turnover | R Documentation |
Returns the degree of turnover in taxa composition along a gradient or transect.
turnover(object, ...)
index_whittaker(x, ...)
index_cody(x, ...)
index_routledge1(x, ...)
index_routledge2(x, ...)
index_routledge3(x, ...)
index_wilson(x, ...)
## S4 method for signature 'matrix'
turnover(
object,
method = c("whittaker", "cody", "routledge1", "routledge2", "routledge3", "wilson"),
...
)
## S4 method for signature 'data.frame'
turnover(
object,
method = c("whittaker", "cody", "routledge1", "routledge2", "routledge3", "wilson"),
...
)
## S4 method for signature 'matrix'
index_whittaker(x)
## S4 method for signature 'matrix'
index_cody(x)
## S4 method for signature 'matrix'
index_routledge1(x)
## S4 method for signature 'matrix'
index_routledge2(x)
## S4 method for signature 'matrix'
index_routledge3(x)
## S4 method for signature 'matrix'
index_wilson(x)
object, x |
A |
... |
Further arguments to be passed to internal methods. |
method |
A |
The following methods can be used to ascertain the degree of turnover
in taxa composition along a gradient (\beta
-diversity) on qualitative
(presence/absence) data. This assumes that the order of the matrix rows
(from 1
to n
) follows the progression along the
gradient/transect.
whittaker
Whittaker measure.
cody
Cody measure.
routledge1
Routledge first measure.
routledge2
Routledge second measure.
routledge3
Routledge third measure. This is the exponential form of the second measure.
wilson
Wilson measure.
A numeric
vector.
N. Frerebeau
Cody, M. L. (1975). Towards a theory of continental species diversity: Bird distributions over Mediterranean habitat gradients. In M. L. Cody & J. M. Diamond (Eds.), Ecology and Evolution of Communities. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, p. 214-257.
Routledge, R. D. (1977). On Whittaker's Components of Diversity. Ecology, 58(5), 1120-1127. \Sexpr[results=rd]{tools:::Rd_expr_doi("10.2307/1936932")}.
Whittaker, R. H. (1960). Vegetation of the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon and California. Ecological Monographs, 30(3), 279-338. \Sexpr[results=rd]{tools:::Rd_expr_doi("10.2307/1943563")}.
Wilson, M. V., & Shmida, A. (1984). Measuring Beta Diversity with Presence-Absence Data. The Journal of Ecology, 72(3), 1055-1064. \Sexpr[results=rd]{tools:::Rd_expr_doi("10.2307/2259551")}.
Other diversity measures:
heterogeneity()
,
occurrence()
,
rarefaction()
,
richness()
,
similarity()
,
simulate()
## Data from Magurran 1988, p. 162
data("woodland")
## Whittaker's measure
turnover(woodland, "whittaker") # 1
## Cody's measure
turnover(woodland, "cody") # 3
## Routledge's measures
turnover(woodland, "routledge1") # 0.29
turnover(woodland, "routledge2") # 0.56
turnover(woodland, "routledge3") # 1.75
## Wilson and Shmida's measure
turnover(woodland, "wilson") # 1
Add the following code to your website.
For more information on customizing the embed code, read Embedding Snippets.