functcomp: Functional Composition
In FD: Measuring functional diversity (FD) from multiple traits, and other tools for functional ecology
Description
Usage
Arguments
Details
Value
Note
Author(s)
References
See Also
Examples
Description
functcomp returns the functional composition of a set of communities, as measured by the community-level weighted means of trait values (CWM; e.g. Lavorel et al. 2008).
Usage
1
Arguments
x
matrix or data frame containing the functional traits. Traits can be numeric, ordered, or factor. Binary traits should be numeric and only contain 0 and 1. character traits will be converted to factor. For a given trait, species with NA are excluded.
a
matrix containing the abundances of the species in x (or presence-absence, i.e. 0 or 1). Rows are sites and species are columns. The number of species (columns) in a must match the number of species (rows) in x. In addition, the species labels in a and x must be identical and in the same order. NAs will be replaced by 0.
CWM.type
character string indicating how nominal, binary and ordinal traits should be handled. See ‘details’.
bin.num
vector indicating binary traits to be treated as continuous.
Details
functcomp computes the community-level weighted means of trait values for a set of communities (i.e. sites). For a continuous trait, CWM is the mean trait value of all species present in the community (after excluding species with NAs), weighted by their relative abundances.
For ordinal, nominal and binary traits, either the dominant class is returned (when CWM.type is "dom"), or the abundance of each individual class is returned (when CWM.type is "all").
The default behaviour of binary traits being treated as nominal traits can be over-ridden by specifying bin.num, in which case they are treated as numeric traits.
When CWM.type = "dom", if the maximum abundance value is shared between two or more classes, then one of these classes is randomly selected for CWM. Because species with NAs for a given trait are excluded for that trait, it is possible that when CWM.type is set to "all", the sum of the abundances of all classes for a given ordinal/nominal/binary trait does not equal the sum of the species abundances. Thus, it is definitely not recommended to have NAs for very abundant species, as this will lead to biased estimates of functional composition.
Value
a data frame containing the CWM values of each trait for each community.
Note
functcomp is implemented in dbFD and will be returned if calc.CWM is TRUE.
Author(s)
Etienne Laliberté etiennelaliberte@gmail.com http://www.elaliberte.info
References
Lavorel, S., K. Grigulis, S. McIntyre, N. S. G. Williams, D. Garden, J. Dorrough, S. Berman, F. Quétier, A. Thébault and A. Bonis (2008) Assessing functional diversity in the field - methodology matters! Functional Ecology 22:134-147.
See Also
dbFD for measuring distance-based multidimensional functional diversity indices, including CWM.
Examples
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
# for ordinal, nominal and binary variables
# returns only the most frequent class
ex1 <- functcomp(dummy$trait, dummy$abun)
