares the total quantity of currency in circulation 
#'   (notes and coins) plus demand deposits denominated in the 
#'   national currency, held by nonbank financial institutions, 
#'   state and local governments, nonfinancial public enterprises, 
#'   and the private sector of the economy. The national currency 
#'   units have been converted to US dollars.}
#'   \item{\code{Stock.of.broad.money}}{ 
#'   All of \code{Narrow money}, plus the total quantity of 
#'   time and savings deposits, credit union deposits, 
#'   institutional money market funds, short-term repurchase 
#'   agreements between the central bank and commercial 
#'   deposit banks, and other large liquid assets held by
#'   nonbank financial institutions, state and local governments, 
#'   nonfinancial public enterprises, and the private sector 
#'   of the economy. National currency units have been converted 
#'   to US dollars.}
#'   \item{\code{Stock.of.domestic.credit}}{
#'   Total quantity of credit, denominated in the domestic currency, 
#'   provided by financial institutions to the central bank, 
#'   state and local governments, public non-financial corporations, 
#'   and the private sector. The national currency units have been 
#'   converted to US dollars. }
#'   \item{\code{Market.value.of.publicly.traded.shares}}{
#'   The latest price per share multiplied by the total number of 
#'   outstanding shares, cumulated over all companies listed on the 
#'   particular exchange.}
#'   \item{\code{Current.account.balance}}{ 
#'   Compares a country's net trade in goods and services, 
#'   plus net earnings, and net transfer payments to and 
#'   from the rest of the world during the period specified.}
#'   \item{\code{Exports}}{Total US dollar amount of merchandise 
#'   exports on an f.o.b. (free on board) basis.}
#'   \item{\code{Imports}}{ Total US dollar amount of merchandise 
#'   imports on a c.i.f. (cost, insurance, and freight) or f.o.b. 
#'   (free on board) basis.}
#'   \item{\code{Reserves.of.foreign.exchange.and.gold}}{ 
#'   Dollar value for the stock of all financial assets that are 
#'   available to the central monetary authority for use in 
#'   meeting a country's balance of payments.}
#'   \item{\code{Debt.external}}{ Total public and private 
#'   debt owed to nonresidents repayable in internationally 
#'   accepted currencies, goods, or services.}
#'   \item{\code{Stock.of.direct.foreign.investment.at.home}}{
#'   Cumulative US dollar value of all investments 
#'   in the home country made directly by residents - primarily companies - 
#'   of other countries.}
#'   \item{\code{Stock.of.direct.foreign.investment.abroad}}{
#'   Cumulative US dollar value of all investments in foreign countries 
#'   made directly by residents - primarily companies - of the home country.}
#'   \item{\code{Electricity.production}}{
#'   Annual electricity generated expressed in kilowatt-hours.}
#'   \item{\code{Electricity.consumption}}{ Total electricity generated 
#'   annually plus imports and minus exports, expressed in kilowatt-hours.}
#'   \item{\code{Electricity.exports}}{
#'   Total exported electricity in kilowatt-hours.}
#'   \item{\code{Electricity.imports}}{
#'   Total imported electricity in kilowatt-hours.}
#'   \item{\code{Electricity.installed.generating.capacity}}{}
#'   \item{\code{Electricity.from.fossil.fuels}}{
#'   Capacity of plants that generate electricity by burning fossil 
#'   fuels (such as coal, petroleum products, and natural gas), 
#'   expressed as a share of the country's total generating capacity}
#'   \item{\code{Electricity.from.nuclear.fuels}}{
#'   Capacity of plants that generate electricity through 
#'   radioactive decay of nuclear fuel, expressed as a share 
#'   of the country's total generating capacity}
#'   \item{\code{Electricity.from.hydroelectric.plants}}{
#'   Capacity of plants that generate electricity by water-driven
#'   turbines, expressed as a share of the country's total 
#'   generating capacity}
#'   \item{\code{Electricity.from.other.renewable.sources}}{
#'   Capacity of plants that generate electricity by using renewable 
#'   energy sources other than hydroelectric (including, for example, 
#'   wind, waves, solar, and geothermal), expressed as a share of the 
#'   country's total generating capacity.}
#'   \item{\code{Crude.oil.production}}{
#'   Crude oil produced, in barrels per day.}
#'   \item{\code{Crude.oil.exports}}{
#'   Total amount of crude oil exported, in barrels per day.}
#'   \item{\code{Crude.oil.imports}}{ 
#'   Total amount of crude oil imported, in barrels per day.}
#'   \item{\code{Crude.oil.proved.reserves}}{
#'   Barrels of petroleum which can be estimated to be commercially 
#'   recoverable from a given date forward, from known reservoirs and under 
#'   current economic conditions.}
