U.S. Crime Data for 47 States in 1960 Source: W. Vandaele, “Participation in Illegitimate Activities: Erlich Revisted,” in A. Blumstein, J. Cohen, and D. Nagin, eds., Deterrence and Incapacitation, National Academy of Sciences, 1978, pp. 270–335
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Observation: state (47 states for the year 1960)
R: crime rate, number of offenses reported to police per million population
Age: number of males of age 14–24 per 1,000 population.
S: indicator variable for southern states (0 = no, 1 = yes)
ED: mean number of years of schooling times 10 for persons age 25 or older
EX0: 1960 per capita expenditure on police by state and local government
EX1: 1959 per capita expenditure on police by state and local government.
LF: labor force participation rate per 1,000 civilian urban males age 14–24
M: number of males per 1,000 females.
N: state population size in hundred thousands
NW: number of nonwhites per 1,000 population.
U1: unemployment rate of urban males per 1,000 of age 14–24
U2: unemployment rate of urban males per 1,000 of age 35–39
W: median value of transferable goods and assets or family income in tens of dollars.
X: the number of families per 1,000 earnings 1⁄2 the median income
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