ex1
# returns the frequencies of each class
ex2 <- functcomp(dummy$trait, dummy$abun, CWM.type = "all")
ex2
# example with real data from New Zealand short-tussock grasslands
ex3 <- functcomp(tussock$trait, tussock$abun)
ex3
Example output
Loading required package: ade4
Loading required package: ape
Loading required package: geometry
Loading required package: magic
Loading required package: abind
Loading required package: vegan
Loading required package: permute
Loading required package: lattice
This is vegan 2.5-3
num1 num2 fac1 fac2 ord1 ord2 bin1 bin2
com1 5.887500 4.037500 C X 2 6 0 1
com2 4.212500 5.562500 B Z 1 3 0 1
com3 5.716667 6.166667 A Z 1 3 0 1
com4 9.000000 2.575000 C Y 5 3 1 1
com5 4.500000 3.050000 C Z 2 6 0 0
com6 5.095238 5.528571 C Z 2 1 0 1
com7 7.009091 5.427273 A Z 1 1 0 1
com8 5.245455 3.572727 C X 2 6 1 0
com9 6.870000 4.245455 A X 3 2 0 1
com10 7.427273 3.783333 B X 3 2 1 0
num1 num2 fac1_A fac1_B fac1_C fac2_X fac2_Y
com1 5.887500 4.037500 0.2500000 0.00000000 0.75000000 0.6250000 0.25000000
com2 4.212500 5.562500 0.0000000 0.25000000 0.12500000 0.1250000 0.00000000
com3 5.716667 6.166667 0.3333333 0.00000000 0.16666667 0.3333333 0.16666667
com4 9.000000 2.575000 0.1250000 0.00000000 0.87500000 0.1250000 0.87500000
com5 4.500000 3.050000 0.0000000 0.37500000 0.62500000 0.3750000 0.25000000
com6 5.095238 5.528571 0.1428571 0.04761905 0.52380952 0.2857143 0.28571429
com7 7.009091 5.427273 0.7272727 0.27272727 0.00000000 0.2727273 0.00000000
com8 5.245455 3.572727 0.0000000 0.09090909 0.72727273 0.6363636 0.18181818
com9 6.870000 4.245455 0.4545455 0.45454545 0.09090909 0.5454545 0.09090909
com10 7.427273 3.783333 0.3333333 0.50000000 0.08333333 0.5000000 0.08333333
fac2_Z ord1_1 ord1_2 ord1_3 ord1_5 ord2_1
com1 0.1250000 0.00000000 0.7500000 0.12500000 0.00000000 0.37500000
com2 0.8750000 0.87500000 0.1250000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000
com3 0.5000000 0.50000000 0.1666667 0.33333333 0.00000000 0.16666667
com4 0.0000000 0.00000000 0.0000000 0.12500000 0.87500000 0.00000000
com5 0.3750000 0.37500000 0.3750000 0.00000000 0.25000000 0.00000000
com6 0.4285714 0.28571429 0.5238095 0.04761905 0.00000000 0.42857143
com7 0.7272727 0.27272727 0.0000000 0.27272727 0.00000000 0.45454545
com8 0.1818182 0.18181818 0.7272727 0.09090909 0.00000000 0.18181818
com9 0.3636364 0.27272727 0.0000000 0.54545455 0.09090909 0.09090909
com10 0.4166667 0.08333333 0.0000000 0.50000000 0.08333333 0.33333333
ord2_2 ord2_3 ord2_6 ord2_7 bin1_0 bin1_1 bin2_0
com1 0.12500000 0.00000000 0.5000000 0.0000000 0.2500000 0.2500000 0.5000000
com2 0.00000000 0.62500000 0.1250000 0.2500000 0.8750000 0.0000000 0.3750000
com3 0.33333333 0.50000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.8333333 0.1666667 0.0000000
com4 0.12500000 0.87500000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.1250000 0.8750000 0.0000000
com5 0.00000000 0.25000000 0.3750000 0.3750000 0.3750000 0.2500000 0.7500000
com6 0.04761905 0.28571429 0.2380952 0.0000000 0.4285714 0.3333333 0.2857143