#'   \item{\code{Refined.petroleum.products.production}}{
#'   Total output of refined petroleum products, in barrels per day. }
#'   \item{\code{Refined.petroleum.products.consumption}}{
#'   Total consumption of refined petroleum products, in barrels per day.}
#'   \item{\code{Refined.petroleum.products.exports}}{
#'   Total exports of refined petroleum products, in barrels per day.}
#'   \item{\code{Refined.petroleum.products.imports}}{
#'   Total imports of refined petroleum products, in barrels per day.}
#'   \item{\code{Natural.gas.production}}{
#'   Total natural gas produced in cubic meters.}
#'   \item{\code{Natural.gas.consumption}}{
#'   Total natural gas consumed in cubic meters.}
#'   \item{\code{Natural.gas.exports}}{
#'    Total natural gas exported in cubic meters.}
#'   \item{\code{Natural.gas.imports}}{
#'   Total natural gas imported in cubic meters.}
#'   \item{\code{Natural.gas.proved.reserves}}{
#'   The quantities of natural gas in cubic meters, which can be estimated 
#'   to be commercially recoverable from a given date forward, 
#'   from known reservoirs and under current economic conditions.}
#'   \item{\code{Carbon.dioxide.emissions.from.consumption.of.energy}}{
#'   Total amount of carbon dioxide, measured in metric tons, 
#'   released by burning fossil fuels in the process of producing 
#'   and consuming energy.}
#'   \item{\code{Area}}{Sum of all land and water areas delimited 
#'   by international boundaries and/or coastlines.}
#'   \item{\code{Military.expenditures}}{
#'   Spending on defense programs for the most recent year available 
#'   as a percent of gross domestic product (GDP).}
#'   \item{\code{Population}}{}
#'   \item{\code{Median.age}}{}
#'   \item{\code{Population.growth.rate}}{
#'   Average annual percent change in the population, 
#'   resulting from a surplus (or deficit) of births over deaths 
#'   and the balance of migrants entering and leaving a country.}
#'   \item{\code{Birth.rate}}{
#'   Average annual number of births during a year per 1,000 persons.}
#'   \item{\code{Death.rate}}{
#'   Average annual number of deaths during a year per 1,000 population.}
#'   \item{\code{Net.migration.rate}}{
#'   Difference between the number of persons entering and leaving a 
#'   country during the year per 1,000 persons}
#'   \item{\code{Maternal.mortality.rate}}{
#'   Annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births 
#'   from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or 
#'   its management.}
#'   \item{\code{Infant.mortality.rate}}{
#'  Number of deaths of infants under one year old in a given 
#'  year per 1,000 live births. This rate is often used as an 
#'  indicator of the level of health in a country.}
#'   \item{\code{Life.expectancy.at.birth}}{
#'  Average number of years to be lived by a group of people 
#'  born in the same year, if mortality at each age remains 
#'  constant in the future. Life expectancy at birth is also a 
#'  measure of overall quality of life in a country.}
#'   \item{\code{Total.fertility.rate}}{
#'   Average number of children that would be born per woman 
#'   if all women lived to the end of their childbearing years 
#'   and bore children according to a given fertility rate at each age.}
#'   \item{\code{Obesity.adult.prevalence.rate}}{
#'   Percent of a country's population considered to be obese (BMI >=30).}
#'   \item{\code{Children.under.the.age.of.5.years.underweight}}{
#'   Percent of children under five considered to be underweight. 
#'   This statistic is an indicator of the nutritional status of a community.}
#'   \item{\code{Education.expenditures}}{}
#'   \item{\code{Unemployment.youth.ages.15.24}}{
#'   The public expenditure on education as a percent of GDP.}
#'   \item{\code{Airports}}{
#'   Total number of airports or airfields recognizable from the air.}
#'   \item{\code{Railways}}{Total route length of the railway network.}
#'   \item{\code{Roadways}}{
#'   Total length of the road network and includes the length of the 
#'   paved and unpaved portions.}
#'   \item{\code{Merchant.marine}}{
#'   Total number of privately or publicly owned commercial ships; military ships are not included.}
#'   \item{\code{Capital}}{(character)Name of the seat of government.}
#' }
#' 
#' @source 
#' Gopal Remesh Dahale, Kaggle Country_data
#' \url{https://www.kaggle.com/gopalrameshdahale/country-data?select=Country_data.csv}
#'
#' @details 
#' Dataset originally from the \href{https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/docs/rankorderguide.html}{CIA World Factbook }.
#' Variable descriptions are quoted from this \href{https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/docs/notesanddefs.html}{website}. 
#' More detail can be found at these link.
#' 
#' @examples 
#' summary(countries)
#'
"countries"