com7 0.27272727 0.00000000 0.0000000 0.2727273 1.0000000 0.0000000 0.2727273
com8 0.09090909 0.18181818 0.5454545 0.0000000 0.1818182 0.2727273 0.6363636
com9 0.54545455 0.09090909 0.0000000 0.2727273 0.7272727 0.2727273 0.4545455
com10 0.50000000 0.16666667 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.4166667 0.5833333 0.5000000
bin2_1
com1 0.5000000
com2 0.6250000
com3 1.0000000
com4 1.0000000
com5 0.2500000
com6 0.7142857
com7 0.7272727
com8 0.3636364
com9 0.5454545
com10 0.5000000
growthform height LDMC leafN leafP leafS SLA
Pen1 Short basal 0.22550027 266.5744 2.982052 0.2693179 0.1792133 19.21037
Pen2 Tussock 0.23388904 275.3226 2.910791 0.2588405 0.1755844 18.58016
Pen5 Short basal 0.18358152 238.4436 3.373699 0.2786069 0.1957439 19.94627
Pen9 Short basal 0.11235770 236.3566 2.948097 0.3138927 0.1861868 16.90408
Pen10 Short basal 0.10713433 238.1034 2.946824 0.3059686 0.1896386 17.43477
Pen11 Short basal 0.09462470 228.3570 3.039963 0.3237366 0.1913954 17.30223
Pen14 Short basal 0.04537999 298.6733 2.350886 0.2586631 0.1707718 11.52022
Pen17 Short basal 0.07212339 316.8398 2.217542 0.2377125 0.1646110 10.98069
Pen18 Short basal 0.17234681 323.1328 2.086162 0.2414245 0.1430168 11.91904
Pen21 Tussock 0.37104801 272.2978 3.050987 0.2679587 0.1865348 19.59199
Pen22 Short basal 0.21797348 253.1505 3.084255 0.2865835 0.1897410 18.76378
Pen23 Short basal 0.15263926 241.7774 3.194352 0.2948035 0.1918666 18.45776
Pen27 Short basal 0.15348891 254.7854 3.019657 0.2836981 0.1868589 18.07543
Pen28 Short basal 0.21968999 269.5619 2.936400 0.2726354 0.1858868 19.28186
Pen29 Tussock 0.51220753 309.7140 2.619142 0.2554523 0.1754166 20.45589
Pen32 Tussock 0.22355893 285.4528 2.766417 0.2528707 0.1696894 18.03013
Pen33 Semi basal 0.21223077 275.7188 2.955433 0.2614084 0.1830263 19.07397
Pen34 Short basal 0.18114627 223.3089 3.539941 0.2853488 0.2031483 20.78566
Pen37 Short basal 0.23452094 247.8365 3.196825 0.2547849 0.1930508 19.92797
Pen40 Short basal 0.18968409 239.9846 3.167286 0.2706361 0.1942665 19.19602
Pen41 Semi basal 0.30131667 235.6397 3.348570 0.2601549 0.1960331 18.93111
Pen44 Tussock 0.43243486 278.0831 2.965366 0.2638953 0.1823990 19.81887
Pen45 Short basal 0.29468644 257.4722 3.226275 0.2691094 0.1920146 20.02505
Pen46 Short basal 0.27233374 245.6731 3.266729 0.2662900 0.1935862 20.21913
Pen49 Short basal 0.04107733 301.0403 2.220539 0.2641510 0.1581757 12.83815
Pen52 Tussock 0.17308302 286.8042 2.375140 0.2721937 0.1588020 16.09756
Pen53 Short basal 0.18896522 267.1477 2.632226 0.2870069 0.1699806 15.98552
Pen56 Tussock 0.29544289 268.1038 3.044204 0.2640712 0.1837816 18.76710
Pen57 Semi basal 0.22360566 274.9918 2.904850 0.2613250 0.1846699 19.16702
Pen58 Semi basal 0.21969662 255.0929 3.186495 0.2667064 0.1921073 19.61846
nutrientuptake raunkiaer clonality leafsize dispersal
Pen1 Mycorrhizal Hemicryptophyte Clonal belowground 833.5765 Passive
Pen2 Mycorrhizal Hemicryptophyte Clonal belowground 741.3595 Passive
Pen5 Nitrogen fixer Hemicryptophyte Clonal belowground 1065.8780 Passive
Pen9 Mycorrhizal Hemicryptophyte Clonal aboveground 565.0344 Passive
Pen10 Mycorrhizal Hemicryptophyte Clonal aboveground 582.2508 Wind
Pen11 Mycorrhizal Hemicryptophyte Clonal aboveground 646.3064 Wind
Pen14 Mycorrhizal Hemicryptophyte Clonal belowground 180.4017 Passive
Pen17 Mycorrhizal Hemicryptophyte Clonal belowground 102.4132 Passive
Pen18 Mycorrhizal Hemicryptophyte None 119.9334 Passive
Pen21 Mycorrhizal Hemicryptophyte Clonal belowground 1464.5002 Passive
Pen22 Mycorrhizal Hemicryptophyte Clonal belowground 1059.9135 Passive
Pen23 Mycorrhizal Hemicryptophyte Clonal belowground 880.2519 Passive
Pen27 Mycorrhizal Hemicryptophyte Clonal belowground 952.0681 Passive
Pen28 Mycorrhizal Hemicryptophyte Clonal belowground 688.1559 Passive
Pen29 Mycorrhizal Hemicryptophyte Clonal belowground 794.9705 Passive
Pen32 Mycorrhizal Hemicryptophyte Clonal belowground 606.7874 Passive
Pen33 Mycorrhizal Hemicryptophyte Clonal belowground 743.5933 Passive
Pen34 Nitrogen fixer Hemicryptophyte Clonal belowground 1188.3297 Passive
Pen37 Mycorrhizal Hemicryptophyte Clonal belowground 1008.8745 Passive
Pen40 Mycorrhizal Hemicryptophyte Clonal belowground 1175.7901 Passive
Pen41 Mycorrhizal Hemicryptophyte None 2750.5578 Passive
Pen44 Mycorrhizal Hemicryptophyte Clonal belowground 1449.7046 Passive
Pen45 Mycorrhizal Hemicryptophyte Clonal belowground 1088.1421 Passive
Pen46 Nitrogen fixer Hemicryptophyte Clonal belowground 1087.9923 Passive
Pen49 Mycorrhizal Hemicryptophyte Clonal aboveground 176.7019 Wind
Pen52 Mycorrhizal Hemicryptophyte Clonal belowground 407.9720 Passive
Pen53 Mycorrhizal Hemicryptophyte Clonal belowground 1207.6105 Passive
Pen56 Mycorrhizal Hemicryptophyte Clonal belowground 1580.7491 Passive
Pen57 Mycorrhizal Hemicryptophyte Clonal belowground 709.6595 Passive
Pen58 Mycorrhizal Hemicryptophyte Clonal belowground 1206.0823 Passive
seedmass resprouting pollination lifespan
Pen1 1.0759521 Yes Wind Perennial
Pen2 1.0569202 Yes Wind Perennial
Pen5 1.0772984 Yes Hymenoptera (bees) Perennial
Pen9 0.6655591 Yes Hymenoptera (bees) Perennial
Pen10 0.8869401 Yes Hymenoptera (bees) Perennial
Pen11 0.8893498 Yes Hymenoptera (bees) Perennial
Pen14 0.7920503 Yes Wind Perennial
Pen17 0.5431650 Yes Wind Perennial
Pen18 0.7342561 Yes Wind Perennial
Pen21 3.4193237 Yes Wind Perennial
Pen22 1.8932444 Yes Hymenoptera (bees) Perennial
Pen23 1.1612677 Yes Hymenoptera (bees) Perennial
Pen27 1.6884329 Yes Hymenoptera (bees) Perennial
Pen28 1.0527719 Yes Wind Perennial
Pen29 2.6308433 Yes Wind Perennial
Pen32 0.9325491 Yes Wind Perennial
Pen33 0.7795153 Yes Wind Perennial
Pen34 1.1424924 Yes Hymenoptera (bees) Perennial
Pen37 1.6885935 Yes Wind Perennial
Pen40 2.2187796 Yes Hymenoptera (bees) Perennial
Pen41 6.5872996 Yes Wind Perennial
Pen44 3.7801505 Yes Wind Perennial
Pen45 1.9444247 Yes Wind Perennial
Pen46 1.9310994 Yes Wind Perennial
Pen49 2.4532134 Yes Hymenoptera (bees) Perennial
Pen52 1.1140232 Yes Wind Perennial
Pen53 3.3076543 Yes Wind Perennial
Pen56 3.5225896 Yes Wind Perennial
Pen57 0.9226121 Yes Wind Perennial
Pen58 2.0853363 Yes Wind Perennial
FD documentation built on May 2, 2019, 6:08 p.m.
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Description Usage Arguments Details Value Note Author(s) References See Also Examples
Description
functcomp returns the functional composition of a set of communities, as measured by the community-level weighted means of trait values (CWM; e.g. Lavorel et al. 2008).
Usage
1 |
Arguments
x |
matrix or data frame containing the functional traits. Traits can be |
a |
matrix containing the abundances of the species in |
CWM.type |
character string indicating how nominal, binary and ordinal traits should be handled. See ‘details’. |
bin.num |
vector indicating binary traits to be treated as continuous. |
Details
functcomp computes the community-level weighted means of trait values for a set of communities (i.e. sites). For a continuous trait, CWM is the mean trait value of all species present in the community (after excluding species with NAs), weighted by their relative abundances.
For ordinal, nominal and binary traits, either the dominant class is returned (when CWM.type is "dom"), or the abundance of each individual class is returned (when CWM.type is "all").
The default behaviour of binary traits being treated as nominal traits can be over-ridden by specifying bin.num, in which case they are treated as numeric traits.
When CWM.type = "dom", if the maximum abundance value is shared between two or more classes, then one of these classes is randomly selected for CWM. Because species with NAs for a given trait are excluded for that trait, it is possible that when CWM.type is set to "all", the sum of the abundances of all classes for a given ordinal/nominal/binary trait does not equal the sum of the species abundances. Thus, it is definitely not recommended to have NAs for very abundant species, as this will lead to biased estimates of functional composition.
Value
a data frame containing the CWM values of each trait for each community.
Note
functcomp is implemented in dbFD and will be returned if calc.CWM is TRUE.
Author(s)
Etienne Laliberté etiennelaliberte@gmail.com http://www.elaliberte.info
References
Lavorel, S., K. Grigulis, S. McIntyre, N. S. G. Williams, D. Garden, J. Dorrough, S. Berman, F. Quétier, A. Thébault and A. Bonis (2008) Assessing functional diversity in the field - methodology matters! Functional Ecology 22:134-147.
See Also
dbFD for measuring distance-based multidimensional functional diversity indices, including CWM.
Examples
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 | # for ordinal, nominal and binary variables
# returns only the most frequent class
ex1 <- functcomp(dummy$trait, dummy$abun)
ex1
# returns the frequencies of each class
ex2 <- functcomp(dummy$trait, dummy$abun, CWM.type = "all")
ex2
# example with real data from New Zealand short-tussock grasslands
ex3 <- functcomp(tussock$trait, tussock$abun)
ex3
|
Example output
Loading required package: ade4
Loading required package: ape
Loading required package: geometry
Loading required package: magic
Loading required package: abind
Loading required package: vegan
Loading required package: permute
Loading required package: lattice
This is vegan 2.5-3
num1 num2 fac1 fac2 ord1 ord2 bin1 bin2
com1 5.887500 4.037500 C X 2 6 0 1
com2 4.212500 5.562500 B Z 1 3 0 1
com3 5.716667 6.166667 A Z 1 3 0 1
com4 9.000000 2.575000 C Y 5 3 1 1
com5 4.500000 3.050000 C Z 2 6 0 0
com6 5.095238 5.528571 C Z 2 1 0 1
com7 7.009091 5.427273 A Z 1 1 0 1
com8 5.245455 3.572727 C X 2 6 1 0
com9 6.870000 4.245455 A X 3 2 0 1
com10 7.427273 3.783333 B X 3 2 1 0
num1 num2 fac1_A fac1_B fac1_C fac2_X fac2_Y
com1 5.887500 4.037500 0.2500000 0.00000000 0.75000000 0.6250000 0.25000000
com2 4.212500 5.562500 0.0000000 0.25000000 0.12500000 0.1250000 0.00000000
com3 5.716667 6.166667 0.3333333 0.00000000 0.16666667 0.3333333 0.16666667
com4 9.000000 2.575000 0.1250000 0.00000000 0.87500000 0.1250000 0.87500000
com5 4.500000 3.050000 0.0000000 0.37500000 0.62500000 0.3750000 0.25000000
com6 5.095238 5.528571 0.1428571 0.04761905 0.52380952 0.2857143 0.28571429
com7 7.009091 5.427273 0.7272727 0.27272727 0.00000000 0.2727273 0.00000000
com8 5.245455 3.572727 0.0000000 0.09090909 0.72727273 0.6363636 0.18181818
com9 6.870000 4.245455 0.4545455 0.45454545 0.09090909 0.5454545 0.09090909
com10 7.427273 3.783333 0.3333333 0.50000000 0.08333333 0.5000000 0.08333333
fac2_Z ord1_1 ord1_2 ord1_3 ord1_5 ord2_1
com1 0.1250000 0.00000000 0.7500000 0.12500000 0.00000000 0.37500000
com2 0.8750000 0.87500000 0.1250000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000
com3 0.5000000 0.50000000 0.1666667 0.33333333 0.00000000 0.16666667
com4 0.0000000 0.00000000 0.0000000 0.12500000 0.87500000 0.00000000
com5 0.3750000 0.37500000 0.3750000 0.00000000 0.25000000 0.00000000
com6 0.4285714 0.28571429 0.5238095 0.04761905 0.00000000 0.42857143
com7 0.7272727 0.27272727 0.0000000 0.27272727 0.00000000 0.45454545
com8 0.1818182 0.18181818 0.7272727 0.09090909 0.00000000 0.18181818
com9 0.3636364 0.27272727 0.0000000 0.54545455 0.09090909 0.09090909
com10 0.4166667 0.08333333 0.0000000 0.50000000 0.08333333 0.33333333
ord2_2 ord2_3 ord2_6 ord2_7 bin1_0 bin1_1 bin2_0
com1 0.12500000 0.00000000 0.5000000 0.0000000 0.2500000 0.2500000 0.5000000
com2 0.00000000 0.62500000 0.1250000 0.2500000 0.8750000 0.0000000 0.3750000
com3 0.33333333 0.50000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.8333333 0.1666667 0.0000000
com4 0.12500000 0.87500000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.1250000 0.8750000 0.0000000
com5 0.00000000 0.25000000 0.3750000 0.3750000 0.3750000 0.2500000 0.7500000
com6 0.04761905 0.28571429 0.2380952 0.0000000 0.4285714 0.3333333 0.2857143
com7 0.27272727 0.00000000 0.0000000 0.2727273 1.0000000 0.0000000 0.2727273
com8 0.09090909 0.18181818 0.5454545 0.0000000 0.1818182 0.2727273 0.6363636
com9 0.54545455 0.09090909 0.0000000 0.2727273 0.7272727 0.2727273 0.4545455
com10 0.50000000 0.16666667 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.4166667 0.5833333 0.5000000
bin2_1
com1 0.5000000
com2 0.6250000
com3 1.0000000
com4 1.0000000
com5 0.2500000
com6 0.7142857
com7 0.7272727
com8 0.3636364
com9 0.5454545
com10 0.5000000
growthform height LDMC leafN leafP leafS SLA
Pen1 Short basal 0.22550027 266.5744 2.982052 0.2693179 0.1792133 19.21037
Pen2 Tussock 0.23388904 275.3226 2.910791 0.2588405 0.1755844 18.58016
Pen5 Short basal 0.18358152 238.4436 3.373699 0.2786069 0.1957439 19.94627
Pen9 Short basal 0.11235770 236.3566 2.948097 0.3138927 0.1861868 16.90408
Pen10 Short basal 0.10713433 238.1034 2.946824 0.3059686 0.1896386 17.43477
Pen11 Short basal 0.09462470 228.3570 3.039963 0.3237366 0.1913954 17.30223
Pen14 Short basal 0.04537999 298.6733 2.350886 0.2586631 0.1707718 11.52022
Pen17 Short basal 0.07212339 316.8398 2.217542 0.2377125 0.1646110 10.98069
Pen18 Short basal 0.17234681 323.1328 2.086162 0.2414245 0.1430168 11.91904
Pen21 Tussock 0.37104801 272.2978 3.050987 0.2679587 0.1865348 19.59199
Pen22 Short basal 0.21797348 253.1505 3.084255 0.2865835 0.1897410 18.76378
Pen23 Short basal 0.15263926 241.7774 3.194352 0.2948035 0.1918666 18.45776
Pen27 Short basal 0.15348891 254.7854 3.019657 0.2836981 0.1868589 18.07543
Pen28 Short basal 0.21968999 269.5619 2.936400 0.2726354 0.1858868 19.28186
Pen29 Tussock 0.51220753 309.7140 2.619142 0.2554523 0.1754166 20.45589
Pen32 Tussock 0.22355893 285.4528 2.766417 0.2528707 0.1696894 18.03013
Pen33 Semi basal 0.21223077 275.7188 2.955433 0.2614084 0.1830263 19.07397
Pen34 Short basal 0.18114627 223.3089 3.539941 0.2853488 0.2031483 20.78566
Pen37 Short basal 0.23452094 247.8365 3.196825 0.2547849 0.1930508 19.92797
Pen40 Short basal 0.18968409 239.9846 3.167286 0.2706361 0.1942665 19.19602
Pen41 Semi basal 0.30131667 235.6397 3.348570 0.2601549 0.1960331 18.93111
Pen44 Tussock 0.43243486 278.0831 2.965366 0.2638953 0.1823990 19.81887
Pen45 Short basal 0.29468644 257.4722 3.226275 0.2691094 0.1920146 20.02505
Pen46 Short basal 0.27233374 245.6731 3.266729 0.2662900 0.1935862 20.21913
Pen49 Short basal 0.04107733 301.0403 2.220539 0.2641510 0.1581757 12.83815
Pen52 Tussock 0.17308302 286.8042 2.375140 0.2721937 0.1588020 16.09756
Pen53 Short basal 0.18896522 267.1477 2.632226 0.2870069 0.1699806 15.98552
Pen56 Tussock 0.29544289 268.1038 3.044204 0.2640712 0.1837816 18.76710
Pen57 Semi basal 0.22360566 274.9918 2.904850 0.2613250 0.1846699 19.16702
Pen58 Semi basal 0.21969662 255.0929 3.186495 0.2667064 0.1921073 19.61846
nutrientuptake raunkiaer clonality leafsize dispersal
Pen1 Mycorrhizal Hemicryptophyte Clonal belowground 833.5765 Passive
Pen2 Mycorrhizal Hemicryptophyte Clonal belowground 741.3595 Passive
Pen5 Nitrogen fixer Hemicryptophyte Clonal belowground 1065.8780 Passive
Pen9 Mycorrhizal Hemicryptophyte Clonal aboveground 565.0344 Passive
Pen10 Mycorrhizal Hemicryptophyte Clonal aboveground 582.2508 Wind
Pen11 Mycorrhizal Hemicryptophyte Clonal aboveground 646.3064 Wind
Pen14 Mycorrhizal Hemicryptophyte Clonal belowground 180.4017 Passive
Pen17 Mycorrhizal Hemicryptophyte Clonal belowground 102.4132 Passive
Pen18 Mycorrhizal Hemicryptophyte None 119.9334 Passive
Pen21 Mycorrhizal Hemicryptophyte Clonal belowground 1464.5002 Passive
Pen22 Mycorrhizal Hemicryptophyte Clonal belowground 1059.9135 Passive
Pen23 Mycorrhizal Hemicryptophyte Clonal belowground 880.2519 Passive
Pen27 Mycorrhizal Hemicryptophyte Clonal belowground 952.0681 Passive
Pen28 Mycorrhizal Hemicryptophyte Clonal belowground 688.1559 Passive
Pen29 Mycorrhizal Hemicryptophyte Clonal belowground 794.9705 Passive
Pen32 Mycorrhizal Hemicryptophyte Clonal belowground 606.7874 Passive
Pen33 Mycorrhizal Hemicryptophyte Clonal belowground 743.5933 Passive
Pen34 Nitrogen fixer Hemicryptophyte Clonal belowground 1188.3297 Passive
Pen37 Mycorrhizal Hemicryptophyte Clonal belowground 1008.8745 Passive
Pen40 Mycorrhizal Hemicryptophyte Clonal belowground 1175.7901 Passive
Pen41 Mycorrhizal Hemicryptophyte None 2750.5578 Passive
Pen44 Mycorrhizal Hemicryptophyte Clonal belowground 1449.7046 Passive
Pen45 Mycorrhizal Hemicryptophyte Clonal belowground 1088.1421 Passive
Pen46 Nitrogen fixer Hemicryptophyte Clonal belowground 1087.9923 Passive
Pen49 Mycorrhizal Hemicryptophyte Clonal aboveground 176.7019 Wind
Pen52 Mycorrhizal Hemicryptophyte Clonal belowground 407.9720 Passive
Pen53 Mycorrhizal Hemicryptophyte Clonal belowground 1207.6105 Passive
Pen56 Mycorrhizal Hemicryptophyte Clonal belowground 1580.7491 Passive
Pen57 Mycorrhizal Hemicryptophyte Clonal belowground 709.6595 Passive
Pen58 Mycorrhizal Hemicryptophyte Clonal belowground 1206.0823 Passive
seedmass resprouting pollination lifespan
Pen1 1.0759521 Yes Wind Perennial
Pen2 1.0569202 Yes Wind Perennial
Pen5 1.0772984 Yes Hymenoptera (bees) Perennial
Pen9 0.6655591 Yes Hymenoptera (bees) Perennial
Pen10 0.8869401 Yes Hymenoptera (bees) Perennial
Pen11 0.8893498 Yes Hymenoptera (bees) Perennial
Pen14 0.7920503 Yes Wind Perennial
Pen17 0.5431650 Yes Wind Perennial
Pen18 0.7342561 Yes Wind Perennial
Pen21 3.4193237 Yes Wind Perennial
Pen22 1.8932444 Yes Hymenoptera (bees) Perennial
Pen23 1.1612677 Yes Hymenoptera (bees) Perennial
Pen27 1.6884329 Yes Hymenoptera (bees) Perennial
Pen28 1.0527719 Yes Wind Perennial
Pen29 2.6308433 Yes Wind Perennial
Pen32 0.9325491 Yes Wind Perennial
Pen33 0.7795153 Yes Wind Perennial
Pen34 1.1424924 Yes Hymenoptera (bees) Perennial
Pen37 1.6885935 Yes Wind Perennial
Pen40 2.2187796 Yes Hymenoptera (bees) Perennial
Pen41 6.5872996 Yes Wind Perennial
Pen44 3.7801505 Yes Wind Perennial
Pen45 1.9444247 Yes Wind Perennial
Pen46 1.9310994 Yes Wind Perennial
Pen49 2.4532134 Yes Hymenoptera (bees) Perennial
Pen52 1.1140232 Yes Wind Perennial
Pen53 3.3076543 Yes Wind Perennial
Pen56 3.5225896 Yes Wind Perennial
Pen57 0.9226121 Yes Wind Perennial
Pen58 2.0853363 Yes Wind Perennial